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Test Bank for International Marketing, 18th Edition,
Philip Cateora, ISBN10: 1259712354, ISBN13:
9781259712357
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International Marketing, 18e (Cateora)

Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing

1) Today, becoming international is a luxury only some companies can afford.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: For a growing number of companies, being international is no longer a luxury but
a necessity for economic survival.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Challenges and Opportunities Created by Globalization
Learning Objective: 01-01 The benefits of international markets.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2) Companies from the Netherlands are the leading group of investors in the United States.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Foreign direct investment in the United States is more than $3 trillion. Companies
from the United Kingdom lead the group of investors, with companies from Japan, the
Netherlands, Canada, and France following, in that order.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Benefits and Challenges of Foreign Direct Investment
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3) International marketing involves selling of a company's goods and services to consumers or

users in more than one nation for a profit.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan,
price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in
more than one nation for a profit.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
1
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4) The main difference between domestic and international marketing lies in the different
concepts of marketing.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The difference between domestic and international marketing lies not with
different concepts of marketing but with the environment within which marketing plans must be
implemented.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5) An international marketer must deal with at least two levels of uncontrollable uncertainty.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The international marketer must deal with at least two levels of uncontrollable
uncertainty instead of one. Uncertainty is created by the uncontrollable elements of all business
environments, but each foreign country in which a company operates adds its own unique set of
uncontrollable factors.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6) The geography and infrastructure of a country are uncontrollable factors that influence the
business decisions of a company in an international market.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The uncontrollable international environment includes political/legal forces,
economic forces, competitive forces, level of technology, structure of distribution, geography
and infrastructure, and cultural forces.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Environmental Analysis and Market Screening
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
7) The uncontrollable factors affecting international marketing are limited to political forces,
economic climate, and competitive structure.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The uncontrollable international environment includes political/legal forces,
economic forces, competitive forces, level of technology, structure of distribution, geography
and infrastructure, and cultural forces.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Environmental Analysis and Market Screening
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8) The level of technology in a country is a controllable element for international marketers.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The uncontrollable international environment includes political/legal forces,
economic forces, competitive forces, level of technology, structure of distribution, geography
and infrastructure, and cultural forces.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Environmental Analysis and Market Screening
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9) The uncontrollable factors a company has to deal with decrease with the number of foreign
markets in which it operates.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The more the foreign markets in which a company operates, the greater is the
possible variety of foreign environmental factors with which to contend.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Environmental Analysis and Market Screening
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
10) The controllable elements for marketers can be altered in the long run and, usually, in the
short run to adjust to changing market conditions, consumer tastes, or corporate objectives.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The successful manager constructs a marketing program designed for optimal
adjustment to the uncertainty of the business climate. The controllable elements can be altered in
the long run and, usually, in the short run to adjust to changing market conditions, consumer
tastes, or corporate objectives.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Challenges and Opportunities Created by Globalization
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11) Political and legal forces, economic climate, and competition are some of the domestic
environment's controllable factors.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Domestic environment uncontrollable factors include home-country elements that
can have a direct effect on the success of a foreign venture: political and legal forces, economic
climate, and competition.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Challenges and Opportunities Created by Globalization
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12) The foreign policies of a country are one example of a home-country element that has a
direct effect on a firm's international marketing success.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Domestic environment uncontrollable elements include home-country elements
that can have a direct effect on the success of a foreign venture: political and legal forces,
economic climate, and competition. A political decision involving foreign policy can have a
direct effect on a firm's international marketing success.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Challenges and Opportunities Created by Globalization
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13) Abolition of apartheid in South Africa is an example of a positive effect on foreign policy, an
uncontrollable element, in an international marketing scenario.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Positive effects occur when changes in foreign policy offer countries favored
treatment. Such was the case when South Africa abolished apartheid and the embargo was lifted.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Challenges and Opportunities Created by Globalization
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14) Commercial contracts with a Chinese company can only be entered into if that company is
considered a "legal person."

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Commercial contracts can be entered into with a Chinese company or individual
only if that company or person is considered a "legal person." To be a "legal person" in China,
the company or person must have registered as such with the Chinese government.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: How Resources and Capabilities Influence Competitive Dynamics
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15) The process of evaluating the uncontrollable elements in an international marketing program
may involve cultural, political, and economic shock.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The process of evaluating the uncontrollable elements in an international
marketing program often involves substantial doses of cultural, political, and economic shock.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
16) Level of technology typically remains unchanged across countries, making it a fairly
controllable factor in international marketing.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The level of technology is an uncontrollable element that can often be misread
because of the vast differences that may exist between developed and developing countries.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17) Political and legal issues a company may face abroad are mitigated by the "alien status" of
the company.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Political and legal issues a business faces abroad are often amplified by the "alien
status" of the company, which increases the difficulty of properly assessing and forecasting the
dynamic international business climate.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18) The political details and the ramifications of political and legal events are often more
transparent in a domestic situation than they are in a foreign market.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: In a domestic situation, political details and the ramifications of political and legal
events are often more transparent than they are in some foreign countries. In many foreign
countries, corruption may prevail, foreigners may receive unfair treatment, or the laws may be so
different from those in the home country that they are misinterpreted.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
19) The political/legal environment is a controllable element for international marketers because
of their potent ability to lobby and influence legislation in foreign markets.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Political/legal forces and the level of technology are two of the uncontrollable
aspects of the foreign environment along with economic forces, competitive forces, structure of
distribution, geography and infrastructure, and cultural forces.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Laws Affecting International Business
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20) The uncontrollable elements of the foreign business environment include the culture.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The more significant elements in the uncontrollable international environment
include political/legal forces, economic forces, competitive forces, level of technology, structure
of distribution, geography and infrastructure, and cultural forces.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Environmental Analysis and Market Screening
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21) A foreign company is always subject to the political whims of the local government to a
greater degree than a domestic firm.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: In many foreign countries, corruption may prevail, foreigners may receive unfair
treatment, or the laws may be so different from those in the home country that they are
misinterpreted. A foreign company is foreign and thus always subject to the political whims of
the local government to a greater degree than a domestic firm.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
22) John refuses to buy Japanese products because he considers this as a way of selling out to a
nation that was once our enemy. John is using a self-reference criterion to make his decision.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The self-reference criterion is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural
values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. Closely connected is ethnocentrism,
that is, the notion that people in one's own company, culture, or country know best how to do
things.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-04 The importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international
marketing.
Bloom's: Apply
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23) The self-reference criterion is closely related to collectivism—or the importance of the
group.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The self-reference criterion is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural
values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. Closely connected is ethnocentrism,
that is, the notion that people in one's own company, culture, or country know best how to do
things.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-04 The importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international
marketing.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
24) Renata just ate cookies and, therefore, feels justified in refusing food offered by her Middle
Eastern host. In this instance, Renata's self-reference criterion has just saved her from making a
cultural blunder.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: When faced with a problem in another culture, our tendency is to react
instinctively and refer to our SRC for a solution. Our reaction, however, is based on meanings,
values, symbols, and behavior relevant to our own culture and usually different from those of the
foreign culture. Such decisions are often not good ones.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-04 The importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international
marketing.
Bloom's: Apply
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

