GEOGRAP H Y

GRADE 12

2024

LAS T P US H
CONTENTS PAGE

TOPIC 1:

 Examination guideline and outcomes

 Important terms and definitions 4 - 28
 Worked examples.
 Activities

TOPIC 2:

 Examination guideline and outcomes

 Important terms and definitions 29 - 39
 Worked examples.
 Activities

TOPIC 3:

 Examination guideline and Outcomes

 Important terms and definitions 40 - 67
 Brief notes and worked examples.
 Activities

Page 2 of 47
 ICON DESCRIPTION

EXAMINATION
MIND MAP CONTENTS ACTIVITIES
GUIDELINE

BIBLIOGRAPHY TERMINOLOGY WORKED EXAMPLES STEPS

GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION TIPS

Paper, ONE comprises of Climatology; Geomorphology and Mapwork.

Paper TWO comprises of Settlement Geography; Economic Geography and Mapwork.

Learners are encouraged to read instructions carefully before answering the

question paper.

Instructions provide important information with regards to the length of responses and to
indicate the unit in all steps of calculations...

Highlighting the instructional verbs and important aspects of the question will assist
learners in interpreting the question correctly.

Geographical issues are often assessed, and thorough preparation is crucial.

Learners should focus on:
• the causes and impacts
• both negative and positive impacts,
• Impact on human activities (social and economic) and the environment
• possible solutions or sustainable strategies/measures to be implemented to overcome
these issues.

Paragraph writing
• Knowledge of paragraph writing skills is essential.
• Learners need to write in full sentences and NOT use bullets or point form.
• Four points (if required) must be explained(4x2) (8).;
• Answers in most instances require a factor and a qualification.
• Learners should underline or highlight the main topic of the question, the instructional
verb, and the focus areas of the question.
• Make at least four points and then elaborate on each point.
• Learners know all the geographical concepts and definitions required.
• Learners must know all the geographical concepts and definitions required.
• Learners should compile a glossary of terms/concepts and an explanation of each in
their notebooks for easy reference.

Page 3 of 47
 DAY 1 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION
GUIDELINES
1.1 Economic Geography of South Africa

• Economic sectors – definitions and examples:

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

• Contribution of economic sectors to the South African economy:

• Definition, interpretation of, value and contribution to, GNP and GDP
Use/Interpretation of statistical and graphical information.
Employment (linked to different sectors, interpretation, and application)
• Agriculture
• Contribution of agriculture to the South African economy
• Small-scale farming and large-scale farming: definition,
characteristics, and interpretation
• Main products produced (definition and examples)- home market and
export market

NOTE: Instruction at the beginning of the section on Economic Geography

EXAMINATION YEAR PRESCRIBED AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCT
November 2024 2024/25 Beef
May/June 2025

• Areas of production on a map, identification and interpretation

• Apply factors that favour and hinder agriculture in South Africa to the product
studied.
• Contribution of prescribed product to the South African economy

Food security:
• Definition of food security and food insecurity
• Importance of food security in South Africa
• Factors influencing food security in South Africa
• Strategies to improve food security in South Africa
• Case studies related to food security and food insecurity in South Africa.

Mining
• Contribution of mining to the South African economy
• Significance of mining to the development of South Africa
• A case study of one of South Africa's main minerals produced

Page 4 of 47
Grade 12 summary notes 2024
NOTE: Instruction at the beginning of the section on Economic Geography
EXAMINATION YEAR PRESCRIBED MINERAL
November 2024 2024/25 Coal
May/June 2025

• Location of mineral studied on a map, identification and interpretation

• Apply factors that favour and hinder mining in South Africa to the main
minerals above
• Contribution of prescribed mineral to the South African economy

Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

• South Africa's core/main industrial regions:
• Gauteng (PWV),
• South Western Cape
• Location of the FOUR core industrial regions on a map

Types of industries (definition, description, examples and characteristics):

• Heavy and light
• Raw material orientated
• Market orientated
• Footloose industries
• Ubiquitous industries
• Bridge (Break of bulk

Factors favouring industrial development in South Africa:

• Raw materials
• Labour supply
• Water supply
• Energy supply
• Transport
• Political intervention
• Competition
• Trade
Factors hindering industrial development in South Africa:
• Over-concentration
• Transport
• Air pollution
• Labour supply
• Water supply
• Energy supply
• Raw materials
• Political interference
• Competition
• Trade

Page 5 of 47
Strategies for Industrial Development
• Overview of apartheid industrial development strategy:
• The Good Hope Plan
Overview of post-apartheid industrial development strategies:
• The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
• Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)
• Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) and spatial development Initiatives
(SDIs):
• Case studies of two Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) and Spatial
Development initiatives (SDIs):

