Energy and

Environmental
Issues
ARSLAN ALI
MBA
 Energy and Environmental Issues
1. Overview of the Energy Sector in Pakistan,
2. Current Energy Sources,
3. Energy Crisis in Pakistan,
4. Renewable Energy Potential,
5. Environmental Impacts of Energy Production,
6. Technological Innovations in Energy,
7. Challenges in Energy Transition
8. Climate Change and Its Implications,
9. Government Policies and Initiatives,
10. Role of International Organizations,
11. Community and Stakeholder Engagement,
12. Future Directions and Recommendations

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 Overview of the Energy Sector in Pakistan
• The sector has made progress since 2013 in terms of power generation
and reducing power outages, but it is still facing challenges due to the
high cost of fuel sources, dependence on imported energy products,
insufficient natural gas supplies, mounting debt, and outdated
transmission and distribution systems.
• Pakistan is taking steps towards meeting its energy demands and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Pakistan has set a target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by
50% by 2030, and clean energy expansion will play a crucial role in
achieving this objective.

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 capacity
Overview of the Energy Sector in Pakistan
• According to National Electric Power
Regulatory Authority’s (NEPRA) 2022
yearly report, Pakistan’s total
installed power generation capacity is
43,775 MW,
• Natural Gas: 13,423 MW (32.2%)
• Furnace Oil: 5,943 MW (14.3%)
• Coal: 5,319 MW (12.8%)
• Hydro: 10,264 MW (24.6%)
• Nuclear RE: 3,657 MW (8.8%)
• Wind: 1,995 MW (4.8%)
• Solar: 668 MW (1.6%)
Natural Gas: 13,423 MW (32.2%) Furnace Oil: 5,943 MW (14.3%)
• Other: 374 MW (0.9%)
Coal: 5,319 MW (12.8%) Hydro: 10,264 MW (24.6%)
Nuclear RE: 3,657 MW (8.8%) Wind: 1,995 MW (4.8%)
Solar: 668 MW (1.6%) Other: 374 MW (0.9%)

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 Breakdown of Installed Generation Capacity as on FY 2021/2022
Installed Capacity % of Share in
Overview of the Source
(MW) Total
Energy Sector in Fossil Fuels (Total) 24,688 59.4%

Pakistan Natural Gas 13,423 32.3%

Furnace Oil 5,943 14.3%

Coal 5,319 12.8%

Non-Fossil Fuels (Total) 16,872 40.6%

Hydro 10,264 24.7%

Nuclear 3,657 8.8%

Wind 1,995 4.8%

Solar 0,667 1.4%

Bagasse 0,374 0.9%

Total Installed Capacity 41,557 100%

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 Current Energy Sources,
• Fossil fuels
Natural gas,(35.3% of total electricity generation)
furnace oil,
coal

• Hydropower

the main renewable energy source in Pakistan

generating power from the kinetic energy of falling water.
24% of power production.

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 Current Energy Sources,
• Renewable energy

• Wind, solar, and biomass

• slowly growing in Pakistan
• cheapest electricity generation
in the country

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 Energy Crisis in Pakistan
• Supply and Demand Gap: Rapid population
growth and industrialization have increased
energy demand, while supply remains
insufficient.
• Infrastructure Issues: Aging infrastructure and
high transmission and distribution losses.
• Financial Constraints: Circular debt and
insufficient investment in the energy sector.
• Political and Regulatory Challenges:
Inconsistent policies and political instability.

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 Renewable Energy Potential
• Solar Energy: High potential due to
geographic location, with significant
projects like the Quaid-e-Azam Solar
Park.
• Wind Energy: Wind corridors in Sindh
and Balochistan.
• Hydropower: Potential for both large
and small-scale projects.
• Biomass and Biogas: Utilizing
agricultural residues and organic waste.

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 Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
• Fossil Fuels:
• Climate Change: Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, contributing
to global warming and climate change.
• Air Pollution: Emissions from fossil fuels cause air pollution, negatively
impacting human health and ecosystems.
• Water Pollution: Extraction, transportation, and combustion of fossil fuels
can contaminate water sources.
• Nuclear Energy:
• Radioactive Waste: Nuclear power generates hazardous radioactive waste,
requiring secure storage.
• Accident Risk: Nuclear accidents can release radioactive materials,
contaminating the environment.

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 Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
• Renewable Energy Sources:
• Solar Energy: Land use and material extraction for solar panels can have local
environmental impacts.
• Wind Energy: Wind turbines can affect wildlife habitats and cause noise
pollution.
• Hydro Energy: Damming rivers can alter ecosystems and displace
communities.
• Geothermal Energy: Drilling can release greenhouse gases and affect local
water sources.
• Transitioning to Cleaner Energy:
• Increase Efficiency: Improve energy efficiency to reduce demand.
• Diversify Energy Mix: Transition to renewable energy sources.
• Carbon Capture: Implement carbon capture and storage technologies.
• Sustainable Practices: Encourage sustainable land use and resource
extraction practices.