25) To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that
emphasizes the need for ethnocentrism.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: To avoid errors in business decisions, the knowledgeable marketer will conduct a
cross-cultural analysis that isolates the self-reference criterion influences and maintain vigilance
regarding ethnocentrism.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-04 The importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international
marketing.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26) Family reference and upbringing provides a complete basis for understanding one's culture
and no additional study is required to become aware of cultural norms and activities.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Understanding one's own culture may require additional study, because much of
the cultural influence on market behavior remains at a subconscious level and is not clearly
defined.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Elements of Culture
Learning Objective: 01-04 The importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international
marketing.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
27) The most effective approach to build global awareness into an organization is to increase the
diversity mix of the employee profile for entry-level jobs.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The most effective approach to build global awareness into an organization is to
have a culturally diverse senior executive staff or board of directors.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Creating a Global Mindset
Learning Objective: 01-05 The increasing importance of global awareness.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

28) Traditional manufacturing companies possess the most favorable factors for doing business
internationally.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Research has revealed a number of factors favoring faster internationalization: (1)
companies with either high-technology or marketing-based resources appear to be better
equipped to internationalize than more traditional manufacturing kinds of companies; (2) smaller
home markets and larger production capacities appear to favor internationalization; and (3) firms
with key managers well networked internationally are able to accelerate the internationalization
process.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Choosing An International Business Strategy
Learning Objective: 01-06 The progression of becoming a global marketer.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29) A company in the "no direct foreign marketing" stage of international marketing involvement
does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A company in the stage of "no direct foreign marketing" does not actively
cultivate customers outside national boundaries; however, this company's products may reach
foreign markets. Sales may be made to trading companies as well as foreign customers who
directly contact the firm.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Choosing An International Business Strategy
Learning Objective: 01-06 The progression of becoming a global marketer.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
30) The global marketing concept views the marketplace as consisting of one primary domestic
market that is complimented by several smaller regional markets.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: At the global marketing stage of international marketing involvement, companies
treat the world, including their home market, as one market.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-06 The progression of becoming a global marketer.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

31) What is one of the most dynamic trends that is affecting current global business strategies?
A) the trend toward buying American cars in Europe
B) the trend toward the acceptance of the free market system among developing countries
C) the trend toward using English as the global language
D) the trend toward establishing a world currency
E) the trend toward providing aid to developing and less developed nations

Answer: B
Explanation: Of all the events and trends affecting global business today, four stand out as the
most dynamic, the ones that will influence the shape of international business beyond today's
"bumpy roads" and far into the future: (1) the rapid growth of the World Trade Organization and
regional free trade areas such as the North American Free Trade Area and the European Union;
(2) the trend toward the acceptance of the free market system among developing countries in
Latin America, Asia, and eastern Europe; (3) the burgeoning impact of the Internet, mobile
phones, and other global media on the dissolution of national borders; and (4) the mandate to
manage the resources and global environment properly for the generations to come.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Economic Development
Learning Objective: 01-01 The benefits of international markets.
Bloom's: Remember
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12
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32) What event spurred the final downfall of the U.S. economy in 2008 when world trade
experienced its deepest decline in more than 50 years?
A) The stock market ended at a record high.
B) The U.S. and Cuba joined forces.
C) The Senate and House failed to compromise on interest rates.
D) The housing market collapsed.
E) The voters elected a third-party candidate.

Answer: D
Explanation: Lower government interest rates had yielded a refinancing stampede, distributing
the cash that fueled the consumer spending, which finally began flagging in early 2008. Then in
September and October of that year, the housing bubble burst, and the world financial system
teetered on collapse. The ever faithful American consumer stopped buying, and world trade
experienced its deepest decline in more than 50 years, a drop of 11.0 percent.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: The Changing Nature of the Global Economy
Learning Objective: 01-01 The benefits of international markets.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

33) How has globalization impacted domestic markets in the United States?
A) Companies with only domestic markets have been able to sustain their customary rates of
growth.
B) Multinational companies are making more profits from their domestic operations compared to
their earnings from the foreign markets.
C) Only multinational companies with large production facilities have outperformed their strictly
domestic U.S. counterparts.
D) The domestic companies have reduced their manufacturing employment more than U.S.
multinationals.
E) Multinational manufacturing companies in all industries and sizes have outperformed their
domestic counterparts.

Answer: E
Explanation: Companies with only domestic markets have found increasing difficulty in
sustaining their customary rates of growth, and many are seeking foreign markets in which to
expand. Companies with foreign operations find that foreign earnings are making an important
overall contribution to total corporate profits. Multinationals of all sizes and in all industries
outperformed their strictly domestic U.S. counterparts. Furthermore, U.S. multinationals reduced
their manufacturing employment, both at home and abroad, more than domestic companies.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: The Changing Nature of the Global Economy
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
34) What is an essential requirement for experienced, as well as new, firms to succeed in
international markets?
A) adhering strictly to their traditional methods of production and operations
B) focusing primarily on their production to exclusively meet domestic demand
C) venturing into multiple markets by investing in all of them at once
D) committing themselves completely to foreign markets
E) having beneficial relations with lobbyists of foreign markets

Answer: D
Explanation: For firms venturing into international marketing for the first time and for those
already experienced, the requirement is generally the same: a thorough and complete
commitment to foreign markets and, for many, new ways of operating.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Basic Decisions for Entering Foreign Markets
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

35) Jason's department is responsible for the business activities designed to plan, price, promote,
and direct the flow of his company's small appliance products to consumers in various nations
around the world for a profit. What is his department in charge of?
A) internal marketing
B) importing
C) performance appraisal
D) international marketing
E) domestic trade

Answer: D
Explanation: International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan,
price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in
more than one nation for a profit.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Apply
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written onsent of McGraw-Hill Education.
36) What is considered the most critical difference between domestic marketing and international
marketing?
A) the difference in marketing principles being followed
B) the different concepts of marketing
C) the difference in marketing theories being followed
D) the environment in which marketing plans must be implemented
E) the basic processes used to market products and services

Answer: D
Explanation: The difference lies not with different concepts of marketing but with the
environment within which marketing plans must be implemented. The uniqueness of foreign
marketing comes from the range of unfamiliar problems and the variety of strategies necessary to
cope with different levels of uncertainty encountered in foreign markets.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-02 The changing face of U.S. business.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

37) Marketers must be especially cognizant of ________ for both domestic and international
markets because of the dominantly uncontrollable nature of this factor.
A) price
B) promotion
C) research activities
D) political/legal forces
E) channels of distribution

