www.Networkhelpt20.

com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRw4meDNJoU&t=1068s

Author – Suman Bagdi

Top 160 Hardware & Networking

interview Questions & Answers
Here describe some basic computer Hardware and
Networking related interview questions & answer which
help you in networking interview.

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Q #1. What is Network?

Ans: - Collection on device connected with each other through
some media (wide/ wireless) for data communication purpose is
called as Network.

Q #2. What is Networking?

Ans: - Logically enabling the devices to communicate each other
is called Networking.

Q #3. Types of Computer Network?

Ans: -

❖ LAN (Local Area Network): -

Any network within any office or building is called LAN.

❖ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): -

Any network within any city is called as MAN.
Example: - Cable T.V.

❖ WAN (Wide Area Network): -

Any network within worldwide connected is called as WAN.
Example: - Internet.

❖ PAN (Personal Area Network): -

Any computer network interconnecting some electronic devices is
called PAN.
Example: - A mobile phone is connecting a Laptop via Wi-Fi.

❖ CAN (Campus Area Network): -

Any network within multiple interconnected LAN in a limited
area is called CAN.
Example: - University campus area.

❖ SAN (Storage Area Network): -

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A special high-speed network that stores and provides access to

large amount of data.

Q #4. What is different between ‘internet’ and ‘Internet’?

Ans: - ‘internet’ between different two network.
This is example of LAN. But,

• Internet is the network of networks.

• Internet is the world largest network.
• This is the storage of information which is available to
everyone globally.
• This is example of WAN.

Q #5. What is Physical Address?

Ans: - This is also called as MAC (Media Access Control) address.

• This is a permanent address.

• This is hard-coated on NIC at the time manufacturing.
• MAC address is 48 bits.
• MAC consists of 12 Hexadecimal digits.
• MAC address consists are two parts 24 bits & 24 bits.
• 24 bits are manufacturer ID given by IEEE and 24 bits are
serial no. of given by manufacturer at the time of
manufacturing.

Q #6. What is Logical address or IP address?

Ans: - IP (Internet Protocol) is a logically address used to identify
any device in a network uniquely and the network itself.

• IP version is 2 types – IPv4 & IPv6.

• IPv4 is 32 bits & IPv6 is 128 bits.
• IANA has manage IPv4 address.
• ICANN has managed IPv6 address.
• Every IPv4 address of consists of 4 Octet.

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• Every IPv4 address is denote by 4 decimal number separated

by dots.

Q #7. Give a short description of ICANN?

Ans: - Its full from Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers.
It is a private corporation and its main role is to keep the Internet
stable, secure and interconnected.

Q #8. Give a short description of IANA?

Ans: - Its full from Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
It is a standards organization and its main role Domain Name
Service, Numbers Resources and Protocol Assignments.

Q #9. What is ‘APIPA’?

Ans: - Its full form of “Automatic Private Internet Protocol
Addressing”.
It is a feature of operating system (windows), when the DHCP
server is not available in the network or the DHCP Scope is over,
then the client computer will take IP automatically from
169.254.0.0 network, which is called as APPIPA.
Its range – 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255

Q #10. What is the different between IP address & MAC

address?
Ans: -
IP address MAC address
IP is a Logical address. MAC is a Physical address.
It is helps to identify the It is help to uniquely identify
connection of a device on the the device.
internet.
It is assigned by ISP. It is assigned by IEEE.
Its can be change. It cannot be change.
It is 2 type, Ipv4 - 32 bits & It is 48 bits.
Ipv6 - 128 bits.
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It is works on Network layer of It is work on Data Link layer of

OSI model. OSI model.

Q #11. What is the different between IPv4 & IPv6?

Ans: -

IPv4 IPv6
It is a 32 bits address. It is a 128 bits address.
32 bits are divided into 4 equal 128 bits are divided into 8
parts, each part is having 8 bits groups, each group is having 16
called as an Octet. bits and called a Block.
Octets are separated by .(dot). Blocks are separated by
:(Colon).
IPv4 is written in decimal IPv4 is written in Hexadecimal
format. format.
It uses subnet mask to It uses prefix to determine
determine network and host network and host bits.
bits.
It is divided into 5 different No classification.
classes.

Q #12. Classification of IPv4 or range of the IPv4

address?
Ans: - IANA has divided IPv4 address into 5 classes on the basis
of first Octet value.

Range Class
0 to 127 ‘A’
128 to 191 ‘B’ It is used for Networking.
192 to 223 ‘C’
224 to 239 ‘D’ It is used for Multicasting.
240 to 255 ‘E’ It is used for Research & Development.

Q #13. What is Loopback address?

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Ans: - A loopback address is a type of IP address that is used to

check the communication on the local network card and testing
for the network application.
Its range - 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Q #14. What is Host?

Ans: - Any node having IP address is called as Host.

Q #15. What is Hostname?

Ans: - The name of any Node/Device is called as Host Name.

Q #16. What is Node?

Ans: - Any device in a network is called as Node.

Q #17. What is Private IP address?

Ans: - The IP address which is used to communicate in private
network (Intranet) is called Private IP address.

Q #18. What is Public IP address?

Ans: - The IP address which is assigned by an ISP and is used to
communicate in public network (Internet) is called Public IP
address.

Q #19. What is range of the Private IP address?

Ans: -
Class Range Total
Host
Class ‘A’ 10.0.0.0 to 16777216
10.255.255.255
Class ‘B’ 172.16.0.0 to 1048576
172.31.255.255
Class ‘C’ 192.168.0.0 to 65536
192.168.255.255

Q #20. What is range of Public IP address?