EXAMINATION YEAR IDZ SDI

November 2024 2024/25 Saldanha Bay West Coast
May/June 2025

Key facts to concentrate on with regard to the prescribed IDZ's and SDI's
• Definition and difference between an IDZ and SDIs
• Map showing the location of prescribed IDZs and SDIs
• Factors influencing the location of the prescribed IDZs and SDIs
• Main industrial activities
• Factors that favour and hinder the development of the prescribed IDZs and
SDIs
• Economic and social impacts
• Case studies to illustrate the above

The informal sector

• Concept of informal sector employment
• Characteristics of informal sector employment
• Reasons for high informal sector employment in South Africa
• Challenges facing South Africa's informal sector
• Importance/Role of the informal sector in the economy
• Strategies for strengthening the informal sector
• Case studies to illustrate the above in the South African context

Page 6 of 47
 IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Imports Goods and services brought from outside countries

Exports Goods and services sold to outside countries

Total value of goods and services produced in a country in a

Gross national
particular year
product

areas away from core industrial areas earmarked for industrial

Industrial development.
Development
The available infrastructure (seaport or airport) makes possible for
Zones export-orientated manufacturing industries

Spatial investment strategy that aims to unlock inherent economic

Development potential in specific spatial locations in southern Africa
Initiatives

The money paid to South-Africa by other countries in

Foreign
exchange exchange for goods and services. (Money earner by SA)

Balance of trade The difference in value between the visible imports and exports

The unregistered and unregulated sector of the economy which

Informal Sector includes hawking and street vending. They do not pay tax and are
not monitored by government.

Gross Domestic The total value of goods and services produced within the borders
product of the country in a year.

Home market Products sold within the country South Africa

Export Market Goods that are produced for export markets

Food insecurity When most people have lack of access to quality,

nutritious food in a country for sustainable living.
Page 7 of 47
Primary Activities

Beef Farming
Areas of production on a map

www.rpo.co.za
• Beef is produced throughout South Africa.
• The amount of beef produced depends on the infrastructure such as feedlots and
abattoirs, not necessarily by the number of cattle available in those areas.
• Mpumalanga, the Free State and Gauteng command the greatest share of beef
production in South Africa.
• South Africa has highly developed transport infrastructure that allows movement of
cattle and calves from one area to another

Page 8 of 47
Activity 1
Study the infographic below

1.1.1 Define the concept exports. (1x2) (2)

1.1.2 What was the percentage contributed by South Africa to the global meat
production in 2021? (1x1) (1)

1.1.3 According to the article what was the course for decline of beef
exports in 2022? (1x2) (2)

1.1.4 In which month did South Africa have the lowest exports. (1x2) (2)

1.1.5 South African beef exporters experience a lot of challenges. In a

paragraph of eight lines explain why the chicken warns the cow about
wishing to travel. (4x2) (8)

Page 9 of 47
IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SECURITY IN SA

• Food security refers to the availability of well-balanced meals on a regular

basis
• South Africa has high unemployment levels and high poverty levels.
Hence, many individuals and families have no food security at all.
• South Africa faces moderate risk of food insecurity along with a number of
other African states

Activity 2

www.statssa.gov.za

2.1.1 Explain the concept food security. (1x2) (2)

2.1.2 What was the percentage of households experiencing food insecurity in

2021? (1x1) (1)

2.1.3 Explain factors that led to food insecurity in South Africa. (2x2) (4)

2.1.4 Discuss why 88.4% of the households experiencing hunger could not
report in 2021. (2x2) (4)

2.4.5 As a new minister of agriculture suggest sustainable measures that

can be put in place to improve on food security. (2x2) (4)

Page 10 of 47
COAL MINING
Where is coal mined in SA?

• In 2018, South Africa produced 252.6 million tones (Mt) of coal. Sales of coal were
valued at R139.4 billion.
• South African coal has a comparatively medium ash content, which can be reduced
by washing before sale.
• Higher grades of coal are delivered to export markets with the lower-grade product
burned by Eskom’s specially designed power station boiler hearths.

Page 11 of 47
3.1 Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.8) in
the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.9 D.

3.1.1 The GDP is the total value of …

A goods and services produced within a country in one year.

B goods and services produced by permanent citizens in one year.
C exports that leave a country in one year.
D imports that come into a country in one year.

3.1.2 The concept … is used to refer to products sold within South Africa.

A export market
B import market
C home market
D international market

3.1.3 Food security occurs when …

A there is a lack of food that gives rise to starvation.

B there is access to sufficient nutritious food.
C farmers experience drought and crop diseases.
D farmers produce sufficient food.

3.1.4 … is a physical factor that affects food security in South Africa.

A Research
B Trade
C HIV/Aids
D Rainfall

3.1.5 TWO types of industries associated with bulk transport:

(i) Ubiquitous
(ii) Heavy
(iii) Light
(iv) Raw material orientated

A (i) and (iii)

B (ii) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (i) and (iv)

3.1.6 TWO types of industries generally associated with lower levels of air pollution:
(i) Ubiquitous
(ii) Heavy
(iii) Light
(iv) Raw material orientated

(i) and (ii)

(ii) and (iii)
(i) and (iii)
(ii) and (iv)

Page 12 of 47
 3.1.7 … is an example of a tertiary activity.