Answer: D
Explanation: Political/legal forces represent the uncontrollable element that domestic and
international marketers need to consider. Price, promotion, research activities, and channels of
distribution are all controllable elements for international marketers.
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Differences Between Domestic and International Marketing
Learning Objective: 01-03 The scope of the international marketing task.
Bloom's: Understand
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
last request begged that I would not move till they came for me,
and I promised compliance.
28th June.—Casri Shirin to Khánakín, twenty-four miles. We were
ready at the appointed hour, but our escort did not make their
appearance till after one o’clock, and it was nearly two a.m. before
our party was arranged in marching order and finally started. Our
route at first was across a rough raviny tract along the course of the
Alwand river, and then for several miles over a wild and hummocky
country, which had frequently been raided by the rebels. We were
hurried across this bit of the road very quickly, as it was feared the
enemy might be concealed amongst the inequalities of the ground
on either hand, and it was as much as our sarbáz could do to keep
pace with us, though they trotted along manfully.
Soon after the day had broken, and as the rising sun was slanting
rays of light upon the country, dimly visible in the departing
obscurity, we came upon the wreck of the káfila that had been
plundered yesterday. The road was strewed with bits of paper and
cardboard boxes, and on either side lay deal boxes smashed to
pieces, and tin cases torn open. Our sarbáz hastily ransacked these,
and ran along bearing cones of loaf-sugar under their arms and
bottles of claret stowed away in their coat fronts. Some got hold of
packets of letter-paper, and others of boxes of French bonbons. As
we got on, tiring of their loads, they hid them away under roadside
bushes, to take them up again on their return.
At about sixteen miles we came to the Turko-Persian boundary,
marked by a bare gravelly ridge, slightly more elevated than the
others, that form the most characteristic feature of the country. Here
the commandant, Murád Ali, with the escort of sarbáz, took leave of
us. He produced the paper he showed me yesterday, and asked me
to sign it, saying his brother, Karím Khán, with the sixty horsemen,
would see us safe into Khánakín. “Then,” said I, “make the paper
over to him, and I will sign it there.” He readily assented, and
accompanied us to the foot of the slope, and then shaking hands,
galloped back to his sarbáz on the crest of the ridge.
 We had proceeded about three miles over a gently falling country,
thrown into mounds and ridges of bare gravel, and I was in
interesting converse with some Bukhára pilgrims on their way to
Karbalá, who had joined our party at Casri Shirin, when some signs
made by our advanced horsemen from an eminence ahead of our
path made Karím Khán mass us all together and push on at a trot.
“Has anything been seen?” I asked as we trotted along amidst the
dreadful clatter of our mules, who seemed to scent danger
instinctively, and quickened their pace with an alacrity I would not
have given them credit for. “Yes,” he said, “the enemy are on our
flank. Their scouts have been seen.” A little farther on we caught
sight of them. “There they are,” said Karím Khán, pointing to a knot
of twelve or fourteen horsemen about a mile and a half off, as they
passed across a bit of open ground from the shelter of one mound
to the concealment of another. “There are only a dozen of them,” I
said; “they cannot harm us.” “That’s all you see, but there are four
hundred of them behind those knolls. There is a káfila coming out
from Khánakín now, and they are lying in ambush for it. We shall not
get back to Casri without a fight.”
Farther on we saw another party of these robbers skulking behind
the mounds a mile or two off the road to the left. But we had now
come in sight of Khánakín. A party of five or six Turkish cavalry with
their red caps stood out against the sky on a mound to the right,
and a similar party did the same on a mound to the left. A mile or
two ahead appeared the green gardens of Khánakín and Hájí Cara,
and on the plain outside stood the snow-white tents of a regiment of
Turkish infantry.
Karím Khán’s horsemen reined up on some rising ground to the
right to await the coming káfila, and the Khán himself, dismounting,
said he would here take leave of me. I thanked him for his service,
signed his paper, shook hands, and with a “Khudá háfíz!” (“God your
protector!”), mounted and proceeded. As we entered Khánakín a
large caravan filing out took the road we had come. Some of the
camels were beautiful creatures, and perfectly white. Behind them
followed a long string of pannier-mules, with their freight of fair
Persians, and on either side marched a gay cavalcade of Persian
gentlemen. Bringing up the rear was a mixed crowd of more humble
travellers, menials, and beggars.
They filed by, and we found ourselves before a great sarae. Here
some Turkish officials took possession of us, ushered us within its
portals, and informed us the quarantine would last ten days. We
were prepared for this delay, although we had cherished the hope
that a clean bill of health might pass us through without detention.
But the rules were strict, and rigidly observed; we had come from an
infected country, and were consequently pronounced unclean, and
only the quarantine could cleanse us.
It was very cruel, and a sad disappointment, after our long and
wearisome marches to catch a particular steamer, to be here baffled
at the very threshold of our success. There was no hope of release. I
saw the Basrah packet steaming away in the distance, and myself
left on the shore; so resigned myself to the hard logic of facts, and
heartily hoped that at least one of the members of that great
congress of European medical men who met at Constantinople to
devise these traps might some day be caught in this particular snare
of his own setting.
Looking around our prison-house, we found three or four parties
of wretched, half-starved pilgrims detained here on their way to
Karbalá. In their dirt and rags they were the very embodiment of
poverty and misery. Turning from them to the quarters at our
disposal, the revelation was still more disgusting. The place had not
been swept for ages, and the floor was inches deep in filth and
stable litter. The torments of the Mydasht Sarae came back vividly to
my mind. It was impossible for us to live here, so I asked to see the
doctor in charge of the quarantine. “He died of fever ten days ago,”
said our janitor, “and his successor has not yet arrived.” I was about
to move out of the sarae, and pitch my tent outside, when a
Residency khavass, who had been kindly sent forward from Baghdad
by the Resident, Colonel C. Herbert, to meet me here and attend me
on the journey onwards, made his appearance with a letter from his
master. Ilyás, for such was his name—Anglicè Elias—hearing my
orders to pitch the tents, here interposed a representation that the
heat and dust outside would be unbearable, and sure to make us all
ill. If permitted, he would secure us quarters in one of the gardens
adjoining. By all means; and away he went on his errand. Presently
he returned with a couple of Turkish officials, who heard our
objections to the sarae, and at once led us off to a nice garden at a
little distance, where we pitched our tents under the shade of some
mulberry-trees. A guard of Turkish soldiers was placed round us to
prevent communication with the townspeople, except through the
appointed quarantine servants, and we were left alone to ourselves.
The Bukhára pilgrims who had joined our party at Casri Shirin, and
who had slipped out of the sarae with our baggage, in hopes of
sharing the garden and proceeding onwards with us, were
discovered by the quarantine people, and marched back to their
durance. Poor fellows! they pleaded hard to remain with us, and
appealed to me to befriend them; and the quarantine inspector,
who, I must record to his credit, did his utmost to make his
disagreeable duty as little offensive as possible, promised they
should accompany us on our departure hence.
There were three of these Bukhariots. One of them, Hakím Beg, a
