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 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Test Bank for Methods in Psychological Research,

4th Edition, Bryan J. Rooney Annabel Ness Evans
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Research in Psychology

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. “Bad things always happen in threes.” The source of this belief is BEST described as
______.
A. tradition
B. intuition
C. authority
D. reasoning
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Tradition or Tenacity: I Believe It Is True Because It Has Always Been
True
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Hearing the same idea repeatedly ______.

A. helps you to critically analyze it and realize its flaws
B. is a strategy professors use to help you learn the class material
C. increases the likelihood you will believe it
D. is also known as subliminal suggestion
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Tradition or Tenacity: I Believe It Is True Because It Has Always Been
True
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. “From the day we hired her, I had a sense she would be good for our company.” The
source of this belief is BEST described as ______.
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

A. intuition
B. authority
C. reasoning
D. empiricism
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Intuition: I Believe It Is True Because I Feel It Is True
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. “I know that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction because the President said so.”
The source of this belief is BEST described as ______.
A. intuition
B. authority
C. reasoning
D. empiricism
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Authority: I Believe It Is True Because an “Expert” Says It Is True
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. “I know that children benefit from listening to Mozart prenatally because I read it in a
book.” The source of this belief is BEST described as ______.
A. intuition
B. authority
C. reasoning
D. empiricism
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Authority: I Believe It Is True Because an “Expert” Says It Is True
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. “I know that Bill will have higher levels of testosterone than Mary because it is
generally known that men have higher testosterone levels than women and Bill is a
man.” The source of this belief is BEST described as ______.
A. tradition
B. intuition
C. authority
D. reasoning
Ans: D
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Reasoning: I Believe It Is True Because It Is Logically Derived
Difficulty Level: Hard

7. “I know that girls are better at naming colors than boys because I conducted research
that measured color naming in 200 second graders.” The source of this belief is BEST
described as ______.
A. intuition
B. authority
C. reasoning
D. empiricism
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Empiricism: I Believe It Is True Because I Measured It
Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Science is a way of knowing that combines ______ and ______.

A. authority; reasoning
B. authority; empiricism
C. empiricism; reasoning
D. tradition; empiricism
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Science
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. In science, we use ______ to test hypotheses.

A. reasoning
B. empiricism
C. authority
D. intuition
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science
Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Psychology is considered BOTH art and science because ______.

A. the effective practice of psychology is an art and the research of psychology is a
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

science
B. many psychologists use art therapy (an art) but some continue to use
electroconvulsive shock therapy (a science)
C. the discipline is too diverse to be contained in one area
D. it is important for psychologists to balance the stress of doing laboratory science with
some relaxing art
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain why psychology is a science and an art.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Psychology--Science and Art
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. ______ is the ability to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of
well-supported evidence.
A. Scientific reasoning
B. Critical thinking
C. Tradition
D. Prediction
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking.

A. Asking questions
B. Being cynical
C. Tolerating uncertainty
D. Being open-minded
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. ______ is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking.

A. Defining problems objectively
B. Examining the available evidence
C. Avoiding oversimplification
D. Demanding certainty
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Medium
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

14. Why is critical thinking particularly relevant to psychology?

A. General interest in human behavior makes psychology a fertile area for
pseudoscience and quackery.
B. More so than in other areas, psychology majors tend to be gullible.
C. Psychological research tends to be less rigorous than other areas.
D. Critical thinking is important in psychology because our theories often have many
more assumptions than theories in the natural sciences.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Popular psychology ______.

A. requires individuals to be careful when evaluating claims and beliefs
B. includes extensive, insightful, and well-supported literature ordinary people enjoy
C. studies the mental and behavioral characteristics of popular individuals
D. is a mature science that is concerned with description, prediction, and control
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The objectives of science are to ______ a phenomenon.

A. describe, explain, evaluate, and control
B. define, characterize, evaluate, and popularize
C. describe, explain, predict, and control
D. describe, explain, predict, control, and popularize
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-4: Describe the objectives of science and create examples of
each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Objectives of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The difference between a young science and a mature science is that ______.
A. a young science is focused on describing its subject matter, whereas a mature
science is focused on prediction and control
B. a young science obtains ideas by tradition and intuition, whereas a mature science
obtains ideas by reasoning and empiricism
C. a young science uses basic research methods, whereas a mature science uses
applied research methods
D. a young science uses quantitative research, whereas a mature science uses
qualitative research
Ans: A
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Learning Objective: 1-4: Describe the objectives of science and create examples of
each.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Objectives of Science
Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The tenets of science are ______.

A. determinism, empiricism, replicability, falsifiability, and parsimony
B. definition, empiricism, replicability, falsifiability, and parsimony
C. determinism, empiricism, control, falsifiability, and parsimony
D. definition, empiricism, replicability, statistics, and parsimony
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Tenets of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. ______ is NOT a tenet of science.

A. Determinism
B. Parsimony
C. Empiricism
D. Publication
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Tenets of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Of the tenets of science, that of ______ is MOST clearly violated in this statement: “I
knew our marriage would be perfect because the Magic 8 Ball said so.”
A. determinism
B. empiricism
C. replicability
D. parsimony
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Determinism
Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Of the tenets of science, that of ______ is MOST clearly violated in this statement:
“Our team lost because I forgot to wear my lucky sweater to the game.”
A. determinism
B. empiricism
C. replicability
D. falsifiability
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Determinism
Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Many years ago, a pair of researchers claimed to have discovered “cold fusion.”
When researchers in other laboratories tried to repeat their experiment, they did not get
the same results. Which tenet of science does the phenomenon of cold fusion
demonstrate?
A. determinism
B. empiricism
C. replicability
D. parsimony
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Replicability
Difficulty Level: Hard

23. We consider psychology to be a science because ______.

A. the scientific method is used
B. the research is often conducted in laboratories
C. it has historically been placed with the sciences
D. advanced degrees are required to enter the profession
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Parsimony
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. ______ is NOT among the steps of the scientific method described in the textbook.
A. Generating a hypothesis
B. Testing a hypothesis
C. Calculating statistics
D. Revising the hypothesis
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-6: Apply the steps of the scientific method to a problem.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which statement is true with respect to hypotheses and theories?