A Mining
B Motor vehicle assembly
C Transport
D Information technology

3.1.8 … refers to the difference in value between imports and exports.

A Trade agreement
B Balance of trade
C Local trade
D International trade

Activity 4

4.1.1 According to the Mineral Council of South Africa, by how much did the
investments in coal drop from 2010? (1x1) (1)

4.1.2 According to the graph, over which Two-year period was the greatest
decrease in production recorded? (1x2) (2)

4.1.3 How does the location of the coal mines in Mpumalanga increase the export
costs of coal? (1x2) (2)

4.1.4 Despite Mpumalanga having rich coal reserves, the coal industry faces a bleak
future. Quote reasons from the extract for this bleak future. (2x2) (4)
4.1.5 Explain how the decrease in the mining of coal will have a negative economic
impact on Mpumalanga. (3x2) (6)

Page 13 of 47
 Secondary Activities

Conversion of raw material into fabricated items/ conversion of raw material in semi-
finished or finished goods.

found close to the source of the raw materials that they require.
Raw Material
Orientated This is usually because transportation costs are high.
Industry
For example, sugar mills are located close to the sugar fields.

located close to the market.

Market
Orientated the products are perishable and need to be sold relatively fresh.
Industry
For example, baked foods, vegetables and fish products.

can be located anywhere without effect from factors such as resources or

Footloose
transport.
Industry
a software company. It does not need to transport any raw materials and the
product is non-perishable

These industries are not located at a particular space on a landscape.

Ubiquitous
Industry For example, Telkom/MTN is a ubiquitous industry because it has lines
that cover entire suburbs

These industries are located between the raw materials and the market. Also
Bridge known as “break-of-bulk” industries.
Industry
For example, an oil refinery. Oil is pumped ashore, refined into products and
transported to the market.

2.1 Choose a statement from COLUMN B that matches the term in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A – L)
next to the question number (1.2.1 – 1.2.7) in your ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 F.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1 Small scale farming A Types of industries are found close to the source of the raw
materials that they require.
2.1.2 Food security B These types of industries are located close to the market.
2.1.3 Intensive farming C Can be located anywhere without effect from factors such as
resources or transport.
2.1.4 Raw Material Orientated D The availability of well-balanced meals on a regular basis
Industry
2.1.5 Market Orientated Industry E Industries that are not located at a particular space on a
landscape.
2.1.6 Footloose Industry F These industries are located between the raw materials and
the market.
2.1.7 Ubiquitous Industry G Describes a farming method using very little land and often
using very little to no expensive technologies.
H Involves increasing capital and labour on the same piece of
land being cultivated to increase yield.

Page 14 of 47
CORE INDUSTRIAL REGIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Learners need to know:

• Factors favouring location and industrial development in industrial regions: PWV/Gauteng
Region and South Western Cape.
• Main industries
• Factors hindering the development of: PWV/Gauteng Region and South Western Cape.

Gauteng (PWV) for exam 2024

The industrial region contributes the highest percentage share to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in
almost all sectors of the South African economy such as manufacturing, construction, trade, finance,
mining, with the exception of agriculture.

Page 15 of 47
South Western Cape

The economy of the Western Cape in South Africa is dominated by the city of Cape Town, which
accounted for 72% of the Western Cape's economic activity in 2016.The single largest contributor to the
region's economy is the financial and business services sector, followed by manufacturing. Close to 30%
of the gross regional product comes from foreign trade with agricultural products and wine dominating
exports.

Activity 2.2
Study the case study on the PWV industrial region.
THIS IS HOW ESKOM THROTTLES THE ECONOMY IN THE PWV REGION.
Reserve Bank analysis shows the effect of load-shedding on economic growth, particularly
on the manufacturing industry.

Smaller businesses can counter the effects of load-shedding for a few hours by using
standby generators – at a cost – but large enterprises such as ISCOR/Mittal Steel, simply
cannot operate without steady and adequate power.

The ongoing problems at Eskom have had such a huge effect that it urged the Reserve
Bank to look into it closely, with an analysis showing that electricity disruptions during the
three months to the end of March were the worst ever.

It listed various other factors that probably impacted economic growth, such as a number
of long labour strikes, maintenance and weak domestic and global demand, as well as
political uncertainty, which affected business and consumer confidence.

Since the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution¹, there seems to be an uncanny
correlation between load-shedding and a declining economy.

The results show that as the intensity of load-shedding increases, South Africa’s real GDP
growth decreased by a statistically significant 0,06%.

In short, the report proves what everybody already knows – businesses cannot operate
without electricity and without operating businesses, the economy cannot grow.

Solving Eskom’s problems will solve a lot of other problems too.

¹Fourth industrial revolution: A technological revolution where one or more technologies is
replaced by another technology over a short period of time e.g. artificial intelligence such
as self-driven cars, drones and robotics.