very intelligent young man of pleasing manners, gave me some
interesting information regarding his country. He told me he had set
out from Bukhára five months ago with four other friends and two
servants. Two of his party and one servant had died on the road
through sickness. The other two and the servant were those I saw
with him. From Karbalá it was their intention to go to Bombay, and
thence home by Peshawar and Kabul.
He spoke in most favourable terms of the Russian rule in
Turkestan, and said their government was just and popular. The
Russian officials he described as kind and liberal, yet stern when
necessary, and declared the people preferred them to their own
rulers. There are about twenty thousand of the people of the
country employed in the Russian service, civil and military, and there
is a strong Russian force at Samarcand—twelve thousand men, he
thought. When he left, an expedition had started eastward to
subdue Khokand and Yárkand; and it was generally given out that in
three years time the Amir of Bukhára would resign his country to the
Russians. There were, he reckoned, thirty thousand Persian captives,
all Shia Muhammadans, in the country, which is extremely populous
and fertile. Hundreds had been purchased from their owners and set
at liberty by the Russians. The whole country, including Khiva, would
very soon come under the Russian rule, and then all the captives
held as slaves would be at once liberated. They number between
fifty and sixty thousand. In ten years’ time, he said, the Russians
would march to India.
Our quarantine quarters in the garden are insupportably dull and
insupportably hot. The thermometer at noon—it is suspended from
the branch of a mulberry-tree over a little stream of water—ranged
from 100° Fah. to 108° Fah. during the eight days of our stay here.
In the sun’s rays, the mercury rises to 150° Fah., and at night has
fallen so low as 64° Fah.
On the 2d July, a flight of locusts settled on the garden. The
townspeople turned out with drums, and shouts, and stones; but
their host was not materially diminished. Their jaws worked steadily
with a sawing noise all night and all the next day, and then they flew
away, leaving the garden a forest of bare sticks, and the ground
thick with the leaves they had nibbled off. Apricot, peach, plum,
pomegranate, apple and mulberry trees are cleared to the bark; and
their boughs were weighed down with the load of the destroying
host. The damage done must be very great. Not a particle of shade
is left for us, and the heat is something dreadful.
6th July.—We were to have set out on our way this evening, but at
the last moment were informed that our health papers would not be
ready till the morning, so our departure is fixed for to-morrow
evening. The doctor of the Turkish regiment here came to see us. He
tells me that typhus fever is very prevalent in the town, and that one
hundred and eighty people have died of it during the last three
months. The Turkish troops here are a remarkably fine set of men.
There is nothing like them in Persia. They wear the Zouave-pattern
jacket, and baggy trousers, with the red cap. The uniform is white
cotton, thick and strong, and spotless clean; their arms, the Enfield-
pattern rifle and a sword-bayonet.
8th July.—Khánakín to Shahrabad or Sherabad, forty-five miles.
Our health papers were brought to us yesterday afternoon, and we
were once more free. The march was fixed for sunset, and our
mules and baggage and servants were all ready to start at the
appointed time, but there was some delay in the arrival of our
escort. Shukrullah Beg, who had become as helpless and
discontented as any one of our party in the quarantine, now
recovered his liberty, but not his former activity and savoir faire. He
was out of his element amongst the Turks, and willingly resigned his
office to the khavass Ilyás. The latter went off to the Turkish
commandant, who had soon after our arrival been furnished with my
passport from the Turkish minister at the Persian court, and after a
long absence, returned with a party of nine Georgian horsemen, fine
handsome fellows, dressed and equipped in their national costume
and armour.
It was eight o’clock before we set out on our long night-march.
The evening air was close, still, and oppressive. We wound our way
through the bazárs of Hájí Cara, passing its many cafés with their
crowds of solemn-looking, silent Turks, puffing their long pipes and
sipping their black coffee—the first characteristic of the new country
we had entered; and crossing the river Alwand a little below a
broken bridge, struck across some rough stony ground, crossed by
several irrigation cuts, towards the high road, which we reached at
three miles. The river Alwand is a branch of the Dyalla, and, where
we crossed, was about forty yards wide and two feet deep, flowing
in a clear stream over a pebbly bottom.
After reaching the main road, our route led south by west, over an
undulating country, apparently uninhabited. At 3.45 a.m. we reached
Kizil Rabát, the land gradually falling all the way. Here we changed
our escort, and found a large party of the Khaleva rebels, who had
recently been captured by the Turkish troops, and were now being
conducted to Baghdad, there to answer for their misdeeds. The
escort which here joined us had under their charge as prisoner one
Hátim Khán, chief of the Khaleva tribe of Hamávand Arabs. He was
captured some days ago, shortly after our passage, near the Casri
Shirin frontier, and was now being conveyed, as they told us, for
execution to Baghdad. He was a powerfully-built, handsome young
man, of about twenty-five years of age; and was accompanied by a
servant, who walked by the side of his mule, and from time to time
eased his master’s position as much as his fetters would allow. The
captive chief was mounted on a mule, his hands were manacled
together in front, and his feet fettered together above the ankles
under the saddle-girths. The position must have been most
tiresome, and the captive was sometimes so overtaken by sleep,
that he nearly fell off his seat, and was several times waked up by a
sudden fall on the mule’s neck.
From Kizil Rabát the road leads S.S.W over an undulating alluvial
plain, up to a range of sandstone hills that separate it from
Shahrabad. We crossed this range by a fairly good road, here and
there passing over rocks by deep and narrow paths worn into their
surface, and at seven o’clock reached the plain on the other side.
Another hour and a half across a plain covered with scrubby
vegetation brought us to Shahrabad, where we alighted at the sarae.
I was so exhausted by the effects of the heat and confinement at
Khánakín, and so thoroughly fatigued by the tedium of twelve and a
half hours’ march in the saddle, that, without waiting for
refreshment, I stretched myself on the floor, pillowed my head on
my elbow, and immediately sunk into unconsciousness.
About noon our baggage arrived, and, to our satisfaction, the
mules were not nearly as jaded as we expected; so I gave the order
to march at sunset for Bácúba. During the afternoon, the governor
called to say that he could not give us an escort, as all his horsemen
were out in the district, owing to the disturbed state of the country.
He promised, however, that the Kizil Rabát escort with their prisoner
should accompany us in the evening.
This is a dirty little village, in the midst of a wide, thinly-peopled,
and mostly desert plain. It is only 750 feet above the sea-level, and
290 feet lower than Khánakín, and at this season is a very hot place.
We had the floor of our rooms sprinkled with water in the hopes of
the evaporation reducing the temperature, but it did not fall below
98° Fah. during the whole day. The walls of the sarae and adjoining
houses are lined with great piled-up heaps of storks’ nests. Towards
sunset the parent birds returned from the marshes with the evening
meal for their young. Each bird, as it alighted on its nest, threw back
its head, and made a loud clattering with its beak, and then
disgorged a quantity of roots and worms, which the young ones
gobbled up. It was a very singular sight. They all kept up a sort of
dance upon the flat surface of the nest, their lanky legs being kept in
the perpendicular by the flapping of half-stretched wings.
Whilst our baggage was being laden this evening, the keeper of
