?

Rational Numbers
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use rational
numbers to solve
MODULE

LESSON 3.1
3
real-world problems? Rational Numbers
and Decimals
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2d

LESSON 3.2
Adding Rational
Numbers
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1a, 7.NS.1b, 7.
NS.1d, 7.NS.3

LESSON 3.3
Subtracting Rational
Numbers
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1, 7.NS.1c

LESSON 3.4
Multiplying Rational
Numbers
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2a,
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7.NS.2c

LESSON 3.5
Dividing Rational
Numbers
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2b,
7.NS.2c, 7.NS.3

LESSON 3.6
Real-World Video
In many competitive sports, scores are given as
Applying Rational
decimals. For some events, the judges’ scores are Number Operations
averaged to give the athlete’s final score. COMMON
7.NS.3, 7.EE.3
CORE
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my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

57
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Multiply Fractions my.hrw.com Intervention

1 1
EXAMPLE 3 _
_ × 49 3 _
_ × 49 = ___
3 __
× 94 Divide by the common factors.
8 8 8
2 3
= _16 Simplify.

Multiply. Write the product in simplest form.

9
1. __
14
× _76 2. 3 _
_
5
× 47 3. 8
× 10
11 __
__
33
4. 4
_
9
×3

Operations with Fractions

2 __7 10
EXAMPLE _
5
÷ 10 = _25 × __
7
Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
2
10
= _25 × __7
Divide by the common factors.
1

= _47 Simplify.

Divide.

13 14 16
5. _12 ÷ _14 6. _38 ÷ __
16
7. _25 ÷ __
15
8. _49 ÷ __
27
23
9. _35 ÷ _56 10. _14 ÷ __
24
11. 6 ÷ _35 12. _45 ÷ 10

Order of Operations

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EXAMPLE 50 - 3(3 + 1)2 To evaluate, first operate within parentheses.
50 - 3(4)2 Next simplify exponents.
50 - 3(16) Then multiply and divide from left to right.
50 - 48 Finally add and subtract from left to right.
2

Evaluate each expression.

13. 21 - 6 ÷ 3 14. 18 + (7 - 4) × 3 15. 5 + (8 - 3)2

16. 9 + 18 ÷ 3 + 10 17. 60 - (3 - 1)4 × 3 18. 10 - 16 ÷ 4 × 2 + 6

58 Unit 1
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary integers (enteros)
✔ negative numbers
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. You can put more (números negativos)
than one word in each section of the triangle. pattern (patrón)
✔ positive numbers
(números positivos)
✔ whole numbers (números
Integers
enteros)
45
Preview Words
additive inverse (inverso
aditivo)
2, 24, 108 opposite (opuesto)
rational number (número
racional)
repeating decimal
-2, -24, -108 (decimal periódico)
terminating decimal
(decimal finito)

Understand Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using the preview words.

1. A decimal number for which the decimals come to an end is a

decimal.

2. The , or , of a number is the

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same distance from 0 on a number line as the original number, but on

the other side of 0.

Active Reading
Layered Book Before beginning the module,
create a layered book to help you learn the concepts
in this module. At the top of the first flap, write the
title of the module, “Rational Numbers.” Label the
other flaps “Adding,” “Subtracting,” “Multiplying,”
and “Dividing.” As you study each lesson, write
important ideas, such as vocabulary and processes,
on the appropriate flap.

Module 3 59
 MODULE 3

Unpacking the Standards

Understanding the Standards and the vocabulary terms in the
Standards will help you know exactly what you are expected to
learn in this module.

COMMON
CORE 7.NS.3
Solve real-world and
What It Means to You
mathematical problems You will add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
involving the four operations
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 7.NS.3
with rational numbers.
-15 · _23 - 12 ÷ 1 _13
Key Vocabulary
rational number (número · 2 - __
15 _
- __
1 3 1
4
12 ÷ _
3
Write as fractions.
racional) To divide, multiply by
- __ · 2 - __
15 _
1 3 1
3
12 · _
4
Any number that can be the reciprocal.
5 3
expressed as a ratio of two ·2 ·3
integers. - 15
_____
1·3
- 12
_____
1· 4 Simplify.
1 1
10
- __
1
- _91 = -10 - 9 = -19 Multiply.

COMMON
CORE 7.NS.3
Solve real-world and What It Means to You
mathematical problems You will solve real-world and mathematical problems

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Ilene

involving the four operations involving the four operations with rational numbers.
with rational numbers.
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 7.NS.3
In 1954, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge toll for a car was $1.75. In
2012, the toll was _57 of the toll in 1954. What was the toll in 2012?
1.75 · _57 = 1_34 · _57 Write the decimal as a fraction.
Write the mixed number as an
= _74 · _57
improper fraction.
1
7· 5
= _____
4·7
Simplify.
1
MacDonald/Alamy

= _54 = 1.25 Multiply, then write as a decimal.

The Sunshine Skyway Bridge toll for a car was $1.25 in 2012.

Visit my.hrw.com
to see all the
Common Core
Standards
unpacked.
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60 Unit 1
 LESSON
Rational Numbers
3.1
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2d
Convert a rational number to
a decimal using long division;
and Decimals know that the decimal
form of a rational number
terminates in 0s or eventually
repeats. Also 7.NS.2b

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you convert a rational number to a decimal?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2d

Describing Decimal Forms

of Rational Numbers
A rational number is a number that can be written as a ratio of two
integers a and b, where b is not zero. For example, _47 is a rational
37
number, as is 0.37 because it can be written as the fraction ___100 .

A Use a calculator to find the equivalent decimal form of each fraction.__

Remember that numbers that repeat can be written as 0.333… or 0.3.
1
_ 5
_ 2
_ 2
_ 12
__
Fraction 4 8 3 9 5
Decimal 0.2 0.875
Equivalent

B Now find the corresponding fraction of the decimal equivalents given

in the last two columns in the table. Write the fractions in simplest form.
C Conjecture What do you notice about the digits after the decimal
point in the decimal forms of the fractions? Compare notes with your
neighbor and refine your conjecture if necessary.
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Reflect
1. Consider the decimal 0.101001000100001000001…. Do you think this
decimal represents a rational number? Why or why not?

2. Do you think a negative sign affects whether or not a number is

a rational number? Use -_85 as an example.

Lesson 3.1 61
 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

3. Do you think a mixed number is a rational number? Explain.

Writing Rational Numbers as Decimals

You can convert a rational number to a decimal using long division. Some decimals
are terminating decimals because the decimals come to an end. Other decimals
are repeating decimals because one or more digits repeat infinitely.
Math On the Spot
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EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2d

Write each rational number as a decimal.

5
A __
16
0. 3 1 2 5
⎯
1 6 ⟌ 5. 0 0 0 0
Divide 5 by 16.
Add a zero after the decimal point. −4 8
Subtract 48 from 50. 2 0
Use the grid to help you complete the -1 6
long division. 4 0
- 3 2
Add zeros in the dividend and continue 8 0
dividing until the remainder is 0.
- 8 0
5
The decimal equivalent of __
16 is 0.3125.
0
13
B __
33

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Divide 13 by 33.
Add a zero after the decimal point. 0. 3 9 3 9
Subtract 99 from 130. ⎯
3 3 ⟌ 1 3. 0 0 0 0
Use the grid to help you complete the
−9 9
long division.
3 1 0
Math Talk You can stop dividing once you discover a -2 9 7
Mathematical Practices
repeating pattern in the quotient. 1 3 0
Do you think that decimals
that have repeating patterns -9 9
always have the same Write the quotient with its repeating pattern
3 1 0
number of digits in their and indicate that the repeating numbers
pattern? Explain. continue. -2 9 7
1 3
13
The decimal
___ equivalent of __
33 is 0.3939…,
or 0.39.

62 Unit 1
 YOUR TURN
Write each rational number as a decimal.
Personal
4
_ 1
_ 9
__ Math Trainer
4. 7
5. 3
6. 20 Online Assessment
and Intervention
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Writing Mixed Numbers as Decimals

You can convert a mixed number to a decimal by rewriting the fractional part
of the number as a decimal.

Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2d my.hrw.com

Shawn rode his bike 6 _34 miles to the science museum. Write 6 _34 as a decimal.
My Notes
STEP 1 Rewrite the fractional part of the
number as a decimal. Science Museum

0.75 Divide the numerator

⎯
4⟌ 3.00 by the denominator.
-28
6_34 mi
20
-20
0

STEP 2 Rewrite the mixed number as

the sum of the whole part
and the decimal part.
6 _34 = 6 + _34

= 6 + 0.75
= 6.75
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
7. Yvonne made 2 _34 quarts of punch. Write 2 _34 as a decimal. 2 _34 =

Is the decimal equivalent a terminating or repeating decimal?