Page 16 of 47
2.2.1 The core industrial region of Gauteng is also referred to as the PWV-region.
For what does the abbreviation PWV stand? (1x1) (1)

2.2.2 What is the relationship between load-shedding and the GDP growth. (2x1) (2)

2.2.3 Apart from load-shedding, the reserve bank identifies factors that impacted the GDP of the
PWV region. List TWO of these factors. (2x1) (2)

2.2.4 Explain how the fourth industrial revolution influences industries’ dependency on electricity
supply in the PWV region (2x2) (4)

2.2.5 Discuss how load-shedding impacts negatively on the multiplier effect of the PWV economy
and ISCOR / Mittal Steel (a large enterprise found in the PWV region). (3x2) (6)

Activity 3

2.3.1 Out of the four core industrial regions, identify the second largest contributor to the GDP in
South Africa. (1x1) (1)

2.3.2 Which province represents the core industrial region that contributed the least to the GDP in
2022? (1x2) (2)

2.3.3 Discuss factors that promoted industrial development in the South Western Cape. (2x2) (4)

2.3.4 In a paragraph of eight lines explain how industrial developed could have a positive social
impact for the population in the Western Cape. (4x2) (8)
(15)

Page 17 of 47
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONES

An Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) is a purpose-built industrial estate linked to an international

seaport or airport and which is capable of leveraging fixed direct investments in value-added and
export-orientated manufacturing industries.
Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) are intended to promote the competitiveness of the
manufacturing sector and to encourage beneficiation of locally available resources

Key objectives of the IDZ

• Develop linkages between domestic and zone- • Attract foreign direct investment (FDI);
based industries. • Attract advanced foreign production and technology
• Provide world-class industrial infrastructure. methods in order to gain experience in global
manufacturing and production networks;
SALDAHNA BAY IDZ

The Saldanha Bay IDZ is an industrial area linked to an international sea port which has areas that are suited
for the manufacturing and storage of goods to boost beneficiation investment, economic growth and the
development of skills and employment.

SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

SDI’s are transport and communication links between major industrial areas, metropolitan area and
harbours

SDI’s aims
• To create an attractive environment for • To promote growth in those parts of SA that are
private sector investment underdeveloped but have the potential for growth.
• To initiate and support economic activities • To developed and improve existing transport
along transport corridors infrastructure
West Coast SDI

The SDI is located in the Western Cape Province. The most current local SDF’s of the five
municipalities within the West Coast SDI are as follows:

a. Bergriver
b. Cederberg
c. Matzikama
d. Saldanha Bay
e. Swartland

Page 18 of 47
The West Coast District SDF is regarded as the tool to integrate the local municipal strategies,
acknowledging linkages between municipalities, proposing spatial growth continuity at a broader
scale and addressing district-wide spatial issues and challenges.

Activity 2.4

Refer to the infographic on the South-western Cape core industrial region and
the West Coast Spatial Development Initiative (SDI).

Page 19 of 47
2.4. Quote evidence from the infographic which shows that the South- western
1 Cape core industrial region contributes to the South African economy (1x1) (1)
2.4.2 State TWO modes of transport in the infographic that make the South-western
Cape core industrial region attractive to foreign investors. (2x1) (2)

2.4.3 The South-western Cape core industrial region is dominated by light

industries.

a. Why does the South-western Cape core industrial region favour the
development of light industries? (2x2) (4)

b. Give TWO factors that have limited the development of heavy industries
in the South-western Cape core industrial region. (2x2) (4)

2.4.4 Explain how the West Coast Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) creates increased access
for the South-western Cape core industrial region to international markets. (2x2) (4)

TERTIARY SECTOR/SERVICES

The tertiary industry is the segment of the economy that provides services to its consumers, including a wide
range of businesses such as financial institutions, schools and restaurants. It is also known as the tertiary
sector or service sector.

Activity 2. 5 Refer to the infographic below

2.5.1 Define the concept gross domestic product. (1x2) (2)

2.5.2 Which sector of the South African economy contributed the most in 2021? (1x1) (1)

2.5.3 Identify two activities from the graph that contributed more in the sector identified in 2.5.2 (2x1) (2)

Page 20 of 47
2.5.4 Calculate the total percentage contributed by the sector identified in 2.5.2. (1x2) (2)

2.5.6 Explain how a country has a negative balance of trade. (1x2) (2)

2.5.7 Suggest three reasons that led to the decline of construction in 2021. (3x2) (6)

INFORMAL SECTOR

People not employed in the formal sector, not registered, do not pay tax.

Activity 2.6
Refer to the cartoon and extract below on informal trading.

2.6.1 Give another name for the informal sector from the extract. (1x1) (1)

2.6.2 Why does the trader in the cartoon not have a permit? (1x1) (1)

2.6.3 Quote ONE consequence from the extract for the trader who does not have a permit (1x1) (1)

2.6.4 Why are people in the informal sector mistakenly referred to as unemployed? (1x2) (2)

2.6.5 How does the economy benefit from the informal sector? (2x2) (4)

2.6.6 Suggest THREE incentives that the government can provide to regulate the informal sector. (3x2) (6)
15

Page 21 of 47
Refer to the extract and graph on the informal sector below.