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Ans: -

Class Range
Class ‘A’ 1.0.0.0 to 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
Class ‘B’ 128.0.0.0 to 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class ‘C’ 192.0.0.0 to 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Q #21. What is different between Private IP address &

Public address?
Ans: -

Private IP Address Public IP Address

It is assigned by administrator It is assigned by ISP.
in LAN.
It is Non-registered IP. It is registered IP.
It is no need to purchased. It is need to purchase for ISP.
It is used in LAN. It is used in WAN.
It is non-routable IP. It is routable IP.

Q #22. What is DHCP?

Ans: - It is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP address to device
on a network.
• Its stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• DHCP is an application layer protocol of OSI model.
• It is uses port of no. 67 (Server) & 68 (Client).
• It is a UDP base service.
• It is providing IP address to the client computer automatically.

Q #23. What is DHCP Server?

Ans: - DHCP Server is a physical computer which provide IP
address to the client computer automatically.

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Q #24. What is DHCP Scope?

Ans: - DHCP Scope is the range of valid host address from were
DHCP provide IP address to the client computer.

Q #25. What is different between Domain and

Workgroup?
Ans: -

Domain Workgroup
Server is responsible for data Every PC is responsible for its
safety. own security.
Centralize administration. No centralize administration.
Main aim is in Secure data. Main aim is to salve hardware
resource.
Best suite in company Best suite in school, institute,
environments. cybercafe.
There can be more than 100 Typically, not more than 20-30 pc
pc in the domain. in the workgroup.

Q #26. What is Firewall?

Ans: - Firewall is security system, which protect computer or
whole network from unauthorized access.

Q #27. What is DNS?

Ans: - DNS is a one type of phonebook of internet.

• It’s stands for Domain Name System.

• DNS is an application layer protocol of OSI layer model and
uses port no. 53.
• It is uses both TCP/ UDP service.
• It’s provided name resolution service.
• It’s resolved host name to IP address and IP address to
FQDN.

Q #28. What is DNS Server?

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Ans: - DNS server is a physical computer which provides name

resolution service.
It resolved host name to IP address and IP address to
FQDN.

Q #29. What is FQDN?

Ans: - An FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) contains are
both the hostname and a domain name. It is uniquely identifying
a host within DNS hierarchy.
Example – www.Networkhelpt20.com

Q #30. What is Subnet Mask?

Ans: - Subnet Mask is a 32-bit number used by the system to
identify how many bits are in a network and how many bits are in
host for give IP address.
In the world there are 3 default Subnet Mask –

❖ Class “A” – Network. Host. Host. Host

❖ Class “B” – Network. Network. Host. Host
❖ Class “C” – Network. Network. Network. Host

Q #31. What is Subnetting?

Ans: - The process of dividing a large network into smaller
number of networking is called as Subnetting.
Every small network is called as Subnet.

Q #32. What are the type of Subnetting?

Ans: - There are 2 types of Subnetting –
1) FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
2) VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

Q #33. What is FLSM?

Ans: - The process of subnetting through we get subnets of all
equal length is called as FLSM.

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Q #34. What is VLSM?

Ans: - The process of subnetting through which we can get
required no. of hosts per subnet is called as VLSM.

Q #35. What is mean by “Destination Host

Unreachable”?
Ans: - This message indicates either the local system has no route
to the desired destination, or a remote router reports that it has
no route to the destination.

Q #36. What is mean by “Request Timed Out”?

Ans: - This message indicates that the server did not receive a
complete request from the client computer within a specific
period of time tracked by the server.

Q #37. What is “PING”?

Ans: - The PING (Packet Internet Groper) command is the
simplest tool and its used to test connectivity. It sends ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets to a host and
listens for an echo reply in order to verify connection status.

Q #38. What is use of “Traceroute” command?

Ans: - Traceroute command can show you the path of packet
from your computer to the Destination. It will list all the routers it
passes through until it reaches its destination.

Q #39. What is the different between Ipconfig and

Ifconfig command?
Ans: - Ipconfig stands for Internet Protocol Configuration and
this command is used on Microsoft Windows to view and
configure the network interface. The command Ipconfig is useful
for displaying all TCP/IP network summary information currently
available on a network.
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Ifconfig (Interface Configuration) is a command that is

used on Linux, Mac, and UNIX operating systems. It is used to
configure, control the TCP/IP network interface parameters from
CLI (Command Line Interface). It allows you to see the IP
addresses of these network interfaces.

Q #40. What is NAT?

Ans: -
• NAT stands for ‘Network Address Translation’.
• NAT translates the IP addresses of computer in a local network
to a single IP address.
• NAT is also one of the IP services. This service is used to
translate a Private IP address to a Public IP address.

Q #41. What is VPN?

Ans: -
• VPN stands for ‘Virtual Private Network’.
• VPN helps to establishing a secure dial-up connection to a
remote server.
• This is a connection method for adding security and privacy to
public and private networks, such as wi-fi hotspot and internet.

Q #42. What is Frame relay and in which layer does it

operate?
Ans: - A Frame relay is a packet switching technology.
It operates in the Data Link layer of the ISO/OSI model.

Q #43. What is Beaconing?

Ans: - The process that allows network to self-repair networks
problem. It is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

Q #44. What is different between Firewall & Antivirus?

Ans: - A Firewall prevents any unauthorized access in the private
networks as intranets.
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However, it does not protect against virus, spyware or adware.

As Antivirus is a software that protects a computer from any
malicious software, virus, spyware and adware.

Q #45. What is ‘IEEE’?

Ans: - IEEE stand for “Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers”.
It is the world’s largest technical professional society and is
dedicated to advancing innovation and technological excellence.

Q #46. Compare Analog and Digital signal?

Ans: - Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a
range but Digital signal can have only a limited number of values.

Q #47. What is ICMP?

Ans: - ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
It is a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts
and gateways to send notification of datagram problem back to
the sender.

Q #48. What is SCSI?

Ans: - SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.
It is a set of American National Standards Institute (ANSI), that
allow personal computers (PCs) to communicate with peripheral
hardware such as disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives,
printers and scanners faster and more flexibly than previous
parallel data transfer interfaces.