8. Yvonne bought a watermelon that weighed 7 _13 pounds. Write 7 _13 as

a decimal. 7 _13 =
Personal
Is the decimal equivalent a terminating or repeating decimal? Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
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Lesson 3.1 63
Guided Practice
Write each rational number as a decimal. Then tell whether each decimal
is a terminating or a repeating decimal. (Explore Activity and Example 1)
1. _35 = 89
2. ___
100
= 4
3. __
12
=

25 9
4. __
99
= 5. _79 = 6. __
25
=

1 25 12
7. __
25
= 8. ___
176
= 9. ____
1,000
=

Write each mixed number as a decimal. (Example 2)

1=
10. 11 __ 9 =
11. 2 ___ 23 =
12. 8 ____
6 10 100

3 =
13. 7 ___ 3 =
14. 54 ___ 1 =
15. 3 ___
15 11 18

16. Maggie bought 3 _23 lb of apples to make 17. Harry’s dog weighs 12 _78 pounds. What
some apple pies. What is the weight of the is the weight of Harry’s dog written as a
apples written as a decimal? (Example 2) decimal? (Example 2)

3 _23 = 12 _78 =

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN
3
18. Tom is trying to write __
47 as a decimal. He used long division and divided
until he got the quotient 0.0638297872, at which point he stopped. Since
3
the decimal doesn’t seem to terminate or repeat, he concluded that __ 47 is

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

not rational. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

64 Unit 1
 Name Class Date

3.1 Independent Practice Personal

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COMMON
Online
CORE 7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2d Assessment and
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Use the table for 19–23. Write each ratio in the Team Sports
form __ba and then as a decimal. Tell whether each
Number of
decimal is a terminating or a repeating decimal. Sport Players
19. basketball players to football players Baseball 9
Basketball 5
Football 11
20. hockey players to lacrosse players Hockey 6
Lacrosse
e 10
Polo 4
21. polo players to football players Rugby 15
Soccer 11

22. lacrosse players to rugby players

23. football players to soccer players

24. Look for a Pattern Beth said that the ratio of the number of players
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Comstock/

in any sport to the number of players on a lacrosse team must always be

a terminating decimal. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

25. Yvonne bought 4 _78 yards of material to make a dress.

a. What is 4 _78 written as an improper fraction?
b. What is 4 _78 written as a decimal?
Getty Images

c. Communicate Mathematical Ideas If Yvonne wanted to make

3 dresses that use 4 _78 yd of fabric each, explain how she could use
estimation to make sure she has enough fabric for all of them.

Lesson 3.1 65
26. Vocabulary A rational number can be written as the ratio of one
Work Area
to another and can be represented by a repeating

or decimal.
7 5
27. Problem Solving Marcus is 5 __ 24
feet tall. Ben is 5 __
16
feet tall. Which of the
two boys is taller? Justify your answer.

28. Represent Real-World Problems If one store is selling _34 of a bushel of

apples for $9, and another store is selling _23 of a bushel of apples for $9,
which store has the better deal? Explain your answer.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

29. Analyze Relationships You are given a fraction in simplest form. The
numerator is not zero. When you write the fraction as a decimal, it is a
repeating decimal. Which numbers from 1 to 10 could be the denominator?

30. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Julie got 21 of the 23 questions

on her math test correct. She got 29 of the 32 questions on her science
test correct. On which test did she get a higher score? Can you compare
21 29
the fractions __ __
23 and 32 by comparing 29 and 21? Explain. How can Julie

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compare her scores?

31. Look for a Pattern Look at the decimal 0.121122111222.… If the pattern
continues, is this a repeating decimal? Explain.

66 Unit 1
 LESSON
Adding Rational
3.2
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1d
Apply properties of
operations as strategies to
Numbers add and subtract rational
numbers. Also 7.NS.1a,
7.NS.1b, 7.NS.3

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you add rational numbers?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE 7.NS.1b

Adding Rational Numbers with

the Same Sign Math On the Spot
Previously, you used an arrow for each addend to add integers on a number
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line. You can also use a point for the first addend and movement in a positive
or negative direction to represent adding the second addend.
EXAMPLE 1 Use a number line to solve each problem.

A Malachi hikes for 2.5 miles and stops for lunch. Then he hikes
for 1.5 more miles. How many miles did he hike altogether? Move right on a horizontal
number line to add a
STEP 1 Use positive numbers to represent the distance positive number. Move
Malachi hiked. left to add a negative
number.
STEP 2 Find 2.5 + .
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Science Photo

STEP 3 Start at .
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

STEP 4 The second addend is positive. Move 1.5 units to the .

The result is . Malachi hiked miles.

B Kyle pours out _34 liter of liquid from a beaker. Then he pours out
another _12 liter of liquid. What is the overall change in the amount of
liquid in the beaker?
STEP 1 Use negative numbers to represent the amount of change
each time Kyle pours liquid from the beaker.
STEP 2 Find +
( ) .
Library/Corbis

STEP 3 Start at .
-2 -1 0
STEP 4 The second addend is negative. Move | -_12 | = _12 unit to the left.

The result is .
The amount of liquid in the beaker has decreased by
liters.

Lesson 3.2 67
 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Reflect
1. What do you notice about the signs of the sums and the signs of the
addends in parts A and B ?

YOUR TURN
Use a number line to find each sum.

2. 3 + 1_12 =

0 1 2 3 4 5
Personal
3. -2.5 + (-4.5) = Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
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-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

Adding Rational Numbers with

Different Signs
You can also use a number line to add rational numbers with different signs.
Math On the Spot You start at the first number and move in the positive or negative direction by
my.hrw.com the absolute value of the second number, according to its sign.

EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1b

A During the day, the temperature increases by 4.5 degrees. At night,

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the temperature decreases by 7.5 degrees. What is the overall change
in temperature?
STEP 1 Use a positive number to represent the increase in temperature
and a negative number to represent a decrease in temperature.
STEP 2 Find 4.5 + (-7.5).

STEP 3 Start at 4.5.

Math Talk -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Practices
How can you tell that the STEP 4 Move | -7.5 | = 7.5 units to the left because the second addend
answer is reasonable? is negative.

The result is -3.

The temperature decreased by 3 degrees overall.

68 Unit 1
 B Ernesto writes a check for $2.50. Then he deposits $6 in his
checking account. What is the overall increase or decrease in
the account balance?
STEP 1 Use a positive number to represent a deposit and a negative Animated
number to represent a withdrawal or a check. Math
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STEP 2 Find -2.5 + 6.

STEP 3 Start at -2.5.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
My Notes
STEP 4 Move | 6 | = 6 units to the right because the second addend
is positive .

The result is 3.5. The account balance will increase by $3.50.

Reflect
4. Do -3 + 2 and 2 + (-3) have the same sum? Does it matter if the
negative number is the first addend or the second addend?

5. Make a Conjecture To add integers with different signs, you subtract

the lesser absolute value from the greater absolute value and use the
sign of the integer with the greater absolute value. Make a conjecture
about adding any two rational numbers that have different signs.
Explain using parts A and B .
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
Use a number line to find each sum.

6. -8 + 5 =
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

7. 1
_
2 ( )=
+ -_34
Personal
-1 0 1 Math Trainer
Online Assessment
8. -1 + 7 = and Intervention
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-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lesson 3.2 69
 Additive Inverses of Rational Numbers
The opposite, or additive inverse, of a number is the same distance from
0 on a number line as the original number, but on the other side of 0. Recall
the Inverse Property of Addition from your work with integers: The sum
Math On the Spot of a number and its additive inverse is 0. Zero is its own additive inverse.
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EXAMPLE 3 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1a, 7.NS.1b, 7.NS.1d

A A football team loses 3.5 yards on its first play. On the next play, it
gains 3.5 yards. What is the overall increase or decrease in yards?

Math Talk STEP 1 Use a positive number to represent the gain in yards and a
Mathematical Practices negative number to represent the loss in yards.
Explain how to use
a number line to find STEP 2 Find -3.5 + 3.5.
the additive inverse, or
opposite, of -3.5.
STEP 3 Start at -3.5. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

STEP 4 Move | 3.5 | = 3.5 units to the right, because the second addend
is positive.

The result is 0. This means the overall change is 0 yards.

B Kendrick adds _34 cup of broth to a pot. Then he removes _34 cup. What is
the overall increase or decrease in the amount of broth in the pot?
STEP 1 Use a positive number to represent broth added to the pot and
a negative number to represent broth removed from the pot.
My Notes

STEP 2 ( )
Find _34 + - _34 .

STEP 3 Start at _34.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0 1 2

STEP 4 Move | - _34 | = _34 units to the left because the second addend
is negative.

The result is 0. This means the overall change is 0 cups.

YOUR TURN
Use a number line to find each sum.

9. ( )
2 _12 + -2 _12 = 10. -4.5 + 4.5 =
Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
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70 Unit 1
 Adding Rational Numbers Using Rules
As you have seen in this lesson, the rules for adding integers also apply to
adding rational numbers that are not integers.

Same signs: Add the absolute value of the numbers. Use the common sign for Math On the Spot
the sum. my.hrw.com

Different signs: Subtract the lesser absolute value from the greater absolute
value. Use the sign of the number with the greater absolute value.