2.7.1 According to the graph, what percentage of South Africa's population is classified as the
informal sector? (1x1) (1)

2.7.2 Give economic reasons that have led to such a large informal sector in South Africa. (1x2) (2)

2.7.3 Explain the economic importance of the informal sector. (2x2) (4)

2.7.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest strategies that could be implemented
to improve the informal sector. (2x4) (8)

Page 22 of 47
 Last push revision activities
CLIMATOLOGY AND GEOMOPHOLOGY
TOPIC ONE
CLIMATOOGY
1.1 Refer to the infographic below on mid-latitude cyclones

1.1.1 The mid-latitude cyclone mentioned in the extract is in the (initial/mature)

stage. (1X1) (1)

1.1.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.1.1. (1X2) (2)

1.1.3 Why did the rainfall mentioned in the extract spread from Cape Town to
Mossel Bay and Knysna? (1X2) (2)

1.1.4 Refer to the graph and determine the lowest and highest rainfall, in
millimetres, recorded in the Western Cape over 36 hours (1X2) (2)

1.1.5 With reference to the cross-section, explain how a well-developed cold front
results in heavy rainfall over the Western Cape. (2X2) (4)

1.1.6 How will the heavy rainfall negatively affect the physical (natural)
environment in and around the Western Cape? (2x2) (4)

Page 23 of 47
1.2 Refer to the extract below on cold fronts.

1.2.1 In which season do the cold fronts mentioned in the extract influence
the Western Cape? (1 x 1) (1)

1.2.2 Give evidence from the extract to support your answer to QUESTION (1x1)
(1)
1.2.1.

1.2.3 Why do cold fronts have a greater impact on the Western Cape during
this season (answer to QUESTION 1.2.1)? (1x1) (1)

1.2.4 The change in wind direction mentioned in the extract is known as

(veering/backing) in the Southern Hemisphere. (1x1) (1)

1.2.5 Give a reason from the extract for your answer to QUESTION 1.2.4. (1x2) (2)

1.2.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest positive and

negative impacts of heavy rainfall associated with the cold fronts on
the physical (natural) environment of the Western Cape (4x2) (8)

Page 24 of 47
1.3 Refer to the sketches below on a mid-latitude cyclone.

1.3.1 Name the wind belt that causes the easterly movement of the mid-
latitude cyclone (1x1) (1)

Refer to the plan view.

1.3.2 Identify front A. (1x1) (1)

1.3.3 Which ONE of fronts A or B is moving faster? (1x1) (1)

1.3.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.3 (1x2) (2)

1.3.5 Give evidence from the sketch that the mid-latitude cyclone is found in
the Southern Hemisphere. (1x2) (2)

Refer to the cold front occlusion C and the cross-sections.

1.3.6 a Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the cold front
occlusion at C? (1x2) (2)

b Give evidence that C is a cold front occlusion. (1x2) (2)

c Explain how the cold front occlusion developed. (2x2) (4)

[15]

Page 25 of 47
TROPICAL CYCLONES

1.4 Refer to the infographic below on tropical cyclones.

1.4.1 What evidence indicates that the tropical cyclone developed in the
Southern Hemisphere? (1x1) (1)

1.4.2 Give TWO reasons from the infographic to indicate that the tropical
cyclone is in its mature stage. (2x1) (2)

1.4.3 How will the descending air at A influence the cloud cover in the eye? (1x2) (2)

1.4.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.3. (1x2) (2)

1.4.5 What is the relationship between the wind speed and air pressure as
indicated on the graph?

a Ahead of the eye (1x2) (2)

b Within the eye (1x2) (2)

1.4.6 Why is area B on the sketch of the isobaric representation referred to as

the leading left quadrant (dangerous semicircle)? (1x2) (2)

1.4.7 How does the leading left quadrant (dangerous semicircle) develop
in tropical cyclones? (1x2) (2)
[15]

Page 26 of 47
1.5 Refer to the satellite image of a tropical cyclone in the mature stage below.

1.5.1 State ONE condition required for the development of the tropical
cyclone. (1x1) (1)

1.5.2 In which hemisphere did this cyclone develop?

1.5.3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.2.

Refer to A and B on the satellite image.

1.5.4 Differentiate between the cloud cover at A and B

1.5.5 Explain why there is a difference in the cloud cover at A

and B.

1.5.6 Why are the strongest winds found in the forward (leading) left-hand
quadrant?

1.5.7 Draw a sketch of a tropical cyclone in its mature stage as

represented on a synoptic weather map. Indicate the following on
the sketch:

(i) Air pressure reading at the centre of the tropical cyclone

(ii) At least four isobars indicating the correct spacing
(iii) Symbol to represent the tropical cyclone

Page 27 of 47
1.6 Refer to the infographic below on Tropical Cyclone Batsirai.