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 Technological Innovations in Energy
 Renewable Energy Systems: Advancements in solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal energy technologies, making them more efficient and
affordable.
 Energy Storage: Improvements in battery technologies, enabling
greater adoption of intermittent renewable energy sources.
 Smart Grids: Intelligent energy management systems optimizing energy
distribution, consumption, and reducing waste.
 Electric Vehicles: Increasing efficiency, range, and affordability of EVs,
driving adoption and reducing emissions.
 Carbon Capture and Utilization: Technologies capturing CO2 emissions,
converting them into valuable products like fuels, chemicals, and
building materials.

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 Technological Innovations in Energy
• Advanced Nuclear Power: Next-generation nuclear reactors offering
enhanced safety, efficiency, and waste management.
• Green Hydrogen: Producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources,
enabling clean energy storage and transportation.
• Building Energy Efficiency: Innovations in insulation, windows, and
smart building technologies reducing energy consumption.
• Tidal and Wave Energy: Harnessing ocean energy to generate electricity,
offering vast renewable potential.
• Artificial Intelligence in Energy: AI optimizing energy production,
consumption, and management, improving overall efficiency.

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 Challenges in Energy Transition
 Energy Security: Meeting increasing energy demand while reducing reliance on
imported fuels.
 Renewable Energy Integration: Overcoming infrastructure and grid constraints to
integrate solar and wind power.
 Energy Storage: Developing cost-effective energy storage solutions to address
intermittency.
 Policy and Regulation: Strengthening policy frameworks and regulations to support
the energy transition.
 Financing: Securing investment and funding for renewable energy projects and grid
upgrades.
 Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in industries, buildings, and
transportation.
 Grid Infrastructure: Upgrading and expanding the grid to support decentralized
renewable energy.
 Public Awareness: Raising awareness about the benefits of renewable energy and
energy efficiency.

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 Challenges in Energy Transition
 Workforce Development: Building skills and capacity in the renewable energy
sector.
 Energy Access: Expanding energy access to underserved communities,
particularly in rural areas.
 Water-Energy Nexus: Managing the interlinkages between water and energy,
particularly for hydropower.
 Climate Change: Addressing climate change impacts on the energy sector,
such as changing water availability.
 Regional Cooperation: Leveraging regional cooperation to tap into
neighboring countries' renewable energy potential.
 Technology Adoption: Encouraging adoption of new energy technologies,
such as electric vehicles and smart grids.
 Institutional Capacity: Strengthening institutional capacity to plan, implement,
and monitor the energy transition.

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 Climate Change and Its Implications
 Increased Temperature: Rising temperatures, heatwaves, and altered
precipitation patterns.
 Water Scarcity: Changes in water availability, affecting agriculture,
industry, and human consumption.
 Extreme Weather Events: Frequent floods, droughts, and landslides,
impacting infrastructure and livelihoods.
 Agricultural Disruption: Impacts on crop yields, food security, and rural
livelihoods.
 Health Impacts: Increased risk of water-borne diseases, heat stress,
and mental health issues.
 Economic Consequences: Damage to infrastructure, increased costs for
healthcare and emergency response.

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 Climate Change and Its Implications
 Glacier Melting: Threats to water supplies and hydropower generation.
 Sea-Level Rise: Coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and displacement
of coastal communities.
 Loss of Biodiversity: Impacts on ecosystems, forests, and wildlife
habitats.
 Social and Cultural Impacts: Displacement, migration, and cultural
heritage loss.
 Food Insecurity: Impacts on food availability, access, and utilization.
 Energy Insecurity: Impacts on energy production, distribution, and
consumption.

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 Climate Change and Its Implications
Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change due to it’s:
 Geographic location
 Dependence on agriculture and natural resources
 Limited adaptive capacity
 Rapid population growth
 Urbanization
It's essential for Pakistan to adopt a comprehensive approach to mitigate and
adapt to climate change, including:
 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
 Promoting renewable energy
 Enhancing energy efficiency
 Implementing climate-resilient agriculture practices
 Strengthening disaster risk management
 Protecting natural resources and ecosystems

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 Government Policies and Initiatives
Energy
 Renewable Energy Policy 2019: Targets 30% of electricity from renewables by
2030.
 Energy Conservation Act 2016: Aims to reduce energy consumption through
efficient practices.
 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) 2019-2025: Sets targets for
energy efficiency improvements.
 Electric Vehicle Policy 2020: Incentivizes adoption of electric vehicles.
 Environment:
 National Climate Change Policy 2012: Outlines strategies for climate change
mitigation and adaptation.
 National Environmental Policy 2018: Focuses on sustainable development,
conservation, and pollution control.
 Clean Green Pakistan Movement: Aims to reduce pollution, increase green
cover, and promote cleanliness.
 National Forest Policy 2015: Seeks to conserve and expand forests.

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  Government Policies and Initiatives
Environment
 National Climate Change Policy 2012: Outlines strategies for climate
change mitigation and adaptation.
 National Environmental Policy 2018: Focuses on sustainable
development, conservation, and pollution control.
 Clean Green Pakistan Movement: Aims to reduce pollution, increase
green cover, and promote cleanliness.
 National Forest Policy 2015: Seeks to conserve and expand forests.