EXAMPL 4
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1d, 7.NS.3

Tina spent $5.25 on craft supplies to make friendship bracelets. She

made $3.75 on Monday. On Tuesday, she sold an additional $4.50
worth of bracelets. What was Tina’s overall profit or loss?

STEP 1 Use negative numbers to represent the Profit means the

amount Tina spent and positive numbers difference between
to represent the money Tina earned. income and costs
is positive.
STEP 2 Find -5.25 + 3.75 + 4.50.

STEP 3 Group numbers with the same sign.

-5.25 + (3.75 + 4.50) Associative Property of Addition

STEP 4 -5.25 + 8.25 Add the numbers inside the parentheses.

Find the difference of the absolute
values: 8.25 - 5.25.

3 Use the sign of the number with the

greater absolute value. The sum is
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

positive.
Tina earned a profit of $3.00.

YOUR TURN
Find each sum.
11. -1.5 + 3.5 + 2 =

12. ( )
3_14 + (-2) + -2 _14 =
Personal
13. -2.75 + (-3.25) + 5 = Math Trainer
Online Assessment
14. 15 + 8 + (-3) = and Intervention
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Lesson 3.2 71
Guided Practice
Use a number line to find each sum. (Explore Activity Example 1 and Example 2)
1. -3 + (-1.5) = 2. 1.5 + 3.5 =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3. _14 + _12 = ( )
4. -1_12 + -1 _12 =

-1 - 0.5 0 0.5 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5. 3 + (-5) = 6. -1.5 + 4 =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

7. Victor borrowed $21.50 from his mother to go to the theater. A week later,
he paid her $21.50 back. How much does he still owe her? (Example 3)

8. Sandra used her debit card to buy lunch for $8.74 on Monday. On
Tuesday, she deposited $8.74 back into her account. What is the overall
increase or decrease in her bank account? (Example 3)

Find each sum without using a number line. (Example 4)

9. 2.75 + (-2) + (-5.25) = ( ) ( )
10. -3 + 1 _12 + 2 _12 =

11. -12.4 + 9.2 + 1 = 12. -12 + 8 + 13 =

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

13. 4.5 + (-12) + (-4.5) = ( )
14. _14 + - _34 =

15. -4 _12 + 2 = 16. -8 + (-1 _18 ) =

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

17. How can you use a number line to find the sum of -4 and 6?

72 Unit 1
 Name Class Date

3.2 Independent Practice Personal

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CORE 7.NS.1a, 7.NS.1b, 7.NS.1d, 7.NS.3 Assessment and
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18. Samuel walks forward 19 steps. He represents this movement with a positive
19. How would he represent the opposite of this number?

19. Julia spends $2.25 on gas for her lawn mower. She earns $15.00 mowing her
neighbor’s yard. What is Julia’s profit?

20. A submarine submerged at a depth of -35.25 meters dives an additional

8.5 meters. What is the new depth of the submarine?

21. Renee hiked for 4 _34 miles. After resting, Renee hiked back along the same
route for 3_14 miles. How many more miles does Renee need to hike to
return to the place where she started?

22. Geography The average elevation of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana,
is 0.5 m below sea level. The highest point in Louisiana is Driskill Mountain
at about 163.5 m higher than New Orleans. How high is Driskill Mountain?

23. Problem Solving A contestant on a game show has 30 points. She

answers a question correctly to win 15 points. Then she answers a question
incorrectly and loses 25 points. What is the contestant’s final score?

Financial Literacy Use the table for 24–26. Kameh owns Month Income ($) Expenses ($)
a bakery. He recorded the bakery income and expenses
in a table. January 1,205 1,290.60
February 1,183 1,345.44
24. In which months were the expenses greater than the
March 1,664 1,664.00
income? Name the month and find how much money
June 2,413 2,106.23
was lost.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

July 2,260 1,958.50

25. In which months was the income greater than the August 2,183 1,845.12
expenses? Name the months and find how much
money was gained.

26. Communicate Mathematical Ideas If the bakery started with an extra

$250 from the profits in December, describe how to use the information in
the table to figure out the profit or loss of money at the bakery by the end
of August. Then calculate the profit or loss.

Lesson 3.2 73
27. Vocabulary -2.9 is the of 2.9.
Work Area
28. The basketball coach made up a game to play where each player takes
10 shots at the basket. For every basket made, the player gains 10 points.
For every basket missed, the player loses 15 points.
a. The player with the highest score sank 7 baskets and missed 3. What
was the highest score?

b. The player with the lowest score sank 2 baskets and missed 8. What
was the lowest score?

c. Write an expression using addition to find the score for a player who
sank 5 baskets and missed 5 baskets. Interpret the result.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

29. Represent Real-World Problems Write and solve a real-world addition

problem involving the sum of a rational number and its additive inverse.

30. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Explain the different ways it is

possible to add two rational numbers and get a negative number.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

31. Explain the Error A student evaluated -4 + x for x = -9 _12 and got an
answer of 5 _12. What might the student have done wrong?

32. Draw Conclusions How can you use mental math and the Inverse
Property of Addition to find the sum [5.5 + (-2.3)] + (-5.5 + 2.3)?

74 Unit 1
 LESSON
Subtracting Rational
3.3
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1c
Understand subtraction…
as adding the additive
Numbers inverse…. Show that the
distance between two
rational numbers…is the
absolute value of their
difference…. Also 7.NS.1

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you subtract rational numbers?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE 7.NS.1

Subtracting Positive Rational Numbers

Recall that, on a horizontal number line, the positive direction is to the right, Math On the Spot
and the negative direction is to the left. On a vertical number line, the positive my.hrw.com
direction is up, and the negative direction is down.

You can use subtraction of a positive number to represent a decrease. To

subtract a positive rational number on a number line, start at the first number
and move in the negative direction.
EXAMPLE 1 The temperature on a thermometer on Monday was 3.5 °C.
The temperature on Thursday was 5.25 degrees less than the
temperature on Monday. What was the temperature on Thursday?

Subtract to find the temperature on Thursday.

STEP 1 Find 3.5 - .

STEP 2 Start at .
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
STEP 3 You are subtracting a positive number. Move | 5.25 | = 5.25 units
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

to the .

The result is . The temperature on Thursday was °C.

YOUR TURN
Use a number line to find each difference.
1. -6.5 - 2 =
- 9 - 8.5 - 8 - 7.5 - 7 - 6.5 - 6 - 5.5 - 5 - 4.5 - 4
Personal
Math Trainer
2. 1 _12 - 2 = Online Assessment
-1 0 1 2 3 4 and Intervention
my.hrw.com

3. -2.25 - 5.5 =
- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0

Lesson 3.3 75
 Subtracting Negative Rational Numbers
Subtracting a positive rational number is represented on a number line by
movement in the negative direction. Subtracting a negative rational number is
represented by movement in the opposite or positive direction.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1

During the hottest week of the summer, the water level of the Muskrat
River was _56 foot below normal. The following week, the level was _13 foot
below normal. What was the overall change in the water level?
1
Subtract to find the difference in water levels.

STEP 1 Find - _13 - (- _56 ).

STEP 2 Start at - _13.

Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
STEP 3 Move | -_56 | = _56 unit up because (Normal) 0
How do you know the
correct order for subtracting you are subtracting a negative number.
the numbers?
The result is _12.
So, the water level increased by 2_1 foot.

Reflect -1

4. Work with other students to compare addition of negative numbers

on a number line to subtraction of negative numbers on a number line.

5. To subtract integers, you rewrote the difference as the sum of the first
integer and the opposite of the second, and used the rules for adding

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

integers. Apply the same method to the Activity and the Example. What
do you notice?

YOUR TURN
Use a number line to find each difference.
6. 0.25 - ( -1.50 ) =

Personal
Math Trainer -1 0 1 2
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com
7. -_12 - (-_34 ) =
-1 0 1

76 Unit 1
 COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2
CORE 7.NS.1c

Adding the Opposite

Joe is diving 2 _12 feet below sea level. He decides to descend 7 _12 more feet.
How many feet below sea level is he?

STEP 1 Use negative numbers to represent the number of feet below

sea level.

STEP 2 Find -2 _12 - 7 _12.

STEP 3 Start at -2 _12. - 10 - 9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

STEP 4 Move | 7 _12 | = 7 _12 units to the

because you are subtracting a number.

The result is -10 .

You move left on a horizontal
Joe is sea level. number line to add a negative
number. You move the same
direction to subtract a
Reflect positive number.
8. Use a number line to find each difference or sum.
a. -3 - 3 =
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

b. -3 + (-3) =
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

9. Make a Conjecture Work with other students to make a conjecture

about how to change a subtraction problem into an addition
problem. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Compare the results from

8a and 8b.

Adding the Opposite

To subtract a number, add its opposite. This can also be written

as p - q = p + (-q).

You can use this property to subtract rational numbers. Rewrite

subtracting a number as adding its opposite, or additive inverse.

Lesson 3.3 77
 COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 3
CORE 7.NS.1c

Finding the Distance Between

Two Numbers
A cave explorer climbed from an elevation of -11 meters to an elevation
of -5 meters. What vertical distance did the explorer climb?
There are two ways to find the vertical distance.

A Graph the numbers and as points on 0

the number line to represent the elevations. Count the -1
number of units between them. -2
The explorer climbed meters. -3
-4
This means that the vertical distance between
-5
-11 meters and -5 meters is meters. -6
-7
B Find the difference between the two elevations and use
-8
absolute value to find the distance.
-9
-11 - (-5) = - 10
- 11

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Robbie Shone/Aurora Photos/Alamy
Take the absolute value of the difference because
distance traveled is always a nonnegative number.

| -11 - (-5) | =

The vertical distance is meters.

Reflect
10. Does it matter which way you subtract the values when finding
distance? Explain.

11. Would the same methods work if both the numbers were positive?
What if one of the numbers were positive and the other negative?

Distance Between Two Numbers

The distance between two values a and b on a number line is

represented by the absolute value of the difference of a and b.
Distance between a and b = | a - b | or | b - a |.

78 Unit 1
 Guided Practice

Use a number line to find each difference.

(Explore Activity Example 1, Example 2, and Explore Activity 3)
1. 5 - (-8) =

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

2. -3 _12 - 4 _12 =
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3

3. -7 - 4 =
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5

4. -0.5 - 3.5 =
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

Find each difference. (Explore Activity 2)

5. -14 - 22 = 6. -12.5 - (-4.8) = 7. _13 - (-_23 ) =

8. 65 - (-14) = 9. -_29 - (-3) = 10. 24 _38 - (-54 _18 ) =

11. A girl is snorkeling 1 meter below sea level and then dives down another
0.5 meter. How far below sea level is the girl? (Explore Activity 2)

12. The first play of a football game resulted in a loss of 12_12 yards. Then a
penalty resulted in another loss of 5 yards. What is the total loss or gain?
(Explore Activity 2)

13. A climber starts descending from 533 feet above sea level and keeps
going until she reaches 10 feet below sea level. How many feet did she
descend? (Explore Activity 2)
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

14. Write two absolute-value expressions for the distance between – 7 and 5
on a number line. Then give the distance between the numbers.
(Explore Activity 3)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

15. Mandy is trying to subtract 4 - 12, and she has asked you for help. How
would you explain the process of solving the problem to Mandy, using
a number line?

Lesson 3.3 79
Name Class Date

3.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 7.NS.1, 7.NS.1c Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

16. Science At the beginning of a laboratory experiment, the temperature

of a substance is -12.6 °C. During the experiment, the temperature of
the substance decreases 7.5 °C. What is the final temperature of the
substance?

17. A diver went 25.65 feet below the surface of the ocean, and then 16.5 feet
further down, he then rose 12.45 feet. Write and solve an expression
to find the diver’s new depth.

18. A city known for its temperature extremes started the day at -5 degrees
Fahrenheit. The temperature increased by 78 degrees Fahrenheit by
midday, and then dropped 32 degrees by nightfall.
a. What expression can you write to find the temperature at nightfall?
b. What expression can you write to describe the overall change in
temperature? Hint: Do not include the temperature at the beginning
of the day since you only want to know about how much the
temperature changed.
c. What is the final temperature at nightfall? What is the overall change
in temperature?

19. Financial Literacy On Monday, your bank account balance was -$12.58.
Because you didn’t realize this, you wrote a check for $30.72 for groceries.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. What is the new balance in your checking account?
b. The bank charges a $25 fee for paying a check on a negative balance.
What is the balance in your checking account after this fee?
c. How much money do you need to deposit to bring your account
balance back up to $0 after the fee?

Astronomy Use the table for problems 20–21. Elevations on Planets

20. How much deeper is the deepest canyon on Mars Lowest (ft) Highest (ft)
than the deepest canyon on Venus? Earth -36,198 29,035
Mars -26,000 70,000
Venus -9,500 35,000

80 Unit 1
 21. Persevere in Problem Solving What is the difference between Earth’s
highest mountain and its deepest ocean canyon? What is the difference
between Mars’s highest mountain and its deepest canyon? Which
difference is greater? How much greater is it?

22. Pamela is making the legs for a three-legged stool from two pieces of
scrap wood. The lengths of the two pieces of wood are 36_58 inches and
21_18 inches. Each leg is 16_12 inches long.
a. Pamela cuts one leg from each piece of wood. Write and evaluate two
expressions to show how much of each piece of wood is left over.

b. Will Pamela have enough wood for a third leg? Explain.

23. Jeremy is practicing some tricks on his skateboard. One trick takes him
forward 5 feet, then he flips around and moves backward 7.2 feet, and
then he moves forward again for 2.2 feet.
a. What expression could be used to find how far Jeremy is from his
starting position when he finishes the trick?

b. How far from his starting point is he when he finishes the trick? Explain.

24. Tavia, Mitch, and Kate are playing a game. Players gain
Round 1 Round 2
or lose points each round. The players’ scores at the end
of the first two rounds are shown in the table. Kate 2_12 -_34
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. How far apart are Mitch’s and Tavia’s scores after Round 1? Mitch -1_34 1_12

Tavia -_12 3_34

b. Find the change in Kate’s score from Round 1 to Round 2.

c. When you subtract to find the answers in parts a and b, does the
order of the numbers matter? Explain your reasoning.

Lesson 3.3 81
 FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

25. Look for a Pattern Show how you could use the Commutative Property
__
7
to simplify the evaluation of the expression -16 - 4_1 - 16
__
5
.

26. Problem Solving The temperatures for five days in Kaktovik, Alaska, are
given below.

-19.6 °F, -22.5 °F, -20.9 °F, -19.5 °F, -22.4 °F

Temperatures for the following week are expected to be twelve degrees

lower every day. What are the highest and lowest temperatures expected
for the corresponding 5 days next week?

27. Make a Conjecture Must the difference between two rational numbers
be a rational number? Explain.

28. Look for a Pattern Evan said that the difference between two negative © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
numbers must be negative. Was he right? Use examples to illustrate your
answer.

82 Unit 1
 Going Further 3.3 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1c
Understand subtraction of

Identifying Operations rational numbers … and

apply this principle in
real-world contexts. Also
7.NS.1b

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you decide whether to model a real-world
situation with addition or subtraction?
COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY
CORE 7.NS.1b, 7.NS.1c

Applying Subtraction
A lab technician is studying the effect of storage temperatures on samples. Write
and evaluate an expression for each situation using the rules for adding and
subtracting rational numbers. Then explain the value in context.
A Sample A is stored at 1.25 °C. The technician lowers the temperature by 2.5 °C.
What is the resulting temperature?

• The temperature is decreasing. Subtract the amount

1.25 -
of change from the original temperature.
• Rewrite the expression as addition of the
opposite. 1.25 - = 1.25 + ( )
• The signs are different, so subtract the lesser
absolute value from the greater absolute value. | | - 1.25 =
| | - 1.25

• Use the sign of the number with the greater

1.25 - 2.5 =
absolute value.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The resulting temperature is °C, which

is 1.25 degrees below 0 degrees Celsius. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

B The coldest temperature the lab technician used was -2.25 °C. The warmest
temperature was 1.25 °C. What was the range in temperature?

• Find the absolute value of the difference

between the two temperatures. | 1.25 - ( )|
| ) | = | 1.25 + ( )|
• Rewrite the expression as addition
of the opposite. 1.25 - (
• Evaluate the new expression. =

The value means that the range in

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
temperature was °C.
Going Further 3.3 82A
 Practice

Match each situation to an expression. Then answer the question.

A -15.5 + 12.5 B -15.5 - 12.5 C | -15.5 - 12.5 |

1. The temperature started at -15.5 °F and fell 12.5 °F.

What was the temperature then?

2. A boater is at an elevation of 12.5 meters, directly above

a diver at an elevation of -15.5 meters. How far apart are they?

3. Jo has a -$15.50 balance on a credit card and pays

$12.50. What is her new balance?

Write and evaluate an expression for each situation using the rules for adding
and subtracting rational numbers. Explain the value in context.
4. Par is the number of strokes an experienced golfer should need to complete
a hole on a golf course, or the entire course. Par is represented by 0. Scores
below par are negative and scores over par are positive.
a. Hannah scored -3 on the first hole and 5 on the next. What was her total?

b. Edwin scored -2 on the first hole. His total for that hole and the next was 1.
What was his score on the second hole?

c. Rachel scored 4 on the first hole. How many points apart were Rachel's
and Hannah’s scores on the first hole?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. In an aquarium, a betta and a danio swim one above the other. The betta’s
elevation is -8_14 inches. The danio’s is -16_43 inches.
a. How far apart are the fish?

b. Suppose the betta swam to the danio’s elevation. What would be the
change in the betta’s elevation?

