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Petre, “In entre agaun’” Ne Scanned with CamScannerRead pacuvord & A/dew [eG ptr] In’ ctig echo : echo “ Posaword = “4 password . CHO” Pacsworda = “¢ password a. eho Auden.” ‘Scanned with CamScanner4.1. INTRODUCTION TO awk — AN ADVANCED FILTER AWK is one of the most prominent text-processing utility. It made its entry into the UNIX system in 1977. AWK derives its name from its authors — Aho, Weinberger and Kemighan. It combines the features of several filters. The awk command is a powerful method for processing or analyzing text files, which are organizes as rows and columns. Unlike other filters, awk operates at the field level and can easily access, transform and format individual fields in a line. It can accept extended regular expressions (ERE) for pattem matching. It has C-type programming constructs, variables and several built-in functions. Simple awk commands can be run on command line, whereas more complex tasks should be written as awk programs or awk scripts in files. In Linux, awk is used as gawk (GNU awk). 4.2 SIMPLE awk FILTERING The syntax of awk command is — awk options 'selection_criteria {action)’ file(s) Here, the selection_criteria is a form of addressing and it filters input and selects lines. The action indicates the action to be taken upon selected lines, which must be enclosed within the flower brackets. The selection_criteria and action together constitute an awk program enclosed within single quotes. The selection_criteria in awk can be a pattern as used in context addressing. It can also be a line addressing, which uses awk’s built-in variable NR. The selection_criteria can be even a conditional expressions using && and || operators. Consider the following example of awk command to select all the directors in the file emp.lst. $ awk '/director/(print}' emp.1st 9876|jai sharma |director|production|03/12/50|7000 2365|barun sengupta|director|personnel | 05/11/47! 7800 1006|chanchal sanghvi|director|sales|09/03/38/6700 6521|lalit chowdury|director|marketing|09/26/45| 8200 Here, the selection criteria is /director/which selects the lines containing director. The action is (print). If the selection criteria is missing, then action applies to all the lines. If action is missing, then entire line is printed. The print statement prints the entire line, when it is used without any field specifier. It is a default action of awk. Scanned with CamScanner1.7.8 The if Condition One of the important requirements in programming is conditional structures. In shell programming, the conditional construct /f can be used in the following ways — command is successful | | :£ command is successful | | i¢ command is successful then then then execute commands execute commands execute commends ES else e14£ command is successful execute commands Format 1 fi execute commands £ command is successful Format 2 nen Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner