Tutorial Section 4.1 - Review of position and velocity Note: Before doing the tutorial each week, itis important to read the explanation and equipment sections. If you haven't already, do this reading for tutorial 1 1. Defining a coordinate system. Imagine you were told that an object begins at the top of a ramp and moves down the ramp with a speed of 3mph. The incline angle of the ramp (with the horizontal) is 6 a. Different coordinate systems are chosen in the fist two boxes. Draw a third, different coordinate system in the third box. 2. Inthe box beneath each drawing, write the equation for the velocity vector for the given coordinate system using i-hat and j-hat notation (,])- coordinate system choice 1 | coordinate system choice 2 | coordinate system choice 3 4 x a Ps x, |] y “V=4+3mph 7 t+ 1| ve I* 1 |Checkpoint. Please continue working. 3. Since velocity is a vector, the definition of velocity illustrates that position must also be a vector, Imagine a ball is shot horizontally off the ramp and is currently at the location shown, Using the coordinate system given, draw the position vector for the object at this location and label the vector using the notation described in the explanations (section 1),Tutorial Section 1.2 - Acceleration The goal of this section is to better understand acceleration, and to use your previous work to ~_ Ad ao calculate acceleration. Acceleration is defined as the change in the velocity vector in time: "At 1. How does the vector A — 3 compare to the vector ew cons A-8 A+ (—B)> (write your answer below; no ‘ ‘explanation necessary) Draw the vector A — B in the box. Show your work using the tip-to-tail Ne method for vector addition and subtraction |Checkpoint. Please continue working. 2. Draw the velocity and acceleration vectors for a glider 1) at a point when itis moving up the hill, 2)atthe same point when it is moving down the hill, and 3) at the top of the hill. § Label each _a | a vector using proper vector moving up moving down top of trajectory notation 3. Use the tip-to-ail method to draw the change in velocity vector (/ — %i). Choose the following times as initial and final: Initia: Glider is at a location (near the top ofits trajectory) and is moving up the hill. Final: Glider is at the SAME location (near the top of its trajectory) and is moving down the hil ip to tail method: V7, initial: velocity at final: velocity at photogate (up ramp) _| photogate (down ramp)|Checkpoi . Please continue working. 4. What does the direction of the change in velocity vector (/ ~ ¥1) tell you about the direction of the acceleration between that final and initial ime? 5. Given your previous answers, what is the direction of acceleration at the top of the trajectory, or is itzero? 8. fat some point in time an object has zero velocity and zero acceleration, what does that mean about its future motion? Consider an example: a ball thrown straight up in the air. Does the ball have zero acceleration at its turnaround point? Why or why not? 7. Consider now using different intial and final points to calculate the change in velocity at the top of the trajectory. Does using these different points change the direction of acceleration you calculate for the object at the top of the ramp? Use the tip-o-tail method in the boxes below to check a. Initial: Glider is moving up the hill Final: Glider is at the top of its trajectory. b. Final: Glider is at the top of its trajectory Final: Glider is moving down the hill ip to tail method: 7,7, _s | os initial: velocity at final: velocity at the top photogate (up ramp) _| of the rampip to tail method: 7,-¥, a |_ sa initial: velocity atthe —_| final: velocity at top of the ramp photogate (down ramp) 8. Whatis the difference between velocity and acceleration? Explain using the example of the glider a itis at the top of the trajectory, and as it moves up the hill and is slowing down. Tutorial Section 1.3 - Measuring speed with a photogate In this section we use an air track to minimize friction, and learn how to use a photogate to determine speed 4. IMPORTANT: DO NOT MOVE THE GLIDERS WITHOUT THE AIR TRACK BEING TURNED ON! This will scratch the air track, which damages it. Before you begin, please verify that you have read the instructions in the equipment section. Please do not use the equipment before reading the instructions. ‘QI verify | have read the equipment instructions. 2. Set up the photogate. a. Move the slider switch on the control box to the "Gate" setting b. Press the reset button. The photogate is now ready to measure. If something passes through the photogate, the timer wil start. ©. Make sure the switch marked "memory’ is in the on (middle) position 3. Test the photogate: a. Stick your hand in the photogate for about three seconds". After three seconds, remove your hand b. Wait about ten seconds (with nothing in the photogate). ©. Stick your hand back in the photogate for about five seconds, 4. Record the photogate measurements a. After you first activated the photogate with your hand, the timer should have started moving and recorded how long your hand was in the gate. Record that value from the photogate (remember to include units) *The exact amount of time you use doesn't matter — just use times that are different for each photogate activation and waiting time in between to make sure you understand what the photogate is reading,b. Move the toggle switch to the "read" setting to display a second reading. Record that reading. Use this information to calculate the exact amount of time your hand was in the gate each time, Show your work and final value in the box. First photogate reading Second photogate reading Length of time hand was in gate (first time) Length of time hand was in gate (second time) ©. Can you use the photogate to measure how much time elapsed between the two photogate activations? Press the reset button. Redo the test above if necessary to make sure you understand how the photogate works Place the glider gently on the air track, making sure not to slide Swen it. Turn on the air track and adjust the air output knob until the lider begins to move. The gliders will not begin moving freely Until the air track dial is turned above a setting of about 4 Remove the glider and elevate your ramp. Give your glider a strong push up the ramp so that the glider moves up the ramp, crosses completely through the photogate before it reaches the top ofits trajectory, and moves down the ramp and through the photogate a second time. (Be sure the glider comes to stops on its own at the top of its trajectory and does not bounce off the end of the track. Also, dont let the glider bounce off the bottom of the track and pass through the photogate a third time.) First photogate reading Second photogate reading Length of time glider was in gate (first time) Length of time glider was in gate (second time)9. Explain how you could use the equipment to calculate the glider's speed as it passed through the photogate moving up the ramp. 10. Calculate the glider's speed — first for moving up the ramp and then for moving down. |Checkpoint. Please continue working. Tutori Section 1.4" - Two more accelerati ideas 1. Aclassmate asks the following, "If an object is not moving at some instant in time, that means its velocity and acceleration is zero at this time. How does anything ever start moving?" Can you help the student solve this puzzle? 2. Consider the directions of acceleration and velocity as the glider moves up the ramp and, separately, as the glider moves down the ramp. (You may want to use the same procedure with your data moving down the ramp to answer these questions.) ‘a. What is the relationship between the direction of the acceleration and the direction of the velocity for an object that is moving in a straight line and speeding up? Explain in terms of the length of the velocity vectors.b. What is the relationship between the direction of the acceleration and the direction of the velocity for an object that is moving in a straight line and slowing down? Expiain in terms of the length of the velocity vectors. Tutorial Section 1.5* - Using graphs for motion 1. Sketch the position versus time, velocity versus time, and acceleration versus time graphs for the glider given an initial push up the incline (and then moving back down the incline to its starting position ~-the situation in the tutorial) a. Choose the origin to be at the bottom of the incline and the positive x-axis along the incline pointed towards the top of the incline. b. Now imagine the origin is chosen at a point halfway up the ramp, and the positive direction is down the ramp. Redraw your graphs for this case. List any differences from the last question and explain the reason for each difference