Q #49. What is Multimeter?

Ans: - A Multimeter is an electronic instrument used to measure
voltage, current and resistance.

Q #50. What is attenuation in network?

Ans: - When the signal travel through media its loss some of its
energy due to resistance of the media, this loss of energy is called

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as Attenuation.

Q #51. What is Map drive in windows?

Ans: - Mapping a drive means that you want permanent access to
a folder that is currently residing on another computer server or
network storage device.

Q #52. What is Proxy Server?

Ans: - A proxy server is a bridge between you and the rest of the
internet. Normally, when you use your browser to surf the
internet, you’ll connect directly to the website you’re visiting.
Proxies communicate with websites on your behalf.

Q #53. What is Net-Bios?

Ans: -
• Net-Bios stands for Network Basic Input/ Output System.
• It works on Session Layer of ISO/OSI model.
• It converted IP address to Hostname (Computer Name) on
LAN share mode.

Q #54. What are the different between Internet &

Intranet?
Ans: -
Internet Intranet
Internet is Public network. Intranet is Private network.
Internet is anyone can Intranet only the users of the
access the information. organization have access.
Internet is a global system Intranet is a small network
and it has a large number of and has a limited number of
users. users.
Example – WAN. Example – LAN, MAN.

Q #55. What is Cache Memory?

Ans: -
• Cache Memory is very high-speed memory.
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• Cache memory is the memory are between RAM and Processor.

• It has stored the resources which are frequently used by the
processor.
• If cache memory increases the speed of the system will also
improve.

Q #56. What is Operating System and what are type of

OS?
Ans: - OS is the common system software program that run on a
computer.
An OS acts as an interface between the user and the PC.
They are 2 type –
1) NOS (Network Operating System)
2) COS (Client Operating System)

Q #57. What is different between ARP & RARP?

Ans: - Address Resolution Protocol resolved IP address to a
known hardware address (MAC address) and,
a MAC address to a known IP address is Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP).

Q #58. What is FTP?

Ans: -
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
• It is an Application layer protocol of ISO/OSI model.
• It uses port no. 20 for Data & 21 for Control.
• It is use for Upload and Download the file.
• It is responsible for process to process delivery.

Q #59. Details of most importance protocol, services,

port no. & their function?
Ans: -

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Protocol TCP/UDP Port No. Function

FTP TCP 20 (Data) (File Transfer Protocol)
& File Upload / Download
21 (Control) service.
SSH TCP 22 (Secure Shell)
It provides remote login and
secure file access.
Telnet TCP 23 You can configure remote
device such as Routers,
Switches.
SMTP TCP 25 (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol)
For sending mail.
DNS TCP/ UDP 53 (Domain Naming Service)
Name resolution service
DHCP UDP 67 (Server) (Dynamic Host
& Configuration Protocol)
68 (Client) It helps automatically assign
an IP address to a computer.
TFTP UDP 69 (Trivial File Transfer
Protocol)
File Upload/ Download
service.
HTTP TCP 80 (Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol)
For Web service.
POP3 TCP 110 (Post Office Protocol version
3)
For receiving mail.
NNTP TCP 119 (Network News
Transmission Protocol)
For News group service.
IMAP TCP 143 (Internet Mailing
Application Protocol)
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For receiving mail.

SNMP UDP 161 (Secure Network
Management Protocol)
For network management.
HTTPS TCP 443 (Secure Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol)
Web service in secure way.

Q #60. What is Telnet?

Ans: -
• It is an Application layer protocol of ISO/OSI model.
• It is uses port no. 23.
• It is a TCP base service.
• It is a command line interface used for remote login.
• It is a secure service because it needs administrative login
and password.

Q #61. What is SSH?

Ans: -
• SSH stands for Secure Shell.
• It is use cryptographic algorithm to encrypt session.
• It is used TCP, port no. 22.
• It is more secure then Telnet.

Q #62. What is Bootloader?

Ans: - A Boot-loader is program that run on device before the
computer is start this program contain information that tell a
device how startup and find the system kernel.

Q #63. What is SMTP and POP server?

Ans: - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for sending
and delivering from client via port no. 25 with SSL 465 and TLS
587.
POP (Post Office Protocol) allows the user to pick up the

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message and download it into his own inbox. It is the incoming

server. It’s used TCP/IP port no. 110 with SSL 995.

Q #64. What is different between HTTP & HTTPS?

Ans: -

HTTP HTTPS
(Hyper Text Transfer (Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol) Protocol Secure)
HTTP is an unsecured HTTPS is a secured protocol.
protocol.
It uses port no. 80. It uses port no 443.
Here no data encryption. Here data is encrypted.
No SSL certificates are HTTPS is required SSL
required for HTTP. certificate.

Q #65. What is different between POP3 & IMAP?

Ans: -
POP3 IMAP
(Post Office Protocol (Internet Message Access
version 3) Protocol)
Its port no. 110 & SSL port no. Its port no. 143 & SSL port no.
995. 993.
It is a simple protocol that only IMAP is much more advanced
allows downloading messages and allows you the user to see
from your Inbox to your local all the folders on the mail
computer. server.
In POP3 the mail can only be Messages can be accessed
accessed from a single device at across multiple devices at a
a time. time.
After download, the message Multiple copies store in mail
exists in the local system if the server, in case of loss of
local system crashes message is message of a local server, the
lost. mail can still be retrieved.

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Q #66. What is Storage Device?

Ans: - A Storage Device is any computer hardware that is used for
storing data and extracting data.
There are two types of storage device used with computer a
primary storage device as RAM and a secondary storage device
such as hard disk.

Q #67. What is the different between FSB and BSB?