the sarae, who gave his name as Abdurrazzác, came up to me for
the customary present. I gave it him, and was turning away when he
asked, “Is Akhún Sáhib still alive?”
“Whom do you mean?” I said, quite taken aback.
“The Akhún of Swát, Abdulghafúr, the hermit of Bekí,” he replied.
“What do you know of him, and why ask me?” I inquired.
“I am a disciple of his,” he replied, “and your people tell me you
have come from Peshawar, and know all about him. It is reported
here that he is dead, and has been succeeded by his son Sayyid
Mahmúd Badsháh, whose karámát (miraculous powers) are even
more strongly developed than those of the father.”
“It is six months,” I said, “since I left Peshawar, and this is the first
time I have heard the Akhún’s name mentioned.”
He then told me that there were about a dozen of his disciples
(muríd) in this town, and upwards of a thousand in Mosul, whence a
sum of two thousand rupees is annually sent to Swát as tribute to
the saint.
Our baggage filing out, I now mounted my horse, whilst my
strange acquaintance, holding on to the stirrup on the off side, in
sonorous tones repeated the Akhún’s creed, “Ant ul hádí, ant ul
hacc; lais ul hádí illahú!” (“Thou art the guide, thou art the truth;
there is no guide but God!”) I bade the stranger good evening, and
went on, wondering at the strange adventures travellers meet with.
9th July.—Shahrabad to Bácúba or Yácúbia, thirty-two miles. We
set out at half-past eight o’clock yesterday evening, and passing
through the town, struck across a plain country much cut up by dry
water-courses. As we left the town, some people at the gate warned
us to be on the alert, as a káfila had been attacked and plundered
the night before at four miles from Bácúba. Our escort consists of
only five horsemen, with two others in charge of the Hamávand
prisoner. Our own party, which consists of twenty-three baggage-
mules, and as many followers, and a couple of riding-camels,
accompanied by the Bukhára pilgrims, was here joined by an Arab
Shekh with a patriarchal beard of snowy whiteness—an ideal
Abraham, in fact—and five or six other travellers on foot, who seized
this opportunity of a safe conduct to Baghdad.
We had proceeded very quietly for about three hours, our eyelids
becoming gradually weighed down by the weight of sleep, when we
came to a deep water-cut. We followed the course of this for half an
hour up to a bridge thrown across it. A gentle whiseet-whiseet was
now and again heard to proceed from the bushes on the other side
of the canal.
“That’s an odd sound,” I observed to Mr Rozario, who was riding
by my side; “larks, I suppose, disturbed by the tinkling of our mule-
bells.”
“Yes, sir, it sounds like the voice of birds. There it is again, farther
off.”
 The sounds ceased, we crossed the bridge and clearing a patch of
thin brushwood, got on to a bit of plain country. It was just
midnight, my horse was very tired, and his rider was very sleepy. So
I drew aside to let the baggage get on, and dismounted to await my
riding-camel in the rear of the column. Its saddle required a little
adjusting, and all meanwhile went ahead except myself, the camel-
driver, the khavass Ilyás, and one of our escort.
“All is ready,” said Hydar Ali, the driver, and I took my seat behind
him. The camel had just risen from the crouch, when there came the
sound of a confused buzz of voices, and a quick rustling of footsteps
on the hard plain behind us.
“Bang! bang!” from my attendants as they shot ahead full speed,
shouting, “To the baggage!—quick! quick! to the baggage!” “Bang!
bang!” again as they turned in their saddles and fired into our
pursuers. And amidst a din of shouts and guttural sounds, I found
myself joggled along at a pace equal to that of the horses. Two
minutes brought us to the baggage, all halted and clustered together
in a packed mass. The escort came to the front, and with threats
followed by shots, kept the robbers at bay, whilst their cháwash or
officer had the baggage unladen and the loads piled in a semicircular
breastwork, the mules ranged outside and the followers inside. All
this was done with the rapidity of lightning, and in less time than it
has taken me to describe it, we found ourselves, half a dozen
horsemen, arms in hand, at either end of the breastwork, facing a
party of thirty or forty Arab robbers at the edge of some brushwood
not as many yards of.
“I know them,” said the cháwash. “This is our only chance. If we
move, they will shower their javelins amongst us and then rush in
with their knives.” “Bang! bang!” “Have a care! we mean to fight,”
shouted some of our party; and Ilyás answered their demands for
the zawwár Ajam (Persian pilgrims) to be made over to them as
their lawful prize, by the bold intimation that we were not pilgrims at
all, but thirty Englishmen, all armed with rifles. The venerable old
Shekh too put in a word, or rather many words, in a horribly harsh
and savagely energetic language. What he said I don’t know, but it
led to a noisy and confused discussion amongst the robbers, who
suddenly disappeared, leaving an ominous silence to puzzle us.
The night had now become dark, and the figures in front of us
could no longer be traced, either by their movements or voices.
Presently, whilst we were intently peering into the dim belt of bushes
in front of us, a suppressed whiseet-whiseet was heard on the plain
to our right. “Look out!” shouted our cháwash as he rushed from
side to side to encourage his men; “they are on both our flanks.
Don’t fire now; wait till they come close, and then shoot and use
your swords.” Another silence, and then faint sounds in front “They
are here,” said two or three voices, and immediately a couple of
shots turned our attention towards them, and we stood, pistols in
hand, ready to meet a rush.
And so it went on for three hours, the cháwash now and again
warning us to be on the alert, as the robbers reckoned on our
becoming sleepy and careless in the silence. “They are not gone,” he
would shout, “let them see you are awake.” And the warning seemed
necessary, for our followers who were unarmed had quietly rolled
themselves up in their blankets, and disposed themselves to sleep
under the shelter of the baggage—a strange instance of oriental
indifference and resignation to fate.
About three in the morning day began to dawn, and we found the
bushes in our front empty, and discovered the cause of our safety in
a dry water-cut running along their front. Two or three of our escort
were sent out to reconnoitre the land, and finding all clear, we
loaded the baggage and proceeded, after standing at bay upwards
of three hours. “I see no signs of our firing having taken effect,” I
said to the cháwash. “No, thank God,” he replied, “we did not wound
any of them. If we had, they would have got reinforcements from
the Arab camps around, and we should not have escaped their
hands.”
After proceeding a little way, we came to a deserted roadside
sarae. “There,” said the cháwash, “that’s the place where these very
robbers plundered a káfila only last night.” A dead donkey with its
pack-saddle lay under the shade of its walls, and we went past
congratulating ourselves on our providential escape. Onwards our
road went across a level country, well cultivated, and covered with
villages and date-groves, the last a feature in the scene we had not
before now met with.
We arrived at Bácúba at 8.30 a.m., and found quarters in the
sarae, which we found full of bales of merchandise, mules, and
travellers, Indians and Arabs, Persians and Turks, with African slaves
not a few.
10th July.—Bácúba to Baghdad, forty miles. We set out from the
sarae at 7.30 p.m. yesterday, and passing through the town, crossed
the Dyalla river by a bridge of boats. On the farther side we were
delayed a while for the completion of our escort, which is increased
by two horsemen in addition to those who joined us at Shahrabad.
On their arrival, our party was formed up into a close column, as the
first sixteen miles of the road were considered dangerous. We came
successively on three or four deep dry canals, and near each we
were halted a few minutes whilst the horsemen went ahead to see
there was no ambush.
A little after midnight we came to the Sarae Beni Sád. Here we
found a party of twenty Hamávand horsemen, with some Turkish
officials, going to Baghdad to answer for the misconduct of their