1.6.1 Give the date on which Tropical Cyclone Batsirai reached the (1x1) (1)
mature stage.

1.6.2 According to the infographic, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai moved

westward across the South Indian Ocean. Give ONE reason for this
movement. (1x2) (2)

1.6.3 Suggest TWO reasons for the large decrease in wind speed between 20
and 25 February 2022. (2x2) (4)

1.6.4 How could storm surges negatively impact the physical environment
on the east coast of Madagascar? (2x2) (4)

1.6.5 Explain the importance of monitoring tropical cyclones like Batsirai for
Madagascar. (2x2) (4)

[15]

Page 28 of 47
1.7 Refer to the sketches below showing the changes in the position of the inversion layer over
South Africa.

Refer to sketch A

1.7.1 Identify the season illustrated in sketch A. (1x1) (1)

1.7.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.7.1. (1x2) (2)

Refer to sketch B.

1.7.3 Identify TWO factors, visible in the sketch, which influence the climate of
South Africa (2x1) (2)

1.7.4 Explain the role played by descending air in the development of the
inversion layer. (2x1) (2)

Refer to sketches A and B.

1.7.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe how the position of

the inversion layer in sketches A and B influences the amount of rainfall in
the interior of South Africa. (4x2) (8)

[15]

Page 29 of 47
1.8 Refer to the sketches below on berg winds.

1.8.1 Name the high-pressure cell and low-pressure cell indicated on the
sketch map that leads to the development of berg winds. (1x1) (1)

1.8.2 Which sketch (A or B) represents the formation of berg winds? (1x1) (1)

1.8.3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.8.2. (1x2) (2)

1.8.4 Explain why cloudless conditions are indicated by the station model at X on
the sketch map. (1x2) (2)

1.8.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how berg winds

impact negatively on the natural vegetation and suggest strategies that can
be put in place to limit this negative impact. (4x2) (8)

[15]

Page 30 of 47
1.9 Refer to the infographic on the South African berg wind.

1.9.1 Name TWO pressure systems that are necessary for berg winds to develop. (2x1) (2)

1.9.2 Determine the highest temperature that was recorded on 13 March 2021. (1x1) (1)

1.9.3 What role did the escarpment play in increasing the temperature of the berg
wind between 10:00 and 14:00? (2x2) (2)

1.9.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the impact of berg

wind conditions on the physical (natural) environment. (4x2) (8)

[15]

Page 31 of 47
1.10 Refer to the sketch below on line thunderstorms.

1.10.1 Identify high-pressure cells A and B. (2x1) (2)

1.10.2 Which season is represented by the sketch? (1x1) (1)

1.10.3 Give ONE reason from the sketch for your answer to QUESTION 1.9.2. (1x2) (2)

1.10.4 What is a moisture front? (1x2) (2)

1.10.5 Name TWO forms of precipitation associated with a line thunderstorm. (2x1) (2)

1.10.6 Describe the processes involved in the formation of line thunderstorms. (3x2) (6)
[15]

Page 32 of 47
1.11 Refer to the South African synoptic weather map.

1.11.1 Name low-pressure cell A. (1x1) (1)

1.11.2 Why is pressure cell A known as a travelling disturbance? (1x2) (2)

1.11.3 Why is there a greater possibility of precipitation at B than at C? (2x2) (4)

1.11.4 Give evidence that this synoptic weather map represents typical summer
conditions. (2x2) (4)

1.11.5 a. Which anticyclone, D or E, has a greater subsidence (descending) of

air? (1x2) (2)
b. Use the pressure readings on the synoptic weather map to support your
answer to QUESTION 1.11.5(a). (1x2) (2)
[15]

Page 33 of 47
1.12 Refer to the South African synoptic weather map.

1.12.1 Identify low-pressure system A on the synoptic weather map. (1x1) (1)

1.12.2 Give a reason for the formation of this low-pressure system over the interior. (1x2) (2)

1.12.3 Give evidence from the synoptic weather map that the South Atlantic high is
ridging. (1x2) (2)

1.12.4 Why does the ridging of the South Atlantic high result in onshore winds? (2x2) (4)

1.12.5 Describe the weather conditions at Port Elizabeth as a result of the onshore
winds. (3x2) (6)

[15]

Page 34 of 47
1.13 Refer to the graph showing the difference between rural and urban temperatures.

1.13.1 Define the concept urban heat island. (1x1) (1)

1.13.2 Give the highest temperature recorded. (1x2) (2)

1.13.3 Explain TWO ways in which the buildings at Z contribute to the high
temperatures. (2x2) (4)

1.13.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest sustainable building

strategies to reduce the urban heat island effect. (4x2) (8)

[15]
1.14 Study FIGURE 1.4 showing a diagram on valley climates.