Ans: -
FSB (Front Side Bus) BSB (Back Side Bus)
FSB interface between L2 BSB interface between
cache on processor to the L1 cache on processor
north bridge of mother with L2 cache memory.
board.
FSB slower than BSB. BSB faster than FSB.

Q #68. What are different between Multitasking and

Multiprocessing?
Ans: - The ability to execute more than one task at the same time,
a task being a program is called Multitasking.
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more CPU (Central
Processing Unit) within a single computer system.

Q #69. What is Hyperthreading?

Ans: - Hyperthreading is a technology developed by the Intel
corporation.
Hyperthreading allows two or more streams to be executed in
parallel, it is almost like two logical processor into a physical
processor.

Q #70. What are the causes of Overheating of Processor?

Ans: -
• Processor Fan may not be properly connected.
• Heat sink may not be connected to the processor.
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• Jumper may be configuration to over clock to CPU.

• Voltage supply is incompatible.

Q #71. What is the main cause of No display of a

computer?
Ans: -
• Monitor is not on.
• Computer is a sleep mode.
• Loose the display cable (VGA, HDMI).
• Undo any recent changes.
• NO post.
• The binary Operating System may be corrupted.
• Motherboard problem.
• Bad RAM.
• Video card is not working.

Q #72. What is Heat sink?

Ans: - A Heat sink is a thermal metal device with a motor Fan it
designed to absorb and disperse heat from processor.

Q #73. Different between Serial Port and Parallel Port?

Ans: -
Serial Port Parallel Port
Serial Port is used to achieve Parallel port is used to
serial transmission. achieve parallel transmission.
A serial port is able to A parallel port is able to
transmits a single stream of transmits a multiple data
data at a time. stream at a time.
Its transmission speed is Low. Its transmission speed higher
than serial.
It is used COM port or male It is used LPT port or female
port. port.
It has 9 pins/ 25 pins. It has 25 pins.

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It is used in Router. It is used in Dot Metrix

printer.

Q #74. What is Nehalem Architecture?

Ans: - Nehalem is the codename for an Intel processor or micro
architecture were released in November, 2008.
Nehalem was used in the first generation of the Intel Core
processer (i3, i5, i7).

Q #75. What is BSOD? What are possible causes of a

blue screen error?
Ans: - Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) is a Microsoft windows
Operating System error screen that is displayed to indicate system
conflicts and the potential for a crash.
• Problem in RAM.
• Problem in motherboard.
• Less memory of laptop/ desktop pc.
• Virus of malware problem.
• Hard disk drive faults.
• Problem BIOS setting.

Q #76. What is the problem that a printer faces for not

printing?
Ans: -
• The power is off.
• The machine is set to offline.
• The interface cable is not connected correctly.
• Diverse are not correctly.

Q #77. What are the different between disk and drive?

Ans: - Disk is a floppy disk – removable magnetic medium or a
hard disk – fixed, persistence digital storage while Drive is a mass
storage device in which the mechanism for reading and writing
data is integrated with the mechanism for storing data as a hard

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drive, a flash drive.

Q #78. Different between AGP & PCI?

Ans: -
AGP PCI (Peripheral
(Accelerated Graphics Component Interconnect)
Port)
AGP card can access the system PCI card can only access the
memory to help with complex memory available on the
operation such as texture actual card.
mapping.
AGP doesn’t share bandwidth PCI cards share bandwidth
with another device. with another device.
AGP is send pipelined requests, PCI card are not pipelined,
which means it can execute which means each instruction
multiple instruction at one has to finish before the next on
time. is run.

Q #79. Different between S-Ram & D-Ram?

Ans: -
S - RAM D - RAM
S-RAM consists of internal D-RAM consists of transistor
flipflops. & capacitors.
Information stored in the form Information stored in the form
of Bits. of Charge.
It is Faster. It is Slower.
More power consumption. Less power consumption.
Used in Cache memory. Used in main memory.

Q #80. What is BIOS?

Ans: -
• It means Basic Input Output System.
• It is a Firmware.

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• It acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and its

Operating System.

Q #81. What is the different between File & Folder?

Ans: - The basic different between the two is that, File store data,
while Folders stores files and other folders.
The folders, often referred to as directories, are used to organize
files on your computer. The folder themselves take up virtually no
space on the hard drive.

Q #82. My computer is running slow, what step can I do

to fix it?
Ans: -
• Remove the unnecessary software from program and features.
• Remove temp file with the help of “temp” & “%temp%” in cmd.
• Disk clean up with the help of “Cleanmgr”.
• Remove startup program.
• Clean pc with help of antivirus.
• Remove background programme from task manager.
• Upgrade OS and all necessary drivers.
• Upgrade RAM and hard drive.
• Processor overheating.

Q #83. Why is my website not working?

Ans: -
• Check my IP, Subnet mask, Gateway.
• Check firewall setting.
• Restore web browser setting.
• Sometime its problem occurs because of antivirus.
• Check your data and time, Enable java script.
• Ipconfig/ flushdns command use.
• Use VPN server and proxy server.
• Clear cache, cookies, website & certificates error.

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Q #84. What is different between TeamViewer and

Remote Desktop?
Ans: -

TeamViewer Remote Desktop

Team Viewer allows the remote Remote desktop Protocol
user to see everything you to (RDP) does not allow the user
on their screen, which is of the remote computer to see
important for providing remote or control their screen when
support to your customer. you connect to them, meaning
the remote user doesn’t know
what you are doing on their
computer.
Team Viewer works without RDP requires you to configure
port forwarding or another port forwarding on the remote
firewall configuration. computer’s firewall or router.

Q #85. What is different between MBR & GPT?

Ans: -
MBR (Master Boot Record) GPT (Guid Partition
Table)
MBR used legacy OS standard GPT create multiple
BIOS partition table. partition & 128 primary
partition.
MBR support up to 2 TB Hard GPT also support more than
Disk. 2 TB Hard Disk.
In MBR disk the boot data is GPT is more secure because
store in one place, so some time of primary GPT store data at
data is corrupted, it is difficult to beginning and secondary
recover. GPT store data at ending.

