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Flexure

Flexure Testing

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Dr Nagwa
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3 views

Flexure

Flexure Testing

Uploaded by

Dr Nagwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bend or Flexure Testing

• Principles
– Bending forces occur when load is applied to a beam or rod
that involves compression forces on one side of a beam and
tensile forces on the other side.
– Deflection of a beam is the displacement of a point on a
neutral surface of a beam from its original position under
action of applied loads.
– Flexure is the bending of a material specimen under load.
• Three-point bend vs. four-point bend
• Length /thickness ratio
• Loading rate
• Flexural strength
• Modulus of rupture in bending
• Fracture modes
• Bend or flexure testing is common in springs and brittle
materials whose failure behaviors are linear such as
concretes, stones, woods, plastics, glasses and ceramics.
• Bend test is therefore suitable for evaluating strength of
brittle materials where interpretation of tensile test result of
the same material is difficult due to breaking of specimens
around specimen gripping.
• Smooth rectangular specimens without notches are generally
used for bend testing under three-point or four-point bend
arrangements
• Three-point bending is capable of 180o bend angle for welded
materials.
• brittle materials show a linear relationship of load and
deflection
• Ductile materials however provide load-deflection curves
which deviate from a linear relationship
• bend testing is not suitable for ductile materials due to
difficulties in determining the yield point of the materials
under bending
• the bend test is therefore more appropriate for testing brittle
materials
– Strength that material exhibits is a function of the flexural
modulus of the material and the cross-sectional geometry.
• Example, rectangular beam of 1” x 4” (W) will exhibit higher
flexural strength than a 2” by 2” square beam of the same
material modulus.
– Properties are the same as in tensile testing.
• Strength, deflection, modulus, ultimate strength, etc.
– Specimen is loaded in a 3-point bending test
• bottom goes in tension and the top goes in compression.
– Failure analysis can provide information as the type of failure,
• either tension or compression failure,
• buckle prior to failure,
• condition of fracture, e.e., rough, jagged, or smooth.
Equipment
• Universal test machine (UTM)
– Special fixtures are needed to hold the specimen.
– Precautions
• Specimen length should be 6 to 12 times the width to avoid
shear failure or buckling.
• Areas of contact with the material under test should be such
that unduly high stress concentrations are avoided.
• Longitudinal adjustments are necessary for the supports.
• Lateral rotational adjustments should be provided to prevent
torsional stresses.
• The parts should be arranged to be stable under load.
Cold bend test
1- Simple beam

=
2- Cantilever

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