82B Unit 1
 LESSON
Multiplying Rational
3.4
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2
Apply and extend
previous understandings
Numbers of multiplication...and
of fractions to multiply
...rational numbers. Also
7.NS.2a, 7.NS.2c

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you multiply rational numbers?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2a

Multiplying Rational Numbers

with Different Signs Math On the Spot
The rules for the signs of products of rational numbers with different signs are my.hrw.com
summarized below. Let p and q be rational numbers.

Products of Rational Numbers

Sign of Factor p Sign of Factor q Sign of Product pq
+ - -
- + -

You can also use the fact that multiplication is repeated addition.
EXAMPLE 1 Gina hiked down a canyon and stopped each time
1
she descended __
2
mile to rest. She hiked a total of
4 sections. What is her overall change in elevation?
STEP 1 Use a negative number for the change in elevation.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits:

STEP 2 Find 4
( ).
STEP 3 Start at 0. Move _12 unit to the 4 times.
©Sebastien Fremont/Fotolia

-3 -2 -1 0
The result is . The overall change is miles.

Check: Use the rules for multiplying rational numbers.

A negative times a positive is . ( )

4 -_12 = -_____
2
= ✓
YOUR TURN Personal
Math Trainer
1. Use a number line to find 2(-3.5). Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Lesson 3.4 83
 Multiplying Rational Numbers
with the Same Sign
The rules for the signs of products with the same signs are summarized below.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com Products of Rational Numbers
Sign of Factor p Sign of Factor q Sign of Product pq
+ + +
- - +

You can also use a number line to find the product of rational numbers with
the same signs.

My Notes EXAMPLE 2 COMMON

CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2a

Multiply -2(-3.5).
STEP 1 First, find the product 2(-3.5).
+ ( - 3.5) + ( - 3.5)

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
STEP 2 Start at 0. Move 3.5 units to the left two times.
STEP 3 The result is -7.
STEP 4 This shows that 2 groups of -3.5 equals -7.

So, -2 groups of -3.5 must equal the opposite of -7.

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

STEP 5 -2(-3.5) = 7

Check: Use the rules for multiplying rational numbers.

-2(-3.5) = 7 A negative times a negative equals a positive.

YOUR TURN
2. Find -3(-1.25).

Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
my.hrw.com

84 Unit 1
 Multiplying More Than
Two Rational Numbers
If you multiply three or more rational numbers, you can use a pattern to find
the sign of the product. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2c

( )(-__12 )(-__35 ).
2
Multiply -__
3

STEP 1 First, find the product of the first two factors. Both factors are
negative, so their product will be positive.

STEP 2 (-_23 ) (-_12 ) = + (_23 · _12)

= _13

STEP 3 Now, multiply the result, which is positive, by the third factor,
which is negative. The product will be negative.

STEP 4 _
3 ( ) = _13 (-_35)
1 _
-35
Math Talk
STEP 5 (-_23 )(-_12)(-_35) = -_15 Mathematical Practices
Suppose you find the product
of several rational numbers,
one of which is zero. What
Reflect can you say about the
3. Look for a Pattern You know that the product of two negative product?
numbers is positive, and the product of three negative numbers is
negative. Write a rule for finding the sign of the product of n negative
numbers.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
Find each product.
4. (-_34)(-_47)(-_23)
5. (-_23)(-_34)(_45) Personal
Math Trainer
6. (_23)(-__109 )(_56) Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 3.4 85
Guided Practice
Use a number line to find each product. (Explore Activity Example 1 and Example 2)

3( )
1. 5 - _2 = ( )
2. 3 - _1 =
4

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -2 - 1.5 -1 - 0.5 0

( )
3. -3 - _47 = 4. -_34 (-4) =

-2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

5. 4(-3) = 6. -1.8(5) = 7. -2 (-3.4) =

8. 0.54(8) = 9. -5(-1.2) = 10. -2.4(3) =

Multiply. (Example 3)

11. _1 × _2 × _3 =
2 3 4
× _34 = ( )( )
12. -_4 -_3 -_7 =
7 5 3 ( ) ( )
× -_73 =

13. - _1 × 5 × _2 =
8 3 ( )( )
1
14. -_23 _2 -_67 =

15. The price of one share of Acme Company stock declined $3.50 per
day for 4 days in a row. What was the overall change in the price of
one share? (Explore Activity Example 1)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

16. In one day, 18 people each withdrew $100 from an ATM machine. What
was the overall change in the amount of money in the ATM machine?
(Explore Activity Example 1)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

17. Explain how you can find the sign of the product of two or more
rational numbers.

86 Unit 1
 Name Class Date

3.4 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
COMMON Online
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2a, 7.NS.2c Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

18. Financial Literacy Sandy has $200 in her 22. Multistep For home economics class,
bank account. Sandra has 5 cups of flour. She made
3 batches of cookies that each used
a. If she writes 6 checks for $19.98 each,
1.5 cups of flour. Write and solve an
what expression describes the change
expression to find the amount of flour
in her bank account?
Sandra has left after making the 3 batches
of cookies.

b. What is her account balance after the

checks are cashed? Show your work.

23. Critique Reasoning In class, Matthew

19. Communicating Mathematical stated, “I think that a negative is like
Ideas Explain, in words, how to find the an opposite. That is why multiplying a
product of -4(-1.5) using a number line. negative times a negative equals a positive.
Where do you end up? The opposite of negative is positive, so it
is just like multiplying the opposite of a
negative twice, which is two positives.” Do
you agree or disagree with his reasoning?
What would you say in response to him?

20. Greg sets his watch for the correct time.

Exactly one week later, he finds that his
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

watch has lost 3 _14 minutes. It loses time at

the same rate for a total of 8 weeks. Write
a multiplication expression that describes
the situation. Find the product and explain
how it is related to the problem.

24. Kaitlin is on a long car trip. Every time she

21. A submarine dives below the surface, stops to buy gas, she loses 15 minutes of
heading downward in three moves. If each travel time. If she has to stop 5 times, how
move downward was 325 feet, where is the late will she be getting to her destination?
submarine after it is finished diving?

Lesson 3.4 87
25. The table shows the scoring system for quarterbacks in Quarterback Scoring
Jeremy’s fantasy football league. In one game, Jeremy’s
quarterback had 2 touchdown passes, 16 complete passes, Action Points
7 incomplete passes, and 2 interceptions. How many total Touchdown pass 6
points did Jeremy’s quarterback score? Complete pass 0.5
Incomplete pass −0.5
Interception −1.5

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

26. Represent Real-World Problems The ground temperature at Brigham

Airport is 12 °C. The temperature decreases by 6.8 °C for every increase of
1 kilometer above the ground. What is the temperature outside a plane
flying at an altitude of 5 kilometers above Brigham Airport?

27. Identify Patterns The product of four numbers, a, b, c, and d, is a

negative number. The table shows one combination of positive and
negative signs of the four numbers that could produce a negative
product. Complete the table to show the seven other possible
combinations.

a b c d

+ + + -

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

28. Reason Abstractly Find two integers whose sum is -7 and whose
product is 12. Explain how you found the numbers.

88 Unit 1
 LESSON
Dividing Rational
3.5
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2
Apply and extend previous
understandings of
Numbers multiplication and division
and of fractions to…divide
rational numbers. Also
7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2c, 7.NS.3

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you divide rational numbers?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2b

Placement of Negative Signs in Quotients

Quotients can have negative signs in different places.

Let p and q be rational numbers.

Quotients of Rational Numbers

p
Sign of Dividend p Sign of Divisor q Sign of Quotient __
q
+ - -
- + -
+ + +

- - +

Are the rational numbers ___

-4 4
, -12 , and - ___
12 ____ 12
4 ( )
equivalent?
A Find each quotient. Then use the rules in the table to make sure the
sign of the quotient is correct.
12
___ = -12
____ = ( )
12
- __ =
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

-4 4 4

B What do you notice about each quotient?

C The rational numbers are / are not equivalent.

D Conjecture Explain how the placement of the negative sign in the
rational number affects the sign of the quotients.

E If p and q are rational numbers and q is not zero, what do you know
p –p
about –( __
q ), q , and –q ?
__ p
__

Lesson 3.5 89
 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Reflect
Write two equivalent expressions for each quotient.

14 -32
1. ___
-7
, 2. ____
-8
,

Quotients of Rational Numbers

The rules for dividing rational numbers are the same as the rules for dividing
integers.

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2c
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com Over 5 months, Carlos wrote 5 checks for a total of $323.75 to pay for his
cable TV service. His cable bill is the same amount each month. What was
the change in Carlos’s bank account each month to pay for cable?
-323.75
Find the quotient: _______
5

STEP 1 Use a negative number to represent the withdrawal from his

account each month.
Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
-323.75
Describe another STEP 2 Find _______
5
.
real-world problem that
you solve by dividing a
negative decimal by STEP 3 Determine the sign of the quotient.
a positive number.
The quotient will be negative because the signs are different.

STEP 4 Divide.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

-323.75
_______
5
= -64.75

Carlos withdrew $64.75 each month to pay for cable TV.