Q #86. What is Remote Desktop & Remote Assistance?

Ans: - Remote desktop connection (RDC) and remote assistance
are the features that allow a local computer to connect and control
a remote pc over a network or Internet. By using RDC one can
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support and resolve the issues remotely. The main difference

between them is user can’t view his desktop once remote session
starts and in remote assistance user can view the screen at same
time.

Q #87. What is Encapsulation?

Ans: - Data flow upper layer to a lower layer (ISO/OSI model)
result in convention of data to a lower format with the addition of
the lower header, this process is called Encapsulation.

Q #88. What is Decapsulation?

Ans: - Data flows from a lower layer to an upper layer (ISO/OSI
model) data is converted to the upper layer data format and the
lower layer header is discarded this process is called as
Decapsulation.

Q #89. What is ISO/OSI Model?

Ans: - OSI model system define and use to understand how data
transferred from one system to another system.
It is developed by ISO (International Standard Organization).
It’s full from International organization of Standardization/ Open
System Interconnection.
It has 7 layers -

❖ 1) Physical Layer.
❖ 2) Data Link Layer.
❖ 3) Network Layer.
❖ 4) Transport Layer.
❖ 5) Session Layer.
❖ 6) Presentation Layer.
❖ 7) Application Layer.

Q #90. What is TCP/ IP model?

Ans: - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol are two
separate computer network protocols that define a set of rules to
govern connection among all device connected to the internet.
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It is developed by DoD (Department of Defense’s).

There are 4 layers –

❖ 1) Application Layer.
❖ 2) Transport Layer.
❖ 3) Internet Layer.
❖ 4) Network Interface Layer.

Q #91. What is MTU?

Ans: - The biggest bundle that can be sent through an
information connection layer is called as the Maximum
Transmission Unit.

Q #92. What is Flow Control?

Ans: - TCP has a mechanism of managing and tracking the
amount of data transferred, this process is called as Flow Control.

Q #93. What is Encryption & Decryption?

Ans: - Encryption is the process of changing data from its original
readable format to an unreadable format.
Decryption is the process of changing data from its unreadable
format to an original readable format.

Q #94. What is the different between OSI & TCP/IP

reference model?
Ans: -

OSI model TCP/ IP model

It’s stands for Open System It’s stands for Transmission
Interconnection. Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol.
OSI has 7 layers. TCP/IP has 4 layers.
OSI has less reliable. TCP/IP has more reliable.
OSI model developed by TCP/IP model developed by DoD.
ISO.

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OSI model follows a TCP/IP model follow a horizontal

vertical approach. approach.

Q #95. Different between TCP & UDP?

Ans: -

TCP UDP
(Transmission Control (User Datagram Protocol)
Protocol)
It’s provides It’s never provides
Acknowledgement. Acknowledgement.
It is Reliable protocol. It is Unreliable protocol.
It’s guarantees delivery of It’s never guarantees of
packet. delivery of packet.
It is Slow. It is very Fast.
It’s port no. - 6. It’s port no. - 17.

Q #96. What is Network Topology? What are the type of

Network Topology?
Ans: - Network topology is a physical layout of the computer
network and it defines how the computers, devices, cables are
connected to each other.
The are 2 type of Topology-
• Physical Topology: - The way devices are connected with
each other in a network is called Physical Topology.
• Logical Topology: - The way devices are communicated with
each other in a network is called as Logical Topology.

Q #97. What is the different type of Network Topologies?

Ans: - There are 6 different type of topologies –

❖ 1) Bus Topology.
❖ 2)Ring Topology.
❖ 3) Star Topology.
❖ 4) Mesh Topology.
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❖ 5) Tree Topology.
❖ 6) Hybrid Topology.

Q #98. What is Broadcast Domain?

Ans: - A Broadcast Domain is a logical division of a computer
network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at
the data link layer.

Q #99. What is Collision Domain?

Ans: - A Collision Domain is a part of the network where packet
collision can occur. A collision occurs when two devices send a
packet at the same time on the shared network segment.

Q #100. How many collision domains and broadcast

domains are there in switch?
Ans: - As many ports there in a switch that many collision
domains are there.
For example – switch with 24 ports has 24 collision domains.
Only one broadcast domain is there in any switch.

Q #101. What is CSMA/ CD?

Ans: - It’s stand for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection. CSMA/ CD is a MAC (Media Access Control) protocol.
It defines how network devices respond when two devices attempt
to use a data channel at the same time.

Q #102. What is CSMA/ CA?

Ans: - It’s stand for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance. It is a network contention protocol used for carrier
transmission in networks using the 802.11 standard. In contrast
to the CSMA/CD protocol, which handles transmissions only after
a collision has taken place, CSMA/CA works to avoid collisions
prior to their occurrence.

Q #103. What is Hub? Give some characteristics?

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Ans: - Hub is a Physical layer device of ISO/OSI model used to

connect to LAN network.

• It has maximum 24 ports.

• Its efficiency 40-60 %.
• It’s a Physical layer device.
• It is a half-duplex device.
• Its store MAC address.
• It transmits Bits or Signal.
• It is a single broadcast domain & single collision domain.
• It is two type – Active Hub & Passive Hub.

Q #104. What is Repeater? Give some characteristics?

Ans: - Repeater is an electronic device which used to regenerate
or replicate a signal.

• It is Physical layer device of ISO/OSI model.

• It transmits Bits or Signal.
• It is amplifier/ regenerate the signal.
• It is two type – Analog & Digital.

Q #105. What is Bridge? Give some characteristics?

Ans: - Bridge is a Data Link layer device used to connect multiple
LAN segment.

• It is Data Link device of ISO/OSI model.

