Statistics o Involves making inferences, predictions, or

generalizations.
 is the branch of mathematics that deals with the
o Allow researchers to draw conclusions, test
techniques for collecting, analyzing, and drawing
hypotheses, and make predictions about
conclusions from data.
populations.
Population
Descriptive VS. Inferential
 is the entire group that you want to draw
Purpose:
conclusions about.
 DS used to summarize and present data in a
Sample
meaningful way.
 is the specific group that you will collect data from.  IS used to make generalizations about a larger
population.
Measurement
Sample Size:
 is a number or attribute computed for each member
of a population or of a sample  DS better to use to analyze a smaller sample size.
 IS require a larger sample size to draw conclusions
Sample Data
Conclusions:
 measurements of sample elements.
 DS provide a summary of the data collected.
Parameter
 IS allows us to draw conclusions about a larger
 is a number that summarizes some aspect of the population based on the data collected from a
population as a whole. sample.

Statistic Statistical Method:

 number computed from the sample data.  DS involved statistical methods such as measures of
central tendency and measures of dispersion.
2 kinds of Statistics  IS involve statistical methods such as hypothesis
 Descriptive Statistics testing, regression analysis, and analysis of variance.
o Branch of statistics that deals with Variables and Types of Data
summarizing and describing the main
features of a dataset.  Independent Variable
o It provides method for organizing, o Represents a quantity that is being
visualizing, and presenting data manipulated in an experiment.
meaningfully and informally.  Dependent Variable
o Also provides a quick overview of the data. o Represents a quantity whose value depends
o Central Tendency on how the independent variable is
 Mean, Median, Mode manipulated.
o Dispersion Types of Data
 Range, Variance, Standard
Deviation  Qualitative Data
o Frequency Distributions o Nominal
 Histograms, Frequency Table o Ordinal
o Graphical Presentation  Quantitative Data
 Box Plots, Bar Charts, Pie Charts, o Discrete
etc.  Interval
 Inferential Statistics  Ratio
o Continuous
  Interval  Observe and record behaviors,
 Ratio actions, or events in their natural
setting.
Types of Data
o Experiments
 Qualitative Data  Involve the manipulation of
o Result of categorizing or describing variables to observe their impact
attributes of a population. on the outcome.
o Described by words or letters. o Focus Groups
 Quantitative Data  Bring together a small group of
o Always numbers. individual who discuss specific
o Result of counting or measuring attributes topics in a moderated setting.
of a population.  Secondary Data Collection
o Either discrete or continuous. o Involves existing data collected by someone
 Quantitative Discrete Data else.
o Result of counting. o Existing information.
 Quantitative Continuous Data o Published Sources
o Result of measuring.  Books, academic journals,
magazines, newspapers,
Types of Measurement Scales government report, etc.
 Nominal Data o Online Database
o Has no order or rank.  Provide access to a wide range of
 Ordinal Data secondary data.
o Categorical data that has a natural order.  Research articles, statistical
information, economic data, and
 Interval Data
social surveys.
o Is ordinal.
o Government and Institutional Records
o Subtract one value from another.
 Database or records can be used
o Zero has a value.
for research purposes.
 Ratio Data
o Publicly Available Data
o That has a true zero.
 Shared by individuals,
o Zero has no value.
organizations, or communities on
Data Collection public platforms.
o Post-Research Studies
 Process of collecting and evaluating information.
 Previous research studies and their
Different Data Collection Methods findings can serve as valuable
secondary data sources.
 Primary Data Collection  Can review and analyze the data to
o Involves the collection of original data gain insights or build upon existing
directly from the source. knowledge.
o Surveys & Questionnaires
 To collect data from individuals or Sampling
groups  Selecting group that you will actually collect data
 F2F, OL from in your research.
o Interviews
 Involves direct interaction between Types of Sampling
the researcher and the
 Simple Random Sampling
respondent.
o Selecting a sample size of “n” objects from
o Observation
the population.
 o Every sample size has equal probability. o Number of times a data value or groups of
 Systematic Sampling data values (called classes) occur in a data
o We list the entire population then randomly set.
pick a starting point at the nth object.  Frequency Distribution
 Stratified Sampling o A listing of each data value or class of data
o Population is split into groups called strata. values along with their frequencies.
o Random sample taken from stratum.  Relative Frequency
o Used when we want to know about o Frequency divided by n, the size of the
different subgroups or strata. sample.
 Cluster Sampling o Give the proportion of the entire data set
o Population is split up into groups called represented by each value or class.
clusters. o Expressed as fractions, decimals, or
o One or more clusters randomly selected percentages.
and all individuals in the chosen clusters are
Frequency Table
sampled.
o Best used to study large.  A table with two columns.
 Convenience Sampling  First column, categories.
o Picking sample that is conveniently at hand.  Second column, frequencies.

Types of Studies Bar Graphs

 Observational  Pictorial representation grouped data in vertical or

o Researcher records or observes the horizontal rectangular bars.
observation or measurements without
Pie Chart
manipulating any variables.
 Experimental  Used to represent the numerical proportions of a
o Involves some random assignment of a data set.
treatment.  Circle Chart or Circle Graph
o Researcher can draw cause and effect
Organizing Quantitative Data
(causal) conclusions.
o Also called scientific study or an Quantitative Data
experiment.
 The data that are the result of counting or measuring
Presentation of Data some aspect of items under investigation.
 Numerical Data
Frequency Distribution and Graphs
 Can also be summarized in a table to show its
 Once we have collected data, we need to start frequency distribution.
analyzing the data.
Graphing Quantitative Data in Histograms and Frequency
Qualitative Data Polygons

 Use graphs like bar graphs and pie graphs. Histograms

Quantitative Data  A statistical graph commonly used to visualize

frequency distributions of quantitative data.
 Use graphs like histograms and frequency polygon.
 Is like a bar graph, but where the horizontal axis is a
Organizing Qualitative Data number line.

Frequency and Frequency Distributions Frequency Polygon

 Frequency  Alternative representation of a histogram.

  Starts like a histogram, but instead of drawing a bar, Scattered Plots
a point is placed at the midpoint of each interval at a
 Used to show relationships between pairs of
height equal to the frequency.
continuous variables.
 Points are connected with straight lines to
 Scatter grams and Scatter Charts.
emphasize the shape of the data distribution.
Central Tendency
Other Types of Graphs
 The statistical measure that represents the single
 Line Graphs
value of the entire distribution or a dataset.
o Graphically display data that changes
continuously over time. Mean = average
o Each line graph consists of points that
Median = middle value
connect data to show a trend.
o Have an x-axis and a y-axis. Mode = most frequent
 Bar Graphs/Charts
o Represent categorical data with rectangular Non-modal = 0
bars. Unimodal = 1
 Pie Chart
o In statistical types of graphs and charts, pie Bimodal = 2
chart has a crucial place and meaning. Multimodal = 3 or more
 Histogram
o Shows continuous data in ordered
rectangular columns.
o There are no gaps between the columns.
o Display a frequency distribution of a data
set.
 Scattered Points
o Is an x-y diagram that shows a relationship
between two variables.
o Used to plot data points on a vertical and a
horizontal axis.
 Venn Diagram
o Also called primary diagram, set daigram,
logic diagrams.
o Overlapping circles to visualize the logical
relationships between two or more group
of items.
o One of the types of graphs and charts used
in scientific and engineering presentations,
in computer applications, in math, and in
statistics.

Paired Data and Scattered Plots

Paired Data

 Two set of observations are paired if each

observation in one set has a special correspondence
or connection with exactly one observation in the
other data set.