YOUR TURN
Find each quotient.
Personal 2.8 -6.64 5.5
Math Trainer
3. ___
-4
= 4. _____
-0.4
= 5. -___
0.5
=
Online Assessment
and Intervention
6. A diver descended 42.56 feet in 11.2 minutes. What was the diver’s
average change in elevation per minute?
my.hrw.com

90 Unit 1
 Complex Fractions
A complex fraction is a fraction that has a fraction in its numerator,
denominator, or both.
a
__
b = __
__ a __c Math On the Spot
c b÷d
__
my.hrw.com
d

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.3
7
___
A Find ___
10 .
-1___
5

STEP 1 Determine the sign of the quotient.

The quotient will be negative because the signs are different.
7
__
7
STEP 2 10
Write the complex fraction as division: ___
1 = __
10
÷ -_15
-5_

STEP 3 7
Rewrite using multiplication: __
10
× (-_51 ) Multiply by the
reciprocal.

STEP 4 7
__
10 ( ) 35
× -_51 = - __
10 Multiply.

= - _72 Simplify.
7
___
10
___
1
= - _72
- __
5

B Maya wants to divide a _3 -pound box of trail mix into small bags. Each bag
4
1 pound of trail
will hold __
12
mix. How many bags of trail mix can Maya fill?
3
_
STEP 1 Find __
4
1
__
.
12
STEP 2 Determine the sign of the quotient.
The quotient will be positive because the signs are the same.
3
_
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3 __1
STEP 3 Write the complex fraction as division: __
4 _
1 = 4 ÷ 12.
__
12

STEP 4 Rewrite using multiplication: _34 × __

12
1
. Multiply by the reciprocal.
3 __ 36
STEP 5 _
4
× 12
1
= __
4
=9 Multiply.
3
_
__
4
=9 Simplify.
1
__
12
Maya can fill 9 bags of trail mix.

YOUR TURN
Personal
5 5
-___ 4 Math Trainer
-__ 12
____ -__
8 5
7. ___ = 2 =
8. __ 9. ____
1 =
Online Assessment
and Intervention
6
-__ 3 __
7 2 my.hrw.com

Lesson 3.5 91
Guided Practice
Find each quotient. (Explore Activities Example 1, and Example 2)

( )
1
_
0.72
1. ____
-0.9
= 2. -__57 =
5

56
3. ___
-7
= 251
4. ___
4 ( )
÷ -_38 =

75 -91
5. ___
1= 6. ____
-13
=
-5
_

-_37 12
7. 9 =
___
_
8. -____
0.03
=
4

9. A water pail in your backyard has a small hole in it. You notice that it
has drained a total of 3.5 liters in 4 days. What is the average change in
water volume each day? (Example 1)

10. The price of one share of ABC Company declined a total of $45.75 in
5 days. What was the average change of the price of one share per day?
(Example 1)

11. To avoid a storm, a passenger-jet pilot descended 0.44 mile in 0.8

minute. What was the plane’s average change of altitude per minute?
(Example 2)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN
32 ÷ (-2)
12. Explain how you would find the sign of the quotient _________ .
-16 ÷ 4

92 Unit 1
 Name Class Date

3.5 Independent Practice

Personal
Math Trainer
Online
COMMON Assessment and
CORE 7.NS.2, 7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2c, 7.NS.3 my.hrw.com Intervention

5
13. ___
2
= 23. The running back for the Bulldogs football
-__ team carried the ball 9 times for a total loss
8
of 15_34 yards. Find the average change in
( )
14. 5_13 ÷ -1_12 = field position on each run.

-120
15. _____
-6
=
24. The 6:00 a.m. temperatures for four
4
-__
5
___ consecutive days in the town of Lincoln
16. 2 =
-__ were -12.1 °C, -7.8 °C, -14.3 °C, and
3
-7.2 °C. What was the average 6:00 a.m.
17. 1.03 ÷ (-10.3) = temperature for the four days?
-0.4
18. ____
80
=
25. Multistep A seafood restaurant claims
19. 1 ÷ _95 =
an increase of $1,750.00 over its average
-1
___ profit during a week where it introduced a
4
___
20. 23 = special of baked clams.
___
24
a. If this is true, how much extra profit
-10.35 did it receive per day?
21. ______
-2.3
=
ª
)PVHIUPO
.JGGMJO
)BSDPVSU
1VCMJTIJOH
$PNQBOZ
t
*NBHF
$SFEJUT
ª3PZBMUZ'SFF

22. Alex usually runs for 21 hours a week,

training for a marathon. If he is unable b. If it had, instead, lost $150 per day, how
to run for 3 days, describe how to find much money would it have lost for the
out how many hours of training time he week?
loses, and write the appropriate integer to
describe how it affects his time.
c. If its total loss was $490 for the week,
what was its average daily change?

26. A hot air balloon

descended 99.6
meters in 12 seconds.
What was the
Corbis

balloon’s average rate

of descent in meters
per second?

Lesson 3.5 93
27. Sanderson is having trouble with his assignment. His shown work is as
follows: Work Area
3
-__
4
___
4
= -__
4
× 43 = - __
3 _ 12
12
= -1
__
3
However, his answer does not match the answer that his teacher gives
him. What is Sanderson’s mistake? Find the correct answer.

28. Science Beginning in 1996, a glacier lost an average of 3.7 meters of

thickness each year. Find the total change in its thickness by the end of
2012.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

29. Represent Real-World Problems Describe a real-world situation that

can be represented by the quotient -85 ÷ 15. Then find the quotient and
explain what the quotient means in terms of the real-world situation.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

30. Construct an Argument Divide 5 by 4. Is your answer a rational number?
Explain.

31. Critical Thinking Should the quotient of an integer divided by a

nonzero integer always be a rational number? Why or why not?

94 Unit 1
 Going Further 3.5 COMMON
CORE 7.NS.1d

Applying Properties to Apply properties of

operations as strategies to
add and subtract rational
Numerical Expressions numbers. Also 7.NS.2a,
7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2c, 7.EE.3

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you justify your steps when solving
mathematical and real-world problems?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1
COMMON
CORE 7.NS.2a

Justifying That (-1)(-1) = 1

You can use properties of operations along with the order of operations to simplify
expressions. When you solve a mathematical or real-world problem, you can use these
properties and rules to justify that a step is valid.

Justify or complete each step to show that (-1)(-1) = 1.

(-1)(0) = 0 Multiplication Property of

(-1)(-1 + 1) = 0

(-1)(-1) + (-1)(1) = 0

(-1)(-1) + ( )=0 Identity Property of

(-1)(-1) + (-1) + =0+ Addition Property of Equality

(-1)(-1) + (-1 + 1) = 0 + 1

(-1)(-1) + =0+1 Property of Addition

(-1)(-1) = Property of Addition

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Reflect
1. How do you know which property justifies the first step?

2. How do you know which number to add to both sides of the equation in the
step involving the Addition Property of Equality?

Going Further 3.5 94A

 COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2
CORE 7.NS.1d, 7.NS.2a, 7.NS.2b, 7.NS.2c, 7.EE.3

Applying Properties Strategically

The value of shares of stock varies as the price per share changes. Claire
bought 8 shares of stock for $5.65 per share. The price increased $1.26 per
share by midday and then decreased $0.65 per share by day’s end. What
was the total value of Claire’s shares at the end of the day? Did they gain or
lose value during the day? Justify your steps.
A The original / final value of Claire’s shares is equal to 8(5.65).

B The midday gain / loss in the value of her shares is equal to

8(1.26).
C The end-of-day loss in the value of one of / all of her shares is equal
to 8(–0.65).
D Add the expressions. Simplify the sum and justify each step.
8(5.65) + 8(1.26) + 8(-0.65)
8(5.65 + 1.26 + (-0.65))

8 ( + + (-0.65) ) Commutative Property of Addition

8(1.26 + [5.65 + (-0.65)])

(
8 1.26 + ) Add.

8(6.26)

Multiply.

E The value of Claire’s 8 shares at the end of the day was . She paid
for the 8 shares, so they gained / lost value during the day.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Reflect
3. Interpret the expression 1.26 + (-0.65) in terms of the situation. Using
the expression, represent the total change in value of the shares over
the day if Claire had bought 20 shares. Interpret the change.

4. Write and evaluate an expression to show what the change in value per
share would be if Claire’s 8 shares were worth $43.20 instead of $50.08
at the end of the day. Interpret the result.

94B Unit 1
 Practice

Simplify each expression. Justify each step.

1. ( -__52 ) ( -__25 )
2. -132.59 + 0
? 3. 201.75 + (-201.75)
1 (1)
4. __
3
5. 3.6(2.5) + 3.6(-2.5)

6. ( __32 ) ( -__34 ) ( __32 )

( ( ))
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2 + - __
7. 3 __ 1 + __
1 ( -4 + 2 )
3 3 2

Going Further 3.5 94C

 Write an expression involving negative rational numbers to represent each
situation. Evaluate the expression and explain the value in the context of the
problem.

8. Experts say that when you buy a new car, the value decreases 9% when you
drive the car off the lot. The Millers paid $28,456 for a new car. How does the
value of the car change after they drive it off the lot?