• It is used to connect multiple LAN segment or LAN.
• It has 2 collision domains.

Q #106. What is Switch? Give some characteristics?

Ans: - Switch is an intelligent device and connect to multiple LAN
segments.

• It is an intelligent device.
• It is work on Data Link layer of ISO/OSI model.

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• It is efficiency 100 %.
• It is maximum 48 ports.
• It is full duplex device.
• It is first broadcast and then multicast or unicast.
• It is single broadcast & multiple collision domain.
• It transmits Frames.
• It is maintained MAC Table.

Q #107. What is Router? Give some characteristics?

Ans: - Router is used to connect two or more different networks
and different geographical location.

• It is a Network layer device of ISO/OSI model.

• It is an inter-networking device.
• It is used IP address.
• It is maintained Routing table.
• It transmits Packets.

Q #108. What is Brouter?

Ans: - Brouter or Bridge Router is a device that acts as both a
bridge and a router. As a bridge, it forwards data between the
networks, and as a router, it routes the data to specified systems
within a network.

Q #109. What is the main different between Bridge &

Switch?
Ans: - Bridges can create collision domains but cannot create
broadcast domains.
But, in Switch in every node will be separate collision domain.

Q #110. What is Modem? Give some characteristics?

Ans: - Modem stands for Modulator-Demodulator.
Characteristics: -

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• It is device which help to transmit the data over Telephone

or Cable Line.
• A modem converts between these two forms (analog to
digital and vice versa).
• It is two type – Internal & External Modem.
• Famous company – Netgear, TP-Link, Motorola.

Q #111. What is the different between Hub and Switch?

Ans: -

Hub Switch
Hub is a Physical layer device of Switch is a Data Link layer
OSI model device of OSI model.
Hub transfer data in Half duplex Switch transfer the data in
mode. Full duplex mode.
Hub cannot learn MAC address. Switch stores MAC address.
Hub transfer the data in Signal Switch transfer the data in
or Bits. Frame (L2 Switch) & Packet
(L3 Switch).
Hub is a Broadcast device. Switch is a Unicast device.
Hub create single collision Switch create multiple
Domain & single broadcast collision domain and single
domain. broadcast domain.

Q #112. What is CSU/ DSU?

Ans: - The Channel Service Unit/ Data Service Unit is a digital
interface to connect end-point equipment.
Example – Modems, Network Interface Card.

Q #113. What is different between Switch & Router?

Ans: -
Switch Router
It is a LAN device. It is WAN device.

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It is a Networking device. It is an Inter-networking

device.
It works on Data Link layer. It works on network layer.
Switch has one broadcast domain. In router every port has its
own broadcast domain.
It is use MAC address. It is use IP address.
It transmits Frame. It transmits Packet.
It is maintaining CAM table It is maintaining Routing
(Content Accessible memory). table.
Its manufacturers are Cisco, Its manufacturers are Cisco,
D-Link, Juniper. Netgear, Asus, D-Link, TP-
Link.

Q #114. What is different between Router & Layer -3

Switch?
Ans: -

Router Layer - 3 switch

It is used for WAN. It is used in LAN.
It is Software based forwarding It is Hardware based
decision. forwarding decision.
It provides MPLs and VPN It’s does not provide MPLs and
services. VPN services.
It supports Edge technology. It does not support Edge
Ex- NAT, Firewall. technology.
Its cost is high. Its cost is Low.
Its port density is Low. Its port density is high.
It is slow. It is Faster than Router.

Q #115. What is the different between Manageable

Switch and Non-manageable Switch?
Ans: -
Manageable Switch Non-manageable Switch
Its can be configured. Its can’t be configured.

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Here console port is present. Here console port is not

present.
It is expensive. It is less expensive.

Q #116. What is the different between L-2 switch & L-3

switch?
Ans: -
L-2 Switch L-3 Switch
It works on data link layer of It works on both network &
ISO/OSI model. data link layer of ISO/OSI
model.
It does switching only. It does both switching &
routing.
It is used MAC address. It is used IP & MAC address.
It is maintaining MAC table. It is maintaining MAC &
routing table.
Ex - 29 series switches. Ex - 3500, 4500, 6500, series
switch.

Q #117. What is Gateway?

Ans: - A Gateway is a network node which connects two networks
in different protocol.
Example – A router can act as a gateway to reach another
network.

Q #118. What is straight through cable?

Ans: - The straight through cable is used to connect different
types of devices.
Example -

❖ 1) Switch to Pc
❖ 2) Switch to router
❖ 3) Pc to I/O box.
❖ 4) I/O to Patch panel
❖ 5) Patch panel to Switch
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Q #119.What is Crossover Cable?

Ans: - The Crossover cable is used to connect same type of
devices.
Example –

❖ 1) Pc to Pc
❖ 2) Switch to Switch
❖ 3) Hub to Hub
❖ 4) Router to router
❖ 5) Pc to Router

Q #120. Why we use Cross cable to connect pc to router?

Ans: - Cross cable is use to connecting a router to a pc because
both devices have the same type components.

Q #121. What is Rollover cable?

Ans: - The Rollover type of cable is used to connect a router or a
switch console port to the computer communication port (Com
port).
It is used for Administrative purpose –
a) Configuring the device (Router, Switch)
b) Password breaking

Q #122. What is the main different between UTP & STP?

Ans: - UTP is a cable with wires that are twisted together to
reduce noise and crosstalk.
Or, STP is a twisted pair cable confined in foil or mesh shield that
guards the cable against electromagnetic interference.

Q #123. What is Co-axial cable? How many types of Co-

axial cable?
Ans: - A Co-axial cable is used in the transmission of audio, video
and communications.
The co-axial cables are two type –

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a) Thicknet (10 base 5)

b) Thinnet (10 base 2)

Q #124. What is the color code of EIA/TIA T-568A &

568B?
Ans: -

568A 568B
White/ White/
Green Orange
Green Orange
White/ White/
Orange Green
Blue Blue
White/ White/
Blue Blue
Orange Green
White/ White/
Brown Brown
Brown Brown

Q #125. What is mean by Thicknet or 10 base 5 or RG-8?

