ACLC College of Tacloban

Tacloban City, Leyte

Senior High School Department
Reviewer in General Physics 1

COVERAGE
1. MODELS, THEORIES, AND LAWS •Applying Rules for Counting Significant Figures
2. SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT •Applying Rules for Rounding Off Numbers
•Units: Base/Fundamental and Derived 3. SCALARS AND VECTORS
Units/Quantities •Vector Addition: Graphical Method (Head-to-
•Converting Units of Measurement Tail) and Analytical Method (Pythagorean
•Converting Numbers to Scientific Notation Theorem and Trigonometry)
•Converting Scientific Notation to Standard •Using Trigonometry to Solve for Vector
Notation (Simple Values) Components (x- and y-)

1. MODELS, THEORIES, AND LAWS

expressed in meters (for sprinters) or kilometers
Models
(for long distance runners).
➢ are representations used to demonstrate or
There can be different units that are used
simplify complex systems or processes and explain to measure the same physical quantity. Thus, we
a theory or test a hypothesis. use SI system to provide the same values for
➢ models aid in visualizing, understanding, and measurements such as length, weight, and time no
making predictions about real-world phenomena. matter where in the world measurement is
Theories performed.

➢ a well-substantiated explanation that links SI Base Units

various observations and results. Well- ➢ are fundamental units of measurement that
substantiated means thoroughly supported by have their own independent scale and cannot be
evidence, data, or proof. expressed in terms of other base units.
➢ a plausible hypothesis supported by a ➢ There are seven base units and each base unit
considerable amount of evidence. corresponds to a specific physical quantity.
Laws List of Base Units:
➢ a statement that describes a consistent and • Meter (m): Unit of length.
predictable relationship between phenomena. • Kilogram (kg): Unit of mass.
These are based on repeated observations and
• Second (s): Unit of time.
experiments.
• Ampere (A): Unit of electric current.
Summary
• Kelvin (K): Unit of temperature.
• Models: Simplify complex systems.
• Mole (mol): Unit of amount of substance.
• Theories: Provide well-substantiated
explanations based on evidence. • Candela (cd): Unit of luminous intensity.
• Laws: Describe consistent relationships Derived Units
between phenomena. ➢ are units of measurement taken/derived from
the combinations of base units.
2. SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT ➢ Derived units can have special names and
Measurement is an act of measuring symbols.
something in terms of size, length, quantity, or rate List of Derived Units:
of something that is measurable. Square Meter (m²): Unit of area
The measurements of physical quantities Cubic Meter (m³): Unit of volume
are expressed in terms of units, which are
standardized values. For example, the length of a Meter per Second (m/s): Unit of speed or velocity
race, which is a physical quantity, can be Meter per Second Squared (m/s²): Unit of
acceleration
Newton (N): Unit of force (kg·m/s²) Example: 1234 has 4 significant figures.
Pascal (Pa): Unit of pressure (N/m²) • Rule 2: “Sandwich zeros” – any zeros between
Joule (J): Unit of energy (N·m) two significant digits are significant.
and many more… Example: 1002 has 4 significant figures.
• Rule 3: Trailing zeros are significant if there is a
decimal point.
SI Prefixes
Example: 100.0 has 4 significant figures.
➢ A set of prefixes used to express very large or
very small quantities in a concise and standardized • Rule 4: Unlimited significant figures for counted
manner. Scientists use prefixes and scientific values and equivalents.
notation to handle these numbers efficiently. Example: 100 apples (counted value) has
unlimited significant figures.