tribe on the Casri Shirin frontier. Our escort with their prisoner joined
them, and we proceeded with only two horsemen as escort and
guides.
We passed several long strings of camels going on towards
Bácúba, and three or four small parties of travellers. It was too dark
to distinguish who they were, but the familiar sounds of Pushto so
unexpectedly falling on my ears, roused me from the heaviness of
an overcoming sleep, and I started into wakefulness just in time to
satisfy myself that a party of Afghans of the Peshawar valley were
passing us.
 Later on, the day dawned, and the country gradually unfolded
itself to our view. A vast plain, bare and uninhabited, spread before
us, and a long green line of date-groves bounded the monotonous
prospect ahead. The fatigues of our long march now overburdened
me with its accumulated load. Minutes seemed hours, and the last
bit of our road seemed to grow longer the more we advanced upon
it, and I thought we should never get over this ever-increasing plain.
At length the mud walls of Baghdad, its domes and its towers,
came into view, and our flagging energies revived at the prospect of
rest. The gilded dome and minars of the mosque of Kázamín
overtopping an emerald bank of date-groves away to the right, had
not for us the attraction that a couple of horsemen clad in white
approaching from the city claimed. They were officials attached to
the British Residency here, and came to announce that the Resident
and a party of gentlemen had come out to meet us. Our fatigue
vanished, and we pushed on with enlivened spirits to meet a hearty
welcome from the Resident, Colonel C. Herbert, and the Residency
Surgeon, Dr Colville, and the other gentlemen who were with them.
It was the most agreeable incident of the whole march, and fittingly
came in at its close.
We stayed six days at Baghdad, enjoying the kindest hospitality at
the Residency. Its memory comes back with feelings of gratitude as
the pleasantest interval in the whole of my long journey. We visited
the “city of the Khalifs,” its bazárs and its public buildings, and in the
salutations and friendly looks of Jew and Turk, Arab and Armenian,
had ample evidence of the popularity of at least the British Resident.
We witnessed a review of the Turkish troops—splendid men,
admirably equipped and armed with the Snider pattern-breech-
loader. Through the polite consideration of His Excellency
Muhammad Kaúf Pasha, the governor of the province, we were
enabled to visit the Admiralty workshops, the Ordnance stores,
barracks, hospitals, and other military establishments. The discipline,
organisation, and thorough order pervading all departments took me
completely by surprise; and but for the red cap everywhere, I might
have thought myself in Europe inspecting the barracks of a French
or German garrison town.
The barracks, a handsome pile fronting the river, had been built on
the European model by a Belgian architect. The hospital, a
commodious double-storied building on the opposite shore, was
furnished with all the modern appliances of the Western institutions,
under the supervision of French and Italian doctors. The messing
and dieting of the men in barracks and in hospital were assimilated
to the European system, and attracted my special attention, as so
much simpler than, and superior to, the complex and inefficient
arrangements that, subservient to the caste prejudices of the
natives, are in vogue amongst the troops of our Indian army.
In the Ordnance department we were shown their breech-loading
cannon and the arms of the cavalry—the Spencer rifle—and a six-
shooting revolver on a new American principle, all turned out of the
Government manufactory at Constantinople. We visited the School of
Industry, in which nearly three hundred homeless boys are fed and
clothed and sheltered by the profits on their own industry. And
certainly the specimens of their handiwork shown to us spoke well
as to their proficiency in the arts of weaving, printing, and carving.
Some of the cabinetwork was of really superior finish, and the shoes
made by them were not to be distinguished from those made in
European shops.
We visited the jail, too, and saw a number of Hamávand and Arab
prisoners, brethren of the ruffians through whom we had ran the
gantlet scathless, all heavily laden with chains—veritable chains,
weighing sixty or seventy pounds, coiled round their loins and limbs.
The light of Western improvement had not yet shed its rays on this
department; and we found the criminal savage, uncared for and
filthy, crowded together in an open yard, weighed down by the load
of their chains, and guarded by military sentries posted on the
overlooking walls.
We left Baghdad, its delightful Residency and agreeable
associations, on the 16th July, and steamed away at daylight down
the river Tigris on board the Dujla. As the city disappeared behind
us, with all I had seen fresh on my mind, I thought, “Surely ‘the sick
man of Europe’ is convalescent; his neighbour, ‘the sick man of Asia,’
may ere long need the physician’s aid.”
At breakfast-time we passed the ruins of Ctesiphon; and at
nightfall anchored mid-stream, owing to the shallowness of the river.
At daylight we were away again down-stream, but two hours later
stuck on a sandbank. Got off at noon, to stick again a little lower
down; and so on till nightfall, making very little progress. Heat
intolerable, thermometer declines to come down below 110° Fah.
upstairs or downstairs. Next day as bad as the day before.
Sandbanks and heat equally obstructive and troublesome. At midday
passed a town called Kút—the monotony of the journey relieved by
Arab camps on either bank, and floating pelicans on the stream.
Went ahead all night, and in the morning passed Azia, and during
the day several other stations with Turkish garrisons, also Ezra’s
tomb, surmounted by a conspicuous blue-tiled dome.
River banks very low, and land beyond marshy and apparently
below water-level, but covered with Arab camps, and vast herds of
kine and buffaloes. Naked Arabs, boys and girls, disport on the
shore, and plunge into the river to our amusement. Melon-rinds
thrown from the boat create frantic efforts for possession. Their
mothers on the shore instantly slip out of their long loose shifts, and
in puris naturalibus rush into the contest, to land some hundred
yards below their clothing, with or without a prize.
Lower down the river, date-trees line the shores in never-ending
succession, and seem to grow out of the water. At nightfall arrived at
Márjil, and warped alongside a wharf built up of date-logs. Took in
cargo all day, and in the evening steamed down to Basrah, and cast
anchor near the mail-steamer Euphrates. Here we transhipped to the
mail-steamer, and proceeding down the Persian Gulf, in due course
arrived at Bombay. The heat in the Gulf! its bare recollection is
enough to provoke a moisture of the skin. Happily I need not dwell
on its memory. It is beyond the limits of my journey from the Indus
to the Tigris.
 FOOTNOTES
[1] Their drainage to the westward and southward flows to the
Tigris and the Shat-ul-Arab, or river of the Arabs, formed by the
junction of the two rivers of Mesopotamia.
[2] Riddle. What is the cause of delay in our joining you in
Sistan?
Reply. There is a Rúdbár in the way.
[3] We were here joined by an escort of fourteen horsemen,
eighty footmen, and ten artillerymen with one gun; and were
roused at daylight by a fearful bray from the trumpets of the last
arm of the service, which, by the way, was the only one dignified
with uniform. They are to escort us across the Turkman-infested
country lying between this and Shahrúd. We set out at 4.30 a.m.,
in rather loose order, the artillerymen with their gun, preceded by
a detachment of horse, leading the way.
[4] They proved to be the advanced guard of the detachment
escorting the caravan, for owing to the depredations of Kurd
robbers, such protection was now necessary on this road.
[5] On descending this pass, we left the elevated plateaux of
Persia behind us, and entered on the valley of the Tigris, quite a
different country and climate. The change is sudden and
complete, by a drop of three thousand feet from the cool breezes
of Karriud to the hot blasts of Zuháb.
 APPENDIX.
A.
SYNOPTICAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF
THE BRAHOE LANGUAGE