Ans: -

Bandwidth 10 mbps
Signaling Baseband
Segment 500
Length meters
No. of nodes 100
connected
Connecter AUI (15
pins)

Q #126. What is mean by Thinnet or 10 base 2 or RG - 58?

Ans: -
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Bandwidth 10 mbps
Signaling Baseband
Segment 200 meters
Length (actual 185 m)
No. of nodes 30
connected
Connecter BNC

Q #127. What is Segment Length?

Ans: - The maximum length of a cable which can carry the signal
with fully strength without any amplifying the devices is called as
Segment Length.

Q #128. What is the difference between UTP and STP

cables?
Ans: -
UTP STP
Full from Unshielded Twisted Full from Shielded Twisted Pair
Pair cable. cable.
In UTP grounding cable is not In STP grounding cable is
necessary. required.
Data rate in UTP is slow Data rate in STP is high.
compared to STP.
The cost of UTP is less. While STP is more costly than
UTP.
UTP is unshielded STP is shield.

Q #129. What is mean by IEEE 802.3?

Ans: - It is IEEE standardized Ethernet cable and data rate 10
Mbps.

Q #130. What is mean by IEEE 802.3u?

Ans: - It is IEEE standardized Fast Ethernet cable and data rate
100 Mbps.
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Q #131. What is mean by IEEE 802.3z?

Ans: - It is IEEE standardized Gigabit Ethernet cable and data
rate 1000 Mbps.

Q #132. What is mean by IEEE 802.3ae?

Ans: - It is IEEE standardized 10 gigabit ethernet cable and data
rate speed 10 Gbps.

Q #133. What is the mean by 10BASE-T?

Ans: - 10Base-T specifies data transfer rate 10Mbps. Here the
usage of the term ‘Base’ specifies ‘Baseband’ and ‘T’ denotes the
type of cable, which is a twisted pair cable.

Q #134. What is Ram?

Ans: -

• It stands for Random Access Memory.

• It is a primary memory.
• It is an IC.
• It is a volatile memory.
• It is made-up of semi-conductor materials.
• It’s stored the data temporary.

Q #135. What is ROM?

Ans: -

• Its stand for Read Only Memory.

• It is an IC.
• It stored the firmware.
• We can only read the content of ROM but cannot write.
• It is a Non-volatile memory.
• It stored the data permanently.

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Q #136. Different between Peer-to-Peer and Client-

Server network?
Ans: -

Peer-to-Peer Client-Server
Limited number of Large number of
workstations. workstations.
Local user created on Centralized user created on
PCs. server an administrator.
Low security. High security.
It is inexpensive. It is expensive.
Used in home, small Used in colleges, hospital,
business. corporation.
Limited number of Supports large number of
users. users.

Q #137. What is North Bridge?

Ans: -
• North Bridge is called as memory controller hub (MCH).
• It provides the interface between RAM and Processor.
• It controls the data transfer.

Q #138. What is South Bridge?

Ans: -

• South bridge is an Input and Output Controller Hub

(IOH/ICH).
• It provides the interface between north bridge and input-output
devices.

Q #139. What is super I/O chip?

Ans: - Super I/O chip is a single chip which controls slower I/O
devices which are not controlled by south bridge.

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Q #140. What is CMOS battery? / Give a short

description of CMOS?
Ans: - CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a
chip on the motherboard that contains BIOS configuration, date,
time and other information that the computer needs during
startup.
• Voltage – 3.5 v
• Validity – 5 years
• Made up – Lithium
• Battery No. – CR2032
• Change when voltage is less than 2.5v
• Famous company – Maxell

Q #141. What is Motherboard?

Ans: - A motherboard is a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). It is a
main part of a computer where all components are connected with
it directly or indirectly.
Manufacturer company – ASUS, Gigabyte, Intel.

Q #142. What is hard disk?

Ans: -
• Hard disk is a secondary storage media.
• It stored the data permanently.
• It’s made up of Magnetic media.
• Hard disk manufacturer company – Toshiba, Western Digital,
Seagate.

Q #143. What is Post?

Ans: -
• Its stands for Power on Self-Test.
• It is a self-diagnostic program.
• As soon as we switch on the computer POST checks all
hardware components whether working properly or not.

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• If all hardware is working properly then POST is successful and

computer will boot.
• If one of the hardware is not working properly then POST is
unsuccessful and computer will not boot.

Q #144. What is UEFI?

Ans: - Its stands for Unified Extendable Firmware Interface. It is
the advance interface standard firmware for computer. It is used
to initialize the hardware components and start the operating
system stored on the hard disk drive when the computer starts up.

Q #145. What is different between UEFI & Legacy Boot?

Ans: -
UEFI Legacy Boot
It is use GUID partition table It is use MBR (Master Boot
(GPT). Record) table.
It is more user-friendly. It is less user-friendly.
It has additional security Not as efficient as UEFI.
features and more efficient.
UEFI boot is the boot process Legacy Boot is the boot process
used by UEFI firmware. used by BIOS firmware.

Q #146. What is Path? What are the type of Path?

Ans: - To locate any resource is called as Path.
It is 3 type –
• Local Path: - It is used to locate any resource within the
computer.
Ex- C:\Windows\Boot\Resources
• UNC (Universal Naming Convention) Path: - It is to
locate any resource within the LAN.
Ex- \\servername\path
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Path: - It is used to
locate any resource in WAN.
Ex- https://www.youtube.com/

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Q #147. What is different between Communication and

Transmission?
Ans: - A process of sending and receiving data between source
and destination, in only one way. It is regarded as the physical
movement of data called as Transmission.
A process of sending and receiving data between source and
destination in both ways is called as Communication.

