TRAP The P-Trap is the most common and practical shape in

 is a device scientifically designed to prevent the various sizes from 32mm to 50mm diameter. These are
back flow of gases coming from the septic tank common sizes for fixtures that are suspended from
or sewer line passing through the outlet of the walls od supported on a pedestal such as:
fixture. 1. Lavatories
 hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon 2. Sinks
dioxide, carbon monoxide. 3. Shower bath with less amount of discharge
4. Urinals
P-TRAP
5. Drinking Fountain
 most practical form, originally called
Gooseneck
 the separation between the unhealthy gases in
the sanitary drainage system, and the air inside
the room is the water caught in the trap every
after discharge of the fixture.
TRAP SEAL/ WATER SEAL
 the column of water retained between the
overflow and the dip of the trap.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Common seal – 5cm deep water seal between the
overflow and the dip
2. Deep seal P-trap – 7.5 to 10cm column of liquid
content between the overflow and the dip for:
 Extreme heat condition
 Increase and decrease of atmospheric condition
 Circumstances where total ventilation cannot
be obtained.

 One advantage of the Deep Seal over the

Common Seal is its greater re-sealing quality.
Re-seal is a term used to the scientific principle
that water at rest tends to seek a level and
maintain it.
 When the liquid content of a deep seal is
disturbed, the water tends to level itself
sufficiently to seal the trap even partially.
Meaning, because of the considerable height of
the water seal up to 10 cm deep, even if
disturbed by flushing from the fixture discharge,
by partial resealing up to 50% the trap seal is
maintained.
DRUM TRAP Indirect or Momentum Siphoning is the result of a
minus pressure in the pipe created by heavy discharge
of water from a fixture installed on a line serving
another fixture at a lower floor.

Back Pressure is caused by plus pressure. When large

amount of water flow drops downward rapidly forming
a slug like, the air inside the pipe will be compressed
downward.
Evaporation. This process is considered a minor
problem and is less probable to drain the water inside
the trap.
Wind Effect. A wind velocity passing over the top of the
soil pipe may affect the trap seal.
VENTILATION Capillary Action. This kind of trap seal loss also seldom
Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the happen and is rarely experienced by homeowners.
drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a Capillary action is draining of the water seal caused by
balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to foreign objects like thread or string suspended and ex-
prevent problems like. tended over the outlet arm of the trap.
 Trap seal loss Retardation of Flow
 Retardation of flow Retarded water flow inside the pipe is due to the effect
 Deterioration of the materials of atmospheric pressure and or gravity.

The orthodox way of plumbing has changed radically The Main Vent-The main vent is that potion of the vent
and regarded plumbing as the work of professionals and pipe system, serving as terminal for the smaller forms of
experts. Ventilating a drainage system requires a individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation. It is
thorough knowledge of the principles governing the sometimes referred to as Collecting Vent Line.
natural laws of nature such as:
1. The principles governing the atmosphere Individual Vent-Individual vent is sometimes referred to
2 The principles of gravity as Back Vent It is that portion of the vent pipe system
3. The principles of siphon, pressure, and vacuum. that serves as a single trap.
Unit Venting-Unit vent is defined as, that portion of a
Trap Seal Loss can be attributed to inadequate vent pipe system that ventilates two fixture traps that
ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and discharges into a sanitary cross with deflectors.
plus pressures inside the system. Circuit or Loop Vent-Circuit or Loop Vent is employed
When the water seal escape from the P-trap, it is called where two or more fixture traps are installed on a
Trap Seal Loss. horizontal soil or waste branch.
Relief Vent-Relief Vent is installed to ventilate the soil
Trap Seal Loss maybe attributed to any of the following and waste pipe and the connecting branches rather
factors: than the fixture traps.
1. Siphonage 2. Back pressure Looped Vent-Looped Vent is one type of ventilation use
3. Evaporation 4. Capillary action on fixtures in a room away from partitions.
Wet Ventilation - Wet ventilation is considered as one
Siphonage is the result of minus pressure in the drain- interesting topic for arguments, because both the
age system. affirmative and the negative sides, argue with sense and
Siphonage is Classifieds into Two Types: merit, but will end with nothing more than exchanging
1. Direct or Self Siphoning of salivated opinion, and waste of time.
2. Indirect or Momentum Siphoning
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Direct or Self Siphoning occur in unventilated traps Plumbing fixtures are receptacles intended to receive
which serves as oval bottom fixtures like lavatories or water, liquid or water-carried waste and discharge
slop sink. them into the drainage system.
to fit people rather than making the people fit the
fixture.
Quality is always associated with cost. But cost of this
particular construction item is always considered a
good investment. Comparatively, cheaper fixtures wear
out faster those that cost higher but last for years.

TYPES
A. WATER CLOSET – Design – 7 TYPES , Quality, Shape,
Color
B. LAVATORIES – Design and Material
C. BATHTUB
D. BIDET
E. URINALS – with minimum required number
F. KITCHEN SINK – Material and configurations
KITCHEN SINK
WATER CLOSET 1. MATERIALS
1. DESIGN o Cast Iron enamel
o Pail Flush Type o Formed steel coated with porcelain enamel
o Squat Type o Stainless steel
o Wash Down Type 2. CONFIGURATIONS
o Reverse Type o Single, double or triple well
o Siphon Jet o Shadow or deep well
o Siphon Vertex
o Direct Flush Valve Type IMPORTANCE
2. QUALITY – depends on noise and function Plumbing fixtures are essential for health, comfort,
3. SHAPE – Round Type or Elongated and sustainability, making
4. COLOR them a key component of any functional living space.
LAVATORIES Community Development: Upgrading plumbing fixtures
for washing face and hands can enhance community infrastructure, leading to
1. DESIGN/ FORMS improved living conditions and attracting investment.
o Rounded This contributes to local development and economic
o Square growth.
o Oval Stewardship of Resources: The concept of stewardship
o Rectangular is central in the Bible. In Genesis 1:28, humanity is
called to care for the Earth. Efficient plumbing fixtures
o Trapezoidal
contribute to responsible water use, aligning with the
o Triangular
biblical call to be good stewards of God’s creation.
2. MATERIALS
o Porcelain
o Formed Steel
o Enameled cast iron
o Under counter Lavatory
URINALS