A. A hypothesis is used to present an explanation of research findings.
B. A theory is a formal statement of how concepts are related.
C. A hypothesis is an explanation of how some part of the world works.
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

D. A theory is the general category of ideas that is represented by our variables.

Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-7: Describe the difference between a theory, a concept, and a
hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Theories, Concepts, and Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. ______ is NOT a reason to do research.

A. To demonstrate a behavioral phenomenon
B. To investigate the conditions influencing behavioral phenomena
C. To improve our financial status
D. To satisfy our curiosity
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-8: Discuss the various reasons why scientists do research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Why We Do Research
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Research requires students to use ______ thinking.

A. convergent
B. divergent
C. intuitive
D. expansive
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Approaches to Research
Difficulty Level: Medium

28. You are interested in investigating why women are more likely than men to stay
home from work after having a child. This is an example of ______ research.
A. descriptive
B. cross-sectional
C. explanatory
D. basic
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Descriptive Versus Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Qualitative research ______.

A. is used when we want to determine differences in amount of behavior
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

B. is often used in the natural sciences

C. often involves narrative descriptions
D. typically involves the use of complex statistical designs
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. ______ research describes differences in the type or kind of behavior that is
observed.
A. Quantitative
B. Explanatory
C. Longitudinal
D. Qualitative
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. The distinction between basic and applied research ______.

A. depends on the goals of the researcher
B. is meaningless and trivial
C. is usually ignored by research funding agencies
D. depends on the cost of the equipment used
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Basic Versus Applied Research
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The cohort effect ______.

A. is often a problem in laboratory research
B. is often a problem in field research
C. is not a problem in cross-sectional research
D. can be a confounding influence in cross-sectional research
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

33. Field research is to laboratory research as ______ is to ______.

A. high control; low control
B. low artificiality; high artificiality
C. low control; high control
D. high artificiality; low artificiality
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Field Versus Laboratory Research
Difficulty Level: Hard

34. In field research, there is ______ artificiality and ______ generalizability.

A. high; high
B. low; low
C. low; high
D. high; low
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Field Versus Laboratory Research
Difficulty Level: Medium

35. According to the textbook, after you have selected a research topic and formed a
hypothesis, you must determine ______.
A. how large your sample should be
B. your research budget
C. what you are going to manipulate and measure
D. how much time you have to complete the research project
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-10: List the steps in planning and doing research and generate a
research topic from available sources.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Generating Testable Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False
1. When a person believes something because they feel like it is true, we call it intuition.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Intuition: I Believe It Is True Because I Feel It Is True
Difficulty Level: Medium
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

2. When a person believes something because it happened to them, we call this

empiricism.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Personal Experience: I Believe It Is True Because I Experienced It
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. We can adequately investigate topics like "Is there a soul?" and "Is there an afterlife"
using scientific methods.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The popular press often dramatizes or overgeneralizes research findings.

Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Skepticism is a healthy reluctance to accept new information without sufficient

evidence.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The goals of science are to describe, explain, predict, and control some events.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-4: Describe the objectives of science and create examples of
each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Objectives of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Falsifiability is a doctrine of belief that states that events have natural causes.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Answer Location: Falsifiability

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A hypothesis is a prediction that is often deduced from a theory.

Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-7: Learning Objective: 1-7: Describe the difference between a
theory, a concept, and a hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Theories, Concepts, and Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The focus of descriptive research is to answer "why" questions.

Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Descriptive Versus Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The major distinction between field and laboratory research is a difference in
control.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Field Versus Laboratory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer
1. List and briefly define three of the common sources of belief identified in the text.
Ans: Tradition--belief based on historical acceptance; intuition--belief based on feelings;
authority--belief based on “expert” claim; reasoning--belief based on logic; empiricism--
belief based on observation; and science--belief based on an interaction between
empiricism and reasoning.
Learning Objective: 1-1: List and describe common sources of belief and identify the
likely source of example beliefs.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Acquiring Knowledge About the World
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Clarissa is a senior psychology student. Her professors describe her as a critical

thinker. List five things that Clarissa might do as a critical thinker.
Ans: Clarissa is likely to ask questions, objectively define problems, examine the
available evidence, assess assumptions and biases, Avoid emotional reasoning,
separate facts from opinion, avoid oversimplifying, consider alternative explanations,
tolerate uncertainty and maintain an air of skepticism.
 Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Learning Objective: 1-3: List the steps of the critical thinking process.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. List the four objectives of science.

Ans: Description, explanation, prediction, and control.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Describe the objectives of science and create examples of
each.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Objectives of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Briefly define three of the tenets of science.

Ans: Determinism--events have natural causes; empiricism--claims must be based on
observations; replicability--findings must be repeatable; falsifiability--hypotheses must
be refutable through research; and parsimony--explanations should account for the
most data with the fewest assumptions.
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the tenets of science and identify examples of each.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Tenets of Science
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Distinguish between descriptive and explanatory research and between quantitative

and qualitative research.
Ans: Descriptive researchers observe phenomena and describe them. Explanatory
research involves trying to explain why those phenomena occur the way they do.
Quantitative research investigates differences in amount of behavior, whereas
qualitative research focuses more on differences in kind of behavior.
Learning Objective: 1-9: Describe various approaches to research and classify research
examples.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
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