Q #148. Types of RAM and their Voltage, FSB, Pin, Data

rate comparison table?
Ans: -
RAM Voltage FSB/ Bus Clock Rate Pin
(V) (MHz)
SDRAM 3.3 100 - 166 168
RDRAM 3.3 400 - 800 184
DDR 2.5 133 - 200 184
DDR - 2 1.8 266 - 400 240
DDR - 3 1.5 533 - 800 240
DDR - 4 1.2 1066 - 1600 288

Q #149. What is MAC?

Ans: - MAC (Media Access Control) is a sublayer of Data link
layer and it provides interface to the Physical layer of ISO/OSI
model. It is responsible for framing of data and media access
control.

Q #150. What is LLC?

Ans: - LLC (Link Logical Control) is the sublayer of Data link
layer of ISO/OSI model. It is responsible for handling multiple
layer-3 protocol and provides link service like flow control and
reliability.

Q #151. What is different between SATA & PATA?

Ans: -
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SATA PATA
Full from is Serial Advance Full from is Parallel Advance
Technology Attachment. Technology Attachment.
Speed is 150 Mbps for SATA- Speed is 100/133 Mbps.
1, 300 Mbps for SATA-2 &
600 Mbps for SATA-3.
Number of pins of data cable Number of pins of data cable
is 7. is 40.
Number of pins of power Number of pins of power
cable is 15. cable is 4.

Q #152. Write some error code and their meaning?

Ans: -

• 400 Bad Request Error: -

A 400 Bad Request error can show up in a web browser if you
do type an incorrect URL or try to accessing a web page that is
not open to the general public.

• 401 Unauthorized Error: -

A 401 Unauthorized error is an HTTP status code that means
the page you were trying to access cannot be loaded until you
first log in with a valid user ID and password. If you have just
logged in and received the 401 Unauthorized error, it means
that the credentials you entered were invalid for some reason.

• 403 Forbidden Error: -

A 403 Forbidden error message can be seen if you try to access
a web page that needs a username and password. Otherwise
you do not have permission to open this.

• 404 Not Found: -

The 404 Not Found error is seen when the web page you

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requested cannot be found by the web server that it few of

reasons:
o The page has been moved without a forwarding address.
o The page has been deleted from the server.
o An incorrect URL has been typing into the browser address
bar.
o The page is temporarily unavailable due to high web traffic.

• Network Connection Refused: -

The network connection refused error when a website is
experiencing lots of unexpected traffic, is under maintenance,
or is only accessible by registered users.

• Unable to Locate Host: -

The error message Unable to Locate Host can show up because
the website is unable to connect with its host server; perhaps
because of maintenance or bandwidth issues or the network
connection has been lost or the URL is incorrect.

• Host Unavailable: -
The error message Host Unavailable can show up when a site is
unable to connect with its server or this could be because it's
experiencing unexpectedly heavy traffic or undergoing
maintenance, or because it's been taken down.

• 503 Service Unavailable: -

The 503 Service Unavailable error because of the connection to
the internet has been lost or the site has been deleted or moved
or the site is experiencing too much traffic and is temporarily
down.

Q #153. What is Bandwidth?

Ans: - Bandwidth is the maximum transfer rate of a data from a
network device. It is measured by bits per second.

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Q #154. What is Frequency?

Ans: - Frequency refers to the number of cycles in a particular
unit of time.

Q #155. What is Throughput?

Ans: - Throughput refers to how much data can be transferred
from one location to another in a given amount of time.

Q #156. What is different between Bandwidth,

Throughput & Speed?
Ans: - Bandwidth often refers to the maximum amount of data
transfer per second.
Throughput is an actual amount of data passing through media or
a connection.
Speed often refers to how much data can be downloaded or
uploaded per second.

Q #157. What is NIC?

Ans: - NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is also known as
Network Adapter or Ethernet Card. It is in the form of an add-in
card and is installed on a computer so that the computer can be
connected to a network.
Each NIC has a MAC address which helps in identifying the
computer on a network.

Q #158. What is the difference between Baseband and

Broadband transmission?
Ans: - Baseband Transmission is a single signal consumes the
whole bandwidth of the cable but
Broadband Transmission is multiple signals of multiple
frequencies are sent at the same time.

Q #159. What is the different between FAT 32 & NTFS?

Ans: -

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FAT32 NTFS
It is stands for File It is stands for New
Allocation Table. Technology File System.
These is an older type of file These is newly type of file
system that is not commonly system that is widely use.
used these days.
Its maximum file size 4GB. Its maximum file size 16TB.
FAT32 does not provide NTFS is enabled with
encryption and much security and encryption.
security.
It is support in windows It is support in Windows
95/98/XP etc. vista/NT/7 etc.

Q #160. What is different between MBps or Mbps?

Ans: - MBps stands for Megabytes per second and Mbps stands
for Megabits per second.
1 byte is equal to 8 bits (1B = 8b)
So, 1 MBps = 8 Mbps
The two terms are similar, but MBps is used to specify how much
of a file is downloaded/uploaded per second, but Mbps is used to
specify Internet connection speeds.

Example: -
You subscribe a plan speed up-to 16 Mbps, total 20 GB data just
999/-. So, your maximum download speed will be (16/8=2) 2
MB/s or 2 MBps.
If you want to download a video and the file size is 10MB. Your
Internet connection gives you download speeds up to 16 Mbps. So,
(16/8=2) and file size 10 MB, (10/2= 5). It will take approximately
5 seconds to download your 10 MB file with an Internet
connection of 16 Mbps.

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Conclusion: -
All the students, this question & answer read carefully. This
is short interview type questions. I hope, all of you are
attended your first-time networking interview and crack it.

---Thank You---

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