Date:

Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Frequency Modulation (FM)

Theory of Frequency Modulation

An alternative system to Amplitude Modulation(AM) is Frequency Modulation(FM). In this

modulation scheme the carrier frequency increases as the voltage in the information signal
increases and decreases in frequency as it reduces. The larger the amplitude of the information
signal, the further the frequency of the carrier signal is shifted from its starting point. The frequency
of the information signal determines how many times a second this change in frequency occurs.
This modulation process does not affect the amplitude of the carrier.
The amplitude of the modulated carrier is held constant and either the phase or the time derivative
of the phase of the carrier is varied linearly with the message signal m(t). Thus the general angle
modulated signal is given by:

x(t) = Ac cos (2 fct +  (t) ) (1)

The quantity 2 fc +  (t) = i(t) is called the instantaneous phase of x(t), while the quantity  (t)
is called the phase deviation of x(t). The instantaneous angular frequency of x(t), defined as
the rate of change of the instantaneous phase and having units of radians per second, is given
by:

d i (t ) d (2f c t   (t )) d
i (t )    2f c  (2)
dt dt dt
The instantaneous frequency fi (t), having units of Hertz (Hz), of x(t) is accordingly given by:

 (t ) 1 d
f (t )  i
 f  (3)
2 2 dt
i c

Analogue Broad Casting –LAB 02 - Prabhath Herath

FREQUENCY DEVIATION, MODULATION INDEX AND SPECTRUM OF FM

Consider a sinusoidal modulating information signal given by:

m(t) = Am cos(2 fm t )
(9)
The instantaneous frequency of the resulting FM signal equals:

fi(t) = fc + kf m(t) = fc + kf Am cos(2 fm t ) (10)

The maximum change in instantaneous frequency fi from the carrier frequency fc, is known as
frequency deviation f, where it is given by:
(11)
 f = kf Am

Frequency deviation is a useful parameter for determining the bandwidth of FM signals. For
example, an information signal of peak-to-peak voltage of 6 volts and a frequency of 10 kHz with
a frequency deviation of 15 kHz/V would cause a FM carrier to change by a total of 90 kHz (45
kHz above and below the original carrier frequency). The carrier frequency would be swept over
this range 10,000 times a second.

The FM modulated signal is given by:

x(t )  A cos 2f t   sin( 2f t ) 

C c m
(12)
k A f is the modulation index of the modulated signal. In general, for a non-
where
 f
 m

f f
m m

sinusoidal m(t) signal, the modulation index is defined as:

k f m(t ) max
 (13)
W
Where, W is the bandwidth of the message signal, m(t).

Analogue Broad Casting –LAB 02 - Prabhath Herath

MATLAB
MATLAB is an interactive matrix based system for scientific and engineering numeric
computation and visualization. Its strength lies in the fact that complex numerical problem can be
solved easily and in a fraction of the time required with a programming language such as Fortran
or C. It is also powerful in the sense that by using its relatively simple programming capabilities,
MATLAB can be easily extended to create new commands and functions.

Procedure:
1. Open and start the MATLAB program by double-clicking the MATLAB icon.
2. Type the command in the MATLAB COMMAND WINDOW or create a script file in the
MATLAB EDITOR.

Script Name it as FM save the M-file

3. Given a 100Hz continuous time sinusoidal message signal, m1(t) = 0.8 sin (200t) is frequency
modulated by a carrier of s1(t) = 0.8 cos (2000t). Using sufficient points and sampling
interval of 0.0001 seconds, plot the message and carrier signals for duration of 0.05 seconds.
(Use the commands subplot and plot in MATLAB and select an appropriate time interval for
each plot).

 Creating Message signal(Base Band) and carrier signal

clear all;
clc;
%t=0:0.01:10;
t=0:0.0001 :0.05;

m1 = 0.8*sin(200*pi*t);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(m1);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Base Band signal');
s1=0.8 * cos(2000* pi*t);

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(s1);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');

Analogue Broad Casting –LAB 02 - Prabhath Herath

4. Write the time domain expression for the modulated signal by using the following equation:

 t

x1 (t )  AC cos  2f c t  2k f  m1 (t )dt 
 0 

t
Find the result of  m (t )dt
0
1 by integrating the message signal, m1(t). Assuming that the

frequency sensitivity, kf = 625 Hz/V, what is the modulation index for this signal? Plot the
modulated signal for the duration of 0.05 seconds.
t
You can also find the result of  m1 (t )dt numerically in MATLAB by using following command
0

where x and Fs are the message signal and sampling rate used, respectively.

%%%Finding the Integration of m1(Message Signal)%%%%%%

syms t
s=int(0.8*sin(200*pi*t))

Then the output in command window: -cos(200*pi*t)/(250*pi)

Then copy the output in command window and comment the command
%syms t
%s=int(0.8*sin(200*pi*t))

5. Then you can generate your FM signals. Study this function by typing help modulate in the
MATLAB command prompt.

Ac=0.8;
fc=2000;
s0=-cos(200*pi*t)/(250*pi);
s1 = -2*pi*625*s0;
s2= Ac* cos(2*pi*fc*t+s1);%%%
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(s2);
%plot(m5);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Modulated signal')

Analogue Broad Casting –LAB 02 - Prabhath Herath

Out Put:

CODE
clear all;
clc;
t=0:0.0001 :0.05;
m1 = 0.8*sin(200*pi*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(m1);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Base Band signal');
x2=0.8 * cos(2000* pi*t);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(x2);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');

%%%Finding the Integration of m1(Message Signal)%%%%%%

%syms t
%s0=int(0.8*sin(200*pi*t))
Ac=0.8;
fc=2000;
s0=-cos(200*pi*t)/(250*pi);
s1 = -2*pi*625*s0;
s2= Ac* cos(2*pi*fc*t+s1);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(s2);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Modulated signal')

Analogue Broad Casting –LAB 02 - Prabhath Herath