9. A bottle contains 68 teaspoons of solution. The solution drops out of the bottle
at a constant rate during a 102-minute experiment. The bottle is completely
empty just as the experiment ends. At what rate does the number of teaspoons
of solution in the bottle change?

10. In golf, par on a hole is the number of strokes an experienced

Score Number
golfer should need to complete the hole. Par is represented by 0,
scores under par are negative, and scores over par are positive. –2 2
The table shows Michelle’s scores and the number of times in an –1 3
18-hole game she got each score. Her game score is the sum of
her scores for each hole. What was her game score? 0 12
+1 1

11. Ka’me and four friends go to a water park. Admission is $31.50 per person.
Ka’me uses a coupon for $5 off each ticket for up to 4 people. Abby and
Allen write expressions to represent the total amount Ka’me and his friends
pay for admission.

Abby: 4(31.50 + (-5.00)) + 31.50 Allen: 5(31.50) + 4(-5.00)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Rewrite Abby’s expression to show it is equal to Allen’s expression. Justify each step.

94D Unit 1
 Getting Ready 3.6 COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3
Solve multi-step real-life

Estimation Strategies and mathematical

problems ... and assess the
reasonableness of answers
using mental computation
and estimation strategies.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use mental math and estimation
to assess the reasonableness of calculations?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY
COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3

Compatible Numbers
You can use rounding, compatible numbers, and other strategies to help you
estimate. Compatible numbers are numbers that make a calculation easier to do
with mental math.

A Estimate the product using rounding and compatible numbers.

Round 92 and use a

11
__
compatible fraction. 30
× 92 ≈ × =

B The answer to Part A is an overestimate / underestimate because both

factors were rounded up / rounded down .

C Estimate the sum using the front-end and adjust strategy.

$3.18 3+ +1+ =$ Add the front-end digits.

5.59
0.95 0.18 + ≈ $1
1.37
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

+2.79 0.37 + ≈ $1 Adjust by grouping cents

amounts into dollars.

≈ $1

+3= $ Add the results.

D Is the answer to Part C an overestimate or an underestimate? Explain.

Reflect
1. What if? How would Parts C and D change if $3.18 changed to $3.46?

Getting Ready 3.6 94E

 Reasonable Estimates
Estimation is helpful when you don’t need an exact answer or when you want
to check that an answer is reasonable. In a multistep problem, it might make
sense to overestimate in some steps and underestimate in others.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3

Manuel earns a salary of $35,000 per year. He pays an income tax rate
of 12%. He budgeted his weekly income after taxes to be $592.31. Use
estimation to confirm that his budget is reasonable.

STEP 1 Use a compatible percent to estimate Manuel’s annual income tax.

12% is close to 10%, so mentally multiply by 0.10 to estimate the tax.
35,000 × 0.10 = 3,500 $3,500 is an underestimate of the annual tax.

STEP 2 Estimate how much of his annual income Manuel will keep after
taxes. Since $3,500 is an underestimate, round up to the leading
digit ($4,000) and subtract using mental math.
35,000 - 4,000 = 31,000 He keeps about $31,000 per year.

STEP 3 Estimate Manuel’s weekly income, after taxes. There are 52 weeks in
a year. So use 50 as the divisor and 30,000 as a compatible dividend.
30,000 ÷ 50 = 600 His weekly after-tax income is about $600.
Manuel’s answer is reasonable, because $592.31 is close to $600.
Practice

1. Marta uses the expression $92 - 0.15($92) to find the sale price of an item and
gets the answer $78.20. Show how to find an underestimate and an overestimate
to explain why her answer is reasonable.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2. A club is planning a banquet. The club spends $60 for each table of 8 guests
(dinner included). The club also spends $46 on decorations, $225 on a DJ, $150
on a photographer, and $760 for the hall. The club expects about 150 people to
attend. Explain how to estimate the total cost.

94F Unit 1
 LESSON
Applying Rational
3.6
COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3
Solve … problems … with
positive and negative rational
Number Operations numbers in any form …
using tools strategically. Also
7.NS.3

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you use different forms of rational numbers and
strategically choose tools to solve problems?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE 7.EE.3, 7.NS.3

Assessing Reasonableness of Answers

Even when you understand how to solve a problem, you might make a careless Math On the Spot
solving error. You should always check your answer to make sure that it is my.hrw.com
reasonable.
EXAMPLE 1 Jon is hanging a picture. He wants to center it horizontally
on the wall. The picture is 32 _12 inches long, and the wall is
120 _34 inches long. How far from each edge of the wall should
he place the picture?
STEP 1 Find the total length of the wall not covered by the
picture. 120 34 in.
Subtract the whole number
parts. Then subtract 120 __
3 - 32_1 = _____ 32 12 in.
4 2
the fractional parts.

STEP 2 Find the length of the wall on each side of the picture.

Multiply by _12. _
1
2 ( ) = _____
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Jon should place the picture inches from each edge of the wall.

STEP 3 Check the answer for reasonableness.

The wall is about 120 inches long. The picture is about 30 inches long.
The length of wall space left for both sides of the picture is about
120 - 30 = 90 inches. The length left for each side is about
_1 (90) = 45 inches.
2
The answer is reasonable because it is close to the estimate.

YOUR TURN
Personal
1. A 30-minute TV program consists of three commercials, each Math Trainer
2_12 minutes long, and four equal-length entertainment Online Assessment
and Intervention
segments. How long is each entertainment segment? my.hrw.com

Lesson 3.6 95
 Using Rational Numbers in Any Form
You have solved problems using integers, positive and negative fractions, and
positive and negative decimals. A single problem may involve rational numbers
in two or more of those forms.
Math On the Spot

Problem
my.hrw.com
EXAMPLE 2 Solving
COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3, 7.NS.3

Alana uses 1_14 cups of flour for each batch of

blueberry muffins she makes. She has a 5-pound bag
of flour that cost $4.49 and contains seventy-six
My Notes 1
_
4 -cup servings. How many batches can Alana make
if she uses all the flour? How much does the flour for
one batch cost?

Analyze Information

Identify the important information.

• Each batch uses 1_14 cups of flour.
• Seventy-six _14 -cup servings of flour cost $4.49.

Formulate a Plan

Use logical reasoning to solve the problem. Find the number of cups of
flour that Alana has. Use that information to find the number of batches
she can make. Use that information to find the cost of flour for each batch.

JJustify
Ju
Solve
ust
stif
tif
ify
y and
and Evaluate
Eval
alua
lua
uatte

Number of cups of flour in bag:

76 servings × _14 cup per serving = 19 cups

1 as a
Write 1__
Number of batches Alana can make: 4
decimal.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

cups of flour 1.25 cups
total cups of flour ÷ _________
batch
= 19 cups ÷ _______
1 batch
= 19 ÷ 1.25
= 15.2

Alana cannot make 0.2 batch. The recipe calls for one egg, and she cannot
divide one egg into tenths. So, she can make 15 batches.

Cost of flour for each batch: $4.49 ÷ 15 = $0.299, or about $0.30.

Justify and Evaluate

A bag contains about 80 quarter cups, or about 20 cups. Each batch uses
about 1 cup of flour, so there is enough flour for about 20 batches. A bag
costs about $5.00, so the flour for each batch costs about $5.00 ÷ 20 = $0.25.
The answers are close to the estimates, so the answers are reasonable.

96 Unit 1
 YOUR TURN
2. A 4-pound bag of sugar contains 454 one-teaspoon servings and costs
Personal
$3.49. A batch of muffins uses _34 cup of sugar. How many batches can Math Trainer
you make if you use all the sugar? What is the cost of sugar for each Online Assessment
and Intervention
batch? (1 cup = 48 teaspoons) my.hrw.com

Using Tools Strategically

A wide variety of tools are available to help you solve problems. Rulers,
models, calculators, protractors, and software are some of the tools you can
use in addition to paper and pencil. Choosing tools wisely can help you solve
problems and increase your understanding of mathematical concepts. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 7.EE.3, 7.NS.3

The depth of Golden Trout Lake has been decreasing in recent years. Two
years ago, the depth of the lake was 186.73 meters. Since then the depth
has been changing at an average rate of -1_34 % per year. What is the depth
of the lake today?

STEP 1 Convert the percent to a decimal.

−1_34 % = −1.75% Write the fraction as a decimal.

= −0.0175 Move the decimal point two places left.

STEP 2 Find the depth of the lake after one year. Use a calculator to
simplify the computations.

186.73 × (−0.0175) ≈ −3.27 meters Find the change in depth.

Math Talk
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

186.73 − 3.27 = 183.46 meters Find the new depth. Mathematical Practices
How could you write a
STEP 3 Find the depth of the lake after two years. single expression for
calculating the depth after
183.46 × (−0.0175) ≈ −3.21 meters Find the change in depth. 1 year? after 2 years?

183.46 − 3.21 = 180.25 meters Find the new depth.

STEP 4 Check the answer for reasonableness.