This language is spoken throughout Balochistan as far west as Kej,

Panjgúr, and Jalk, up to the borders of Sistan, and is written in the
Persian character.
There is no inflection for gender or case. The plural is formed by
the addition of ák if the singular ends in a consonant, as kasar, a
road, kasarák, roads; of k alone if the singular ends in a vowel, as
urá, a house, urák, houses—húlí, a horse, húlík, horses—are, a man,
arek, men—dú, the hand, becomes dík, the hands; and of ghák if
the singular ends in the mute h, as bandah, a man, bandahghák,
men.
The cases are formed by the addition of certain distinguishing
particles to the nominative, as is shown in the following typical forms
of declension:—

Singular. Plural.
Nom. kasar a road. Nom. kasarúk roads.
Gen. kasarná of a road. Gen. kasarúkná of roads.
Dat. kasar e to a road. Dat. kasarúk e to roads.
Acc. kasar a road. Acc. kasarák roads.
Abl. kasaryún from a road. Abl. kasarakyán from roads.
Voc. ore kasar O road! Voc. ore kasarúk O roads!
Singular. Plural.
Nom. urá a house. Nom. urák houses.
 Gen. uráná of a house. Gen. urákná of houses.
Dat. uráte-e to a house. Dat. urák e to houses.
Acc. urá a house. Acc. urák houses.
Abl. urátyún from a house. Abl. urákyán from houses.
Voc. ore urá O house! Voc. ore urák O houses!
Singular. Plural.
Nom. húli a horse. Nom. húlik horses.
Gen. húlíná of a horse. Gen. húlikná of horses.
Dat. húlíte-e to a horse. Dat. húlik e to horses.
Acc. húlí a horse. Acc. húlik horses.
Abl. húlityún from a horse. Abl. húlikyún from horses.
Voc. ore húli O horse! Voc. ore húlik O horses!

The dative affix of the last two declensions te really means into;
the simple affix e means at, to, and the forms úráe and húlíe are
also used in this case.

Singular. Plural.
Nom. bandah a man. Nom. bandahghák men.
Gen. bandahná of a man. Gen. bandahghákná of men.
Dat. bandah e to a man. Dat. bandahghák e to men.
Acc. bandah a man. Acc. bandahghák men.
Abl. bandahyán from a man. Abl. bandahghákyán from men.
Voc. ore bandah O man! Voc. ore bandahghák O men!

The singular bandah is often pronounced bandagh, and the plural

bandaghák.

Singular. Plural.
Nom. arwat a woman. Nom. arwaták women.
Gen. arwatná of a woman. Gen. arwatákná of women.
Dat. arwat e to a woman. Dat. arwaták e to women.
Acc. arwat a woman. Acc. arwaták women.
 Abl. arwatyán from a woman. Abl. arwatákyán from women.
Voc. ore arwat O woman! Voc. ore arwaták O women!

There are several exceptions to these rules for forming the plural.
Thus már, a boy, becomes mák for márák, boys—bángo, a cock,
becomes bángák, cocks—kóchak, a dog, becomes kochaghák, dogs,
&c.
Nouns are qualified by an adjective set before them, and then
declined as a compound word, as chuno már, a little boy—chuno
már ná, of a little boy—chuno mák, little boys—chuno mák e, to little
boys, &c., sharo masar, a good girl—sharo masarák, good girls, &c.
Degrees of comparison are expressed by the use of the ablative
case with the positive, as e juwán húlí are (or e), that is a handsome
horse—dá juwán húlí asite, this is a (more) handsome horse—dá kul
húlíyán juwán are (or e), this is the handsomest of all the horses—
are arwatyán balo e (or are), the man is larger than the woman—
arek arwatákyán balo arer, men are larger than women—bandaghák
zorak arer, vale dá bandagh kulyán zorak asite, the men are strong,
but this man is stronger than all—dáfk arwaták zorak arer, vale
bandaghák zorak asitur, these women are strong, but men are
stronger—hísun áhinyán khuben e, gold is heavier than iron.

PRONOUNS.
The personal pronouns are í, I—ní, thou—o, he, she, or it; their
plurals are nan, we—num, ye—ofk, they.
The demonstrative pronouns are, proximate, dá, this—plural dáfk,
these; and remote, e, that—plural efk, those.
They are declined as follows:—

Personal Pronouns.

Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. í I, me. Nom. & Acc. nan we, us.
Gen. kaná of me, my. Gen. nanná of us,
our.
Dat. kane to me. Dat. nane to us.
Abl. kanyán from me. Abl. nanyán from us.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. ní thou, thee. Nom. & Acc. num ye, you.
Gen. ná of thee, thy. Gen. numá of you,
your.
Dat. ne to thee. Dat. nume to you.
Abl. nyán from thee. Abl. numyán from
you.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. o he, she, it, Nom. & Acc. ofk they.
him, her, it.
Gen. oná of him, his, Gen. oftá of them,
etc. their.
Dat. ode to him, her, Dat. ofte to them.
etc.
Abl. odán from him, Abl. oftyán from
her, etc. them.

Examples—Urá kaná mur are, my house is far off—oná tuman khurk

e, his village is near—húlík numá aráng arer? where are your
horses?—iragh oftyán hallak, take the bread from them—nane dír
hatbo, bring us water.
The demonstrative pronouns are similarly declined.

Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. dá this. Nom. & Acc. dáfk these.
Gen. dáná of this. Gen. dáftá of these.
Dat. dáde to this. Dat. dáfte to these.
Abl. dádán from this. Abl. dáftyán from these.
 Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. e that. Nom. & Acc. efk those.
Gen. ená of that. Gen. eftá of those.
Dat. ede to that. Dat. efte to those.
Abl. edán from that. Abl. eftyán from those.

Examples—Dá masar ená areghas ír e, this girl is that man’s sister—

(the word areghas is here an inflected form of are, a man. In
composition, where the nominative ends in a vowel, the particle
ghas, and where in a consonant, the particle as, is added to
distinguish the oblique case, or the accusative only)—dáfk darakhták
eftyán burzo asitur, these trees are taller than those.
The possessive pronoun is expressed by the adjective ten or tenat,
own, self, added to the several personal pronouns, and is regularly
declined, singular and plural being the same, as í ten, I myself, nan
ten, we ourselves, ní ten, thou thyself, num ten, you yourselves, o
ten, he himself, ofk ten, they themselves.

Singular. Plural.
Nom. & Acc. í ten myself. Nom. & Acc. nan ten ourselves.
Gen. í tenná of Gen. nan of
myself. tenná ourselves.
Dat. í tene to Dat. nan to
myself. tene ourselves.
Abl. í from Abl. nan from
tenyán myself. tenyán ourselves.

And so on with the other personal pronouns above mentioned.

Examples—Ílum kaná tenat kárem kare, my brother did the work
himself—í tenná zaghm are, it is my own sword—efk bandaghák ten-
pa-ten jang kerá, those men are quarrelling amongst themselves.
The interrogative pronouns are der, who?, the same in the
singular and plural, and applied only to animate objects, and ant,
which? and ará, what? used in both numbers, but only applied to
inanimate objects. The first is declined regularly. The others are
indeclinable.

Singular and Plural.

Nom. & Acc. der who? whom?
Gen. dinná of whom? whose?
Dat. dere to whom?
Abl. deryán from whom?