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 Government Policies and Initiatives
Initiatives
 Billion Tree Tsunami: Aims to plant 10 billion trees by 2023.
 Clean Energy Initiative: Promotes renewable energy projects.
 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program: Supports energy-efficient
practices.
 Green Pakistan Program: Focuses on sustainable development,
environmental protection, and climate change mitigation.

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 Role of International Organizations
International organizations play a crucial role in addressing global energy and
environmental issues.
 Setting global standards and policies: Organizations like the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the International
Energy Agency (IEA) develop and promote global policies and standards for
energy and environmental sustainability.
 Promoting cooperation and coordination: International organizations foster
collaboration among countries to address common energy and environmental
challenges, share best practices, and leverage resources.
 Providing technical assistance and capacity building: Organizations like the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank offer
technical assistance, training, and capacity-building programs to support
countries in implementing sustainable energy and environmental solutions.

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 Role of International Organizations
 Facilitating international agreements and treaties: International
organizations like the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) facilitate the
negotiation and implementation of international agreements, such as the
Paris Agreement on climate change.
 Conducting research and analysis: Organizations like the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the World Energy Council (WEC)
conduct research, analysis, and data collection to inform global energy and
environmental decision-making.
 Mobilizing finance and investment: International organizations like the Green
Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) mobilize
financial resources to support energy and environmental projects in
developing countries.
 Raising awareness and promoting education: International organizations
launch public awareness campaigns, education initiatives, and outreach
programs to promote energy and environmental literacy and action.

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 Role of International Organizations
Examples
 United Nations (UN)
 International Energy Agency (IEA)
 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 World Bank
 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
 World Energy Council (WEC)
 Green Climate Fund (GCF)
 Global Environment Facility (GEF)

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 Community and Stakeholder Engagement
Community Engagement:
 Public awareness campaigns: Organize campaigns to educate people about
energy conservation, renewable energy, and environmental protection.
 Community-based initiatives: Support local projects, such as clean energy
access, waste management, and reforestation.
 Engage with local media: Utilize local media outlets to raise awareness and
promote discussions on energy and environmental issues.
 Collaborate with community groups: Work with local organizations,
mosques, and community centers to reach a wider audience.
 Education and training: Provide training and education programs for
students, teachers, and community members on energy and environmental
issues.

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 Community and Stakeholder Engagement
• Stakeholder Engagement:
• Engage with government agencies: Collaborate with ministries,
departments, and agencies responsible for energy and environment.
• Private sector involvement: Engage with industries, businesses, and
corporations to promote sustainable practices and investments.
• Civil society organizations: Partner with NGOs, advocacy groups, and
community organizations to amplify voices and efforts.
• Academic and research institutions: Collaborate with universities and
research centers to leverage expertise and research.
• International organizations: Engage with global organizations, such as UN
agencies, to access resources, expertise, and funding.

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 Community and Stakeholder Engagement
Challenges and Opportunities:
Challenges:
 Limited public awareness and education
 Inadequate institutional capacity
 Insufficient funding and resources
 Political and social barriers
Opportunities:
 Growing recognition of energy and environmental issues
 Increasing investment in renewable energy
 Government initiatives and policies supporting sustainable development
 Active civil society and community groups

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 Community and Stakeholder Engagement
• Examples
 The Pakistan Renewable Energy Society (PRES)
 The Energy and Water Research Center (EWRC)
 The Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)
 The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Pakistan
 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA)

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 Future Directions and Recommendations
Based on the current scenario, here are some future directions and
recommendations for addressing energy and environmental issues in Pakistan:
Energy Sector:
• Increase renewable energy share: Aim for at least 30% of total energy mix by
2030.
• Energy efficiency measures: Implement policies and programs to reduce
energy consumption.
• Grid modernization: Upgrade infrastructure to support renewable energy
integration.
• Private sector investment: Encourage investment in renewable energy
projects.
• Research and development: Focus on indigenous energy technologies and
innovation.

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 Future Directions and Recommendations
Environmental Sector:
• Implement environmental policies: Enforce existing laws and regulations.
• Waste management: Develop and implement effective waste management
systems.
• Climate change adaptation: Develop and implement climate-resilient
infrastructure and practices.
• Conservation efforts: Protect and restore natural habitats, forests, and
wildlife.
• Public awareness: Educate citizens on environmental issues and promote
sustainable practices.

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 Future Directions and Recommendations
• Water Sector:
• Water conservation: Implement efficient irrigation systems and promote
water-saving practices.
• Water governance: Strengthen institutions and policies for effective water
management.
• Water quality monitoring: Establish a nationwide water quality monitoring
system.

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 Future Directions and Recommendations
Recommendations:
 Establish a dedicated ministry for energy and environment.
 Develop a national energy and environment policy framework.
 Increase funding for energy and environmental initiatives.
 Promote public-private partnerships for sustainable development.
 Encourage international cooperation and knowledge sharing.
 Develop and implement a green economy framework.
 Establish a national climate change authority.
 Develop and promote sustainable agriculture practices.
 Implement a nationwide environmental education program.
 Strengthen enforcement and monitoring mechanisms for
environmental laws.

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