The original depth was about 190 meters. The depth changed
by about −2% per year. Because (−0.02)(190) = −3.8, the depth
changed by about −4 meters per year or about −8 meters over
two years. So, the new depth was about 182 meters. The answer is
close to the estimate, so it is reasonable.

Lesson 3.6 97
 YOUR TURN
3. Three years ago, Jolene bought $750 worth of stock in a software company.
Personal Since then the value of her purchase has been increasing at an average rate
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention of 12_35% per year. How much is the stock worth now?
my.hrw.com

Guided Practice
1. Mike hiked to Big Bear Lake in 4.5 hours at an average rate of 3_15 miles per
hour. Pedro hiked the same distance at a rate of 3_35 miles per hour. How long
did it take Pedro to reach the lake? (Explore Activity Example 1 and Example 2)

STEP 1 Find the distance Mike hiked.

4.5 h × miles per hour = miles

STEP 2 Find Pedro’s time to hike the same distance.

miles ÷ miles per hour = hours

2. Until this year, Greenville had averaged 25.68 inches of rainfall per year for
more than a century. This year’s total rainfall showed a change of −2_38 % with
respect to the previous average. How much rain fell this year? (Example 3)

STEP 1 Use a calculator to find this year’s decrease to the nearest

hundredth.

inches × ≈ inches

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 2 Find this year’s total rainfall.

inches − inches ≈ inches

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

3. Why is it important to consider using tools when you are solving a

problem?

98 Unit 1
 Name Class Date

3.6 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
COMMON Online
CORE 7.NS.3, 7.EE.3 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Solve, using appropriate tools.

4. Three rock climbers started a climb with each person carrying

7.8 kilograms of climbing equipment. A fourth climber with no
equipment joined the group. The group divided the total weight
of climbing equipment equally among the four climbers. How much

did each climber carry?

5. Foster is centering a photo that is 3_12 inches wide on a scrapbook

page that is 12 inches wide. How far from each side of the page

should he put the picture?

6. Diane serves breakfast to two groups of children at a daycare center. One

box of Oaties contains 12 cups of cereal. She needs _13 cup for each younger
child and _34 cup for each older child. Today’s group includes 11 younger
children and 10 older children. Is one box of Oaties enough for everyone?

Explain.

7. The figure shows how the yard lines on a football G 10 20 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 G

field are numbered. The goal lines are labeled G.
A referee was standing on a certain yard line as the
first quarter ended. He walked 41_34 yards to a yard
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Hemera

line with the same number as the one he had just

left. How far was the referee from the nearest goal
G 10 20 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 G
line?

In 8–10, a teacher gave a test with 50 questions, each worth the same
number of points. Donovan got 39 out of 50 questions right. Marci’s score
Technologies/Jupiterimages/Getty Images

was 10 percentage points higher than Donovan’s.

8. What was Marci’s score? Explain.

9. How many more questions did Marci answer correctly? Explain.

10. Explain how you can check your answers for reasonableness.

Lesson 3.6 99
 19
(
For 11–13, use the expression 1.43 × − ___
37
. )
11. Critique Reasoning Jamie says the value of the expression is close to
−0.75. Does Jamie’s estimate seem reasonable? Explain.

12. Find the product. Explain your method.

13. Does your answer to Exercise 12 justify your answer to Exercise 11?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

14. Persevere in Problem Solving A scuba diver dove from the surface of the
9
ocean to an elevation of -79__ 10
feet at a rate of -18.8 feet per minute. After
spending 12.75 minutes at that elevation, the diver ascended to an elevation
9
of -28__
10
feet. The total time for the dive so far was 19_18 minutes. What was

the rate of change in the diver’s elevation during the ascent?

15. Analyze Relationships Describe two ways you could evaluate 37% of
the sum of 27_35 and 15.9. Tell which method you would use and why.

16. Represent Real-World Problems Describe a real-world problem you © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
could solve with the help of a yardstick and a calculator.

100 Unit 1
 Game 3.6

INSTRUCTIONS

Playing the Game

STEP 1 Have one student in your group shuffle the game cards and then place
them face-down in a draw pile. Each game card shows a different
positive or negative fraction.
2 2
STEP Take turns drawing two cards from the
draw pile. Wait to turn your cards over
1
until all players, including the shuffler, -__
have drawn two cards. 2

STEP 3 Look at your two fractions and the target

value for the round on the scorecard
shown below. Choose the operation
- _5_
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, 4
or division) to perform on your fractions,
in either order, that gets you as close as
possible to the target value.
Write your expression and its simplified value on your scorecard.

Round Target Expression Result Points

Greatest
1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

number

Least
2
number

Closest
3
to 1

Closest
4
to 0

Closest
5
to -1

Total:

Game 3.6 100A

 STEP 4 Compare results with the other players in your group. Whoever is closest
to the target value for the round receives 5 points. The other players
receive 4, 3, and 2 points as their results get farther from the target.
For a tie, both players receive the same number of points, and the next
point value is skipped, as shown below.
Both players get
Player 1 5 points because
Round Target Expression Result Points they are closest to
and equally distant
Closest from -1.
5 -__54 - (-__12 ) -__34 5
to -1

Player 2
Round Target Expression Result Points

Closest
5 -__58 × __21 -1__14 5
to -1
No player gets 4
Player 3 points. The next
Round Target Expression Result Points closest players
get 3 points and 2
Closest points, respectively.
5 -__38 - __16 13
-__ 3
to -1 24

Player 4
Round Target Expression Result Points

Closest
5 -__56 ÷ __83 5
-__ 2
to -1 16

STEP 5 Place your used game cards in a discard pile.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 6 Repeat steps 2–5 for each round until the scorecard is filled in.

! Winning the Game

The winner is the player with the most points. The maximum score per
round is 5 points. So after 5 rounds, the player with the score closest to
25 points wins.

Player 1 Round Target Expression Result Points

Closest
5 -__54 - (-__12 ) -__34 5
to -1

Total: 24

100B Unit 1
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
3.1 Rational Numbers and Decimals and Intervention
Write each mixed number as a decimal. my.hrw.com

5
1. 4 _15 14
2. 12 __
15
3. 5 __
32

3.2 Adding Rational Numbers

Find each sum.

4. 4.5 + 7.1 = 5. 5 _16 + (-3 _56 ) =

3.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers

Find each difference.

6. - _18 - ( 6 _78 ) = 7. 14.2 - (-4.9 ) =

3.4 Multiplying Rational Numbers

Multiply.
8. -4 ( __
10 )
7
= 9. -3.2(-5.6 )( 4 ) =

3.5 Dividing Rational Numbers

Find each quotient.
19 38 - 32.01
10. - __
2
÷ __
7
= 11. ______
-3.3
=

3.6 Applying Rational Number Operations

12. Luis bought stock at $83.60. The next day, the price increased $15.35. This
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new price changed by -4 _34 % the following day. What was the final stock
price? Is your answer reasonable? Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

13. How can you use negative numbers to represent real-world problems?

Module 3 101
 MODULE 3 MIXED REVIEW Personal
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Selected Response 6. On Sunday, the wind chill temperature

5
reached -36 °F. On Monday, the wind chill
1. What is -7 __
12 written as a decimal? temperature only reached _14 of Sunday’s
A -7.25
wind chill temperature. What was the
lowest wind chill temperature on Monday?
B -7.333…
A -9 °F C -40 °F
C -7.41666…
1
B -36 _ °F D -144 °F
D -7.512 4
7. The level of a lake was 8 inches below
2. Glenda began the day with a golf score of
normal. It decreased 1_14 inches in June and
-6 and ended with a score of -10. Which
2_38 inches more in July. What was the new
statement represents her golf score for
level with respect to the normal level?
that day?
5
A -11_ in. C -9 _18 in.
A -6 - (-10) = 4 8
5 3
B -10 - (-6) = -4 B -10 _ in. D -5 _ in.
8 8
C -6 + (-10) = -16
D -10 + (-6) = -16 Mini-Task
3. A submersible vessel at an elevation 8. The average annual rainfall for a town is
of -95 feet descends to 5 times that 43.2 inches.
elevation. What is the vessel’s new a. What is the average monthly rainfall?
elevation?
A -475 ft C 19 ft
B -19 ft D 475 ft b. The difference of a given month’s
rainfall from the average monthly
4. The temperature at 7 P.M. at a weather rainfall is called the deviation. What is

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station in Minnesota was -5 °F. The the deviation for each month shown?
temperature began changing at the
Town’s Rainfall in Last Three Months
rate of -2.5 °F per hour. What was the
temperature at 10 P.M.? Month May June July
Rain (in.) 2 _35 7
_ 4 _14
A -15 °F C 2.5 °F 8

B -12.5 °F D 5 °F

5. What is the sum of -2.16 and -1.75?

c. The average monthly rainfall for the
A 0.41 C -0.41 previous 9 months was 4 inches. Did
B 3.91 D -3.91 the town exceed its average annual
rainfall? If so, by how much?

102 Unit 1