Examples—Dá bandagh der are? who is this man?—dinná már are?

whose son is he?—ní ant cóm asitus? of which tribe are you?—dá
kasar ará tuman te káek? to which camp does this road go? Ará is
also used as a relative pronoun, with hamo as its correlative, as ará
ki sharo e hamo halbo, ará ki gando e hamo gum kar, whichever is
good, that bring; whichever is bad, that throw away.
There are besides a number of adjective pronouns. Those in
common use are the following:—Pen, another, har pen, every other,
ant pen, which other. Example—kaná ílum afas pen bandagh asite,
he is not my brother, he is some other man. Ákhadr, as much as,
hamo khadr, so much, dá khadr, this much. Example—ákhadr ki
darkár e hamo khadr haltak, as much as is necessary, so much take.
Hamdún, like as—so. Example—hamdún ní us hamdún í ut, like as
thou art so am I. Hamro, what sort, as dá hamro húlí are, what sort
of horse is this?

ADJECTIVES.
The adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, and undergo no
change for gender or number of case, as húlan are, a stout man—
húlan arwat, a stout woman. Some adjectives are modified by the
addition of certain particles denoting either increase or diminution,
as sharo bandagh, a good man; sharangá bandagh, a very good
man—chuno masar, a little girl; chunaká masar, a very little girl.
 VERBS.
The verbs appear to be more or less irregular in their paradigms. I
had not sufficient opportunity to examine their structure on an
extended scale, so as to reduce them to some form of classification,
and the natives from whom I gathered my information regarding the
language had no knowledge whatever of the rules guiding their
speech. The different tenses offered in the following forms of
conjugations have been derived from the replies to questions
requiring answers in the present, past, and future respectively,
through the medium of the Persian language, and I trust they may
be found generally correct.
The infinitive ends in ing, and is often used as a verbal noun.
Example—jang kaning sharaf, quarrelling is not good (or proper)—
rást páning shar e, speaking the truth is good (or right). The
infinitive sign is generally added to the root, which is the same as
the imperative, as hin, go; hining, to go—haraf, ask; harafing, to
ask. But there are many exceptions to this, as bar, come; baning, to
come—kar, do; kaning, to do, &c.
Some verbs form the past tenses on a different root to that from
which the present tenses are formed, as will be seen by the list of
verbs given at the end of this paper. The rules might be easily
worked out with a little leisure for their study.
Transitives are formed from intransitives by interposing f between
the root and infinitive sign, as khuling, to fear; khulfing, to frighten—
harsing, to change; harsfing, to alter—túling, to sit; túlfing, to seat,
&c.
Causals are formed from these transitives by changing the f to íf
or ef, as khulfing, to frighten; khulífing, to cause to frighten—túlfing,
to seat; túlífing, to cause to seat, &c.
The paradigms of the substantive verb, and two intransitive and
two transitive verbs, are here given as models for all other verbs.
Irregularities are only to be ascertained by a practical acquaintance
with the language, but they do not seem to be numerous.
The substantive verb maning, “to be or become,” is thus
conjugated:—

Infinitive Mood—maning—to be.

Present Participle—are-e—being.
Agent—manok—becomer.
Past Participle—mas—been.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.
ní mares be thou. num mabo be you.
o mare let him be. ofk marer let them be.
Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.
í ut I am. nan un we are.
ní us thou art. num ure you are.
o are-e he, she, it is. ofk arer-or they are.
Aorist.

Singular. Plural.
í asitut I may be. nan asitun we may be.
ní asitus thou mayest be. num asiture you may be.
o asite he, etc. may be. ofk asitor they may be.
Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.
í asut I was. nan asun we were.
ní asus thou wast. num asure you were.
o asak he, etc. was. ofk asor they were.
Continuative Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.
í masut I was being. nan masun we were being.
ní masus thou wast being. num masure you were being.
o masak he, etc. was being. ofk masor they were being.
Perfect.

Singular. Plural.
í masasut I have been. nan masasun we have been.
ní thou hast been. num you have been.
masasus masasure
o masas he, etc. has been. ofk masasor they have been.
Past.

Singular. Plural.
í masunut I had been. nan masunun we had been.
ní thou hast been. num you had been.
masunus masunure
o masune he, etc. has been. ofk masunor they had been.
Future Present.

Singular. Plural.
í marew I will be. nan maren we will be.
ní mares thou wilt be. num marere you will be.
o marek he, etc. will be. ofk marer they will be.
Future Past.

Singular. Plural.
í marot I will have been. nan maron we will have
been.
ní maros thou wilt have been. num morore you will have
been.
o maroe he, etc. will have ofk maror they will have
been. been.

The intransitive verbs “to come” and “to go” are thus conjugated:
—

Infinitive Mood—baning—to come.

Present Participle—bare—coming.
Agent—barok—comer.
Past Participle—bas—come.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.
ní bank- come thou. num babo come you.
bar
o bare let him come. ofk barer let them come.
Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.
í bareva I am coming. nan barena we are coming.
ní baresa thou art coming. num barere you are coming.
o bare he, etc. is coming. ofk barera they are coming.
Aorist.

Singular. Plural.
í barew I may come. nan baren we may come.
ní bares thou mayest come. num barere you may come.
o barek he, etc. may come. ofk barer they may come.
Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.
í basut I came. nan basun we came.
ní basus thou camest. num basure you came.
o basak he, etc. came. ofk basor they came.
Perfect.

Singular. Plural.
í basasut I have come. nan basasun we have come.
ní basasus thou hast come. num you have come.
basasure
o basas he, etc. has come. ofk basasor they have come.
Past.

Singular. Plural.
í basunut I had come. nan basunun we had come.
ní basunus thou hadst come. num you had come.
basunure
o basune he, etc. had come. ofk basunor they had come.
Future Present.

Singular. Plural.
í barew I will come. nan baren we will come.
ní bares thou wilt come. num barere you will come.
o barek he, etc. will come. ofk barer they will come.
Future Past.

Singular. Plural.
í barot I will have come. nan baron we will have
come.
ní baros thou wilt have come. num barore you will have
come.
o baroe he, etc. will have ofk baror they will have
come. come.

The verb “to go”:—

 Infinitive Mood—hining—to go.
Present Participle—káe—going.
Agent—hinok—goer.
Past Participle—hiná—gone.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.
ní hinak- go thou. num hinbo go you.
hin
o káe let him, etc. go. ofk kára let them go.
Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.
í káwa I am going. nan kána we are going.
ní kása thou art going. num káre you are going.
o káe he, etc. is going. ofk kára they are going.
Aorist.

Singular. Plural.
í káw I may go. nan kán we may go.
ní kás thou mayest go. num káre you may go.
o káek he, etc. may go. ofk kár they may go.
Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.
í hinát I went. nan hinán we went.
ní hinás thou wentest. num hináre you went.
o hinák he, etc. went. ofk hinár they went.
Perfect.

Singular. Plural.
í hinásut I have gone. nan hinásun we have gone.
ní hinásus thou hast gone. num you have gone.
hinásure
o hinásas he, etc. had gone. ofk hinásor they have gone.
Past.

Singular. Plural.
í hinánut I had gone. nan hinánun we had gone.
ní hinánus thou hadst gone. num you had gone.
hinánure
o hináne he, etc. had gone. ofk hinánor they had gone.
Future Present.

Singular. Plural.
í káw I will go. nan kán we will go.
ní kás thou wilt go. num káre you will go.
o káek he, etc. will go. ofk kár they will go.
Future Past.

Singular. Plural.
í kot I will have gone. nan kon we will have
gone.
ní kos thou wilt have gone. num kore you will