1.14.1 Is the slope wind at X an anabatic or a katabatic wind? (1x1) (1)

1.14.2 Other than the label, what evidence indicates that B is the thermal belt? (1x1) (1)

1.14.3 What is the term used to describe an increase in the temperature as the
height increases in the valley? (1x1) (1)

1.14.4 Explain why slope wind X will be more intense in winter. (2x2) (4)

Page 35 of 47
 1.14.5 Account for the low temperature that is likely to be experienced on the
valley floor during winter. (2x2) (4)

1.14.6 How will farmers have to adapt their farming techniques (methods) due to
the temperature change on the valley floor? (2x2) (4)
[15]
1.15 Refer to FIGURE 2.4 showing a pollution dome over a South African city.

1.15.1 What is a pollution dome? (1x1) (1)

1.15.2 Why is a pollution dome associated with an urban area? (1x2) (2)

1.15.3 Explain why the pollution dome is more concentrated at night. (2x2) (4)

1.15.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining how pollution

domes increase the maintenance costs of the built environment for people
living in the city. (4x2) (8)

[15]

Page 36 of 47
GEOMOPHOOGY
2.1 Match the concepts below with the letters in the diagram.

2.1.1 Source of the river (1x1) (1)

2.1.2 The water table (1x1) (1)

2.1.3 An interfluve (1x1) (1)

2.1.4 A drainage basin (1x1) (1)

2.1.5 The river mouth (1x1) (1)

2.1.6 The watershed (1x1) (1)

2.1.7 A confluence (1x1) (1)

2.1.8 Process of infiltration (1x1) (1)

[8]

Page 37 of 47
2.3 Refer to the drainage basin below.

2.2.1 The river illustrated in the sketch is (permanent/periodic). (1x1) (1)

2.2.2 State TWO characteristics of the river system evident in the sketch. (2x1) (2)

2.2.3 Give evidence from the sketch that the surface run-off is greater at A than at B. (2x2) (4)

2.2.4 Refer to C.

a. Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the river at point C? (1x2) (2)

b. Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.3.4(a). (1x2) (2)

2.2.5 How will a decrease in precipitation affect the following:

a. Water table (1x2) (2)

b. Type of river (1x2) (2)
[15]

Page 38 of 47
2.3 FIGURE below shows the changing cross-profile of the valley along the river's course.

2.3.1 In which course is the source of the river? (1x1) (1)

2.3.2 Name TWO elements of the cross-profile that changed from the upper to the
lower course in sketch above (2x1) (2)

2.3.3 Differentiate between the fluvial processes that shaped the cross-profiles of the
upper course and lower course of the river. (2x2) (4)

2.3.4 Describe the reasons for the change in the shape of the cross-profile of the
middle course. (2x2) (4)

2.3.5 Explain why the shape of the cross-profile in the upper course of the river will
make it the most suitable place to build a dam. (2x2) (4)
[15]
2.4 Refer to the sketches showing the profile and grading of a river.

Refer to sketch A.
2.4.1 Define the concept longitudinal profile. (1x2) (2)

2.4.2 State TWO characteristics of the longitudinal profile evident in sketch A. (2x1) (2)

2.4.3 Does sketch A represent a graded or an ungraded river? (1x1) (1)

2.4.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.4.3. (1x2) (2)

Refer to sketches B and C.

2.4.5 Identify a temporary and a permanent base level of erosion in sketch B. (2x1) (2)

2.4.6 Describe the processes that the river in sketches B and C would undergo to
reach a graded state. (3x2) (6)
[15]

Page 39 of 47
2.5 Refer to the diagrams showing drainage patterns.

2.5.1 Identify drainage patterns A and B. (2x1) (2)

2.5.2 Differentiate between the underlying rock structure of drainage patterns A and
B respectively. (2x2) (4)

2.5.3 Why are the tributaries of the main stream parallel to each other in drainage
pattern A? (1x2) (2)

2.5.4 Determine the stream order at point 1 in drainage pattern B. (1x2) (2)

2.5.5 Choose the CORRECT word between brackets to make the statement TRUE.
The higher the stream order, the (higher/lower) the drainage density. (1x2) (2)

2.5.6 Refer to drainage pattern B and describe the relationship between;

a. Drainage density and low rainfall (1x2) (2)

b. Drainage density and steep gradient (1x2) (2)

[16
2.6 Refer to the drainage patterns illustrated in sketches A and B below.

2.6.1 Identify drainage patterns in sketches A and B. (2x1) (2)

2.6.2 State the underlying rock structure and rock type on which the drainage pattern (1+2) (2)
in A developed.

2.6.3 Explain how the underlying rock structure influenced the drainage pattern in A. (1x2) (2)

2.6.4 The drainage density in B is (high/low). (1x1) (1)

2.6.5 Determine the stream order at X. (1x2) (2)

Page 40 of 47
 2.6.6 Explain the relationship between stream order and drainage density in B. (1x1) (1)

2.6.7 Explain how the slope (gradient) and permeability of underlying rock influence
the drainage density in B. (2x2) (4)
[15]
2.7 Refer to the photograph of a valley below to answer QUESTIONS 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.