Conversion of Units Example: 1 meter = 100 centimeters

(equivalent) has unlimited significant figures.
Steps:
1. Write down the starting value with its units.
2. Make a fraction out of this number by Rounding Off Numbers in Measurements
putting it over 1. Steps:
3. Find an equivalency that has both the unit 1. Identify the digit to be rounded.
you are starting with and the unit you want 2. Look at the digit immediately to the right.
to convert to. 3. If that digit is 5 or greater, round up the
4. Turn your equivalency into a fraction by identified digit.
putting the number with the unit you are 4. If that digit is less than 5, leave the
converting to on top. identified digit as is.
5. Multiply the two fractions, making sure to 5. Replace all digits to the right of the
cancel like units. identified digit with zeros if rounding to a
6. Complete the mathematical operation and whole number, or remove them if rounding
then circle your answer. to a decimal place.
Addition and Subtraction
Scientific Notation ➢ Rule: The answer should be rounded to the
➢ A short-hand method for writing numbers, and same number of decimal places as the
an easy method for calculations. measurement with the least number of decimal
Three Parts: places.
• Coefficient: A number greater than or equal to 1 Example:
but less than 10. Calculation: 12.345+7.1
• Base: Always 10. Least number of decimal places: 1 (from 7.1)
• Exponent: A non-zero integer, can be positive or Answer: 12.345+7.1=19.445
negative. Rounded answer: 19.4 (rounded to 1 decimal
Rules: place)
1. The base should always be 10. Multiplication and Division
2. The exponent must be a non-zero integer. ➢ Rule: The answer should be rounded to the
3. The absolute value of the coefficient is same number of significant figures as the
greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. measurement with the least number of significant
4. Coefficients can be positive or negative figures.
numbers, including whole and decimal
numbers. Example:

Significant Figures Calculation: 4.56×1.4

Least number of significant figures: 2 (from 1.4)
➢ The significant figures in a measurement include
all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that Answer: 4.56×1.4=6.384
is estimated. Rounded answer: 6.4 (rounded to 2 significant
Rules: figures)
• Rule 1: Non-zero digits are always significant.
3. SCALARS AND VECTORS 2. Connect the tail of the first vector with the
Scalars head of the second vector to form a right
triangle.
➢ Quantities that can be represented by a 3. Solve for the Magnitude of the Hypotenuse:
magnitude and do not need to be defined by a • Use the Pythagorean Theorem:
direction.
R = √A2+B2
Examples:
Where R is the resultant vector, and A and
Mass: 5 kg B are the magnitudes of the given vectors.
Temperature: 25°C 4. Determine the Angle and Direction:
Speed: 60 km/h • Use the Tangent function:
Time: 30 seconds tan θ = (Opposite/Adjacent)
Vectors θ = tan−1 (Adjacent/Opposite)
➢ Quantities that are described by both magnitude
and direction. Using Trigonometry to Solve the Sides of the
Examples: Right Triangle or Components of a Vector

Velocity: 50 km/h east • The Value of the X-Part or X-Component

Force: 10 N upward Cosine Function: Rx = (magnitude of R) ⋅ cosθ

Displacement: 20 meters north • The Value of the Y-Part or Y-Component:

Acceleration: 9.8 m/s² downward Sine Function: Ry = (magnitude of R) ⋅ sinθ

Magnitude of Vectors
Tips:
➢ The length or size of a vector, representing the * Study the common SI Prefixes and their
distance between the initial and final points. equivalents.
Direction of Vectors * Write the formulas and common conversion
➢ The orientation of a vector in space, often factors/equivalents on your index card.
described by the angle it makes with a reference * Review the example problems and short
axis. exercises we solved during lectures.
Resultant Vector Recommended YouTube videos:
➢ The sum of two or more vectors. • Conversion of Units:
https://youtu.be/eK8gXP3pImU

Vector Addition • Introductory to Graphical Method “head-to-tail”

scaled diagram: https://youtu.be/PkpJE0HZ7u8
Methods
• Graphical Method of Vector addition:
• Graphical Method (“Head-to-Tail”) https://youtu.be/MMPqekzM554
Steps in Finding the Resultant Vector: • Analytical Method of Vector addition:
1. Draw the first vector using an appropriate https://youtu.be/akkV5XmzSzs
scale. • Using Trigonometry to Solve for the Components
2. Place the tail of the second vector at the of Vector: https://youtu.be/N4-EugnlCKk (For this
head of the first vector. video, fast forward to the part where the lecturer
3. Draw the resultant vector from the tail of discusses trigonometry as a method to solve for
the first vector to the head of the second the components of a vector)
vector.
4. The magnitude of the resultant vector can Things to bring: Exam booklet, Calculator, Ruler,
be determined from the length of its and Index card
arrow using the scale. Its direction can be
determined from the diagram.
• Analytical Method Prepared by:
Steps in Finding the Resultant Vector: ANGELICA T. OPEÑA, LPT
1. Draw the given vectors to scale on a graph. Instructor