2.7.1 The valley in the photograph is generally found in the (upper/middle) (1x1) (1)
course.

2.7.2 Identify TWO characteristics visible in the photograph to support your (1x2) (2)
answer to QUESTION 2.7.1.

Refer to sketches A and B below of a waterfall to answer QUESTIONS 2.7.3 to 2.7.5.

2.7.3 What is a waterfall? (1x2) (2)

2.7.4 Match Y and Z in sketch A with the concepts resistant (hard) rock and less
resistant (soft) rock. (2x1) (2)

2.7.5 How does erosion in sketch B cause the waterfall to retreat (move) (3x2) (6)
upstream?
[15]

Page 41 of 47
2.8 Refer to the diagram of a flood plain.

2.8.1 State the geomorphological process that gave rise to the formation of the
flood plain. (1x1) (1)

2.8.2 Describe the gradient at X. (1x2) (2)

2.8.3 Suggest TWO reasons for the wide flood plain at X. (1x2) (2)

2.8.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the physical (natural)

impact of flooding on the flood plain. (4x2) (8)
2.9 Refer to the sketch on fluvial landforms below.

2.9.1 The fluvial landforms, illustrated in the sketch, are mainly found in the
(middle/lower) course. (1x1) (1)

2.9.2 Identify fluvial landform A on the sketch. (1x2) (2)

Page 42 of 47
 2.9.3 a. Draw a rough cross-section from B to C. (2x1) (2)

b. Will erosion take place at B or C? (1x1) (1)

c. Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.9.3(b). (1x2) (2)

2.9.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe the processes that

resulted in the change of fluvial landform A to an ox-bow lake at D. (4x2) (8)

[15]
2.10 Refer to FIGURE 2.10, which illustrates Natural Levee

2.10.1 Define the term natural levee (1x2) (1)

2.10.2 Will coarse sediment or fine sediment be deposited first when flooding (1x2) (2)
occurs?

2.10.3 Account for the different layers of silt found on the floodplain (1x2) (2)

2.10.4 Why is the deposition of silt positive for the farming community? (1x2) (2)

2.10.5 Although natural levees often prevent flooding, floods still occur in the
event of great discharge. Discuss the negative influence of flooding on the
farming community (3x2) (6)
[15]

Page 43 of 47
2.11 Refer to the sketch map of rivers Y and Z before river capture has taken place.

2.11.1 Define the concept river capture. (1x2) (1)

2.11.2 State ONE condition needed for river capture to take place.

2.11.3 Draw a sketch to illustrate the area after river capture has taken place. (1x2) (2)

Marks will be awarded for the accuracy of the sketch and indicating the
following labels:
• Elbow of capture
• Misfit stream
• Wind gap (1+3) (4)

2.11.4 Will river Y or Z experience rejuvenation after river capture? (1x1) (1)

2.11.5 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.11.3. (1x2) (2)

2.11.6 Refer to your answer to QUESTION 2.5.5 and explain the impact of the
change on the captor stream.

[15]

Page 44 of 47
2.12 Refer to the sketches below on river capture (stream piracy).

2.12.1 Which river (A or B) has more erosive power? (1x1) (1)

2.12.2 Give ONE reason evident in the sketches to support your answer to (1x2) (2)
QUESTION 2.12.1.

2.12.3 Identify features C and D. (2x1) (2)

2.12.4 Give ONE characteristic of feature D. (1x2) (2)

2.12.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe the changes that

river E will experience after river capture has taken place. (4x2) (8)

[15]
2.13 Refer to the sketch on river rejuvenation.

2.13.1 Define the concept river rejuvenation. (1x2) (1)

2.13.2 State ONE factor that causes river rejuvenation. (1x1) (1)

2.13.3 Describe the relationship between vertical erosion and the depth of the
valley. (1x2) (2)

2.13.4 Identify TWO features of river rejuvenation evident in the sketch. (2x1) (2)

Page 45 of 47
 2.13.5 Explain how river rejuvenation is responsible for the formation of the
features identified in QUESTION 2.13.4. (2x2) (4)

2.13.6 What negative impact will a rejuvenated river have on the physical
environment? (2x2) (4)
[15]
2.14 Refer to the sketch below on river rejuvenation.

2.15.1 What is river rejuvenation? (1x1) (1)

2.15.2 State TWO possible causes of river rejuvenation. (1x2) (2)

2.15.3 Draw a labelled free-hand cross-section from A to B of the illustrated river (1x2) (2)
rejuvenation

Marks will be allocated for:

a. Shape of the rejuvenated valley (1x1) (1)

b. Indication of the new flood plain (1x1) (1)

c. Indication of terraces (1x1) (1)

2.15.4 How did the river terraces (illustrated in the sketch) form? (2x2) (4)

2.15.5 Explain how the illustrated landscape will negatively impact on

infrastructure development. (2x2) (4)

[16]

Page 46 of 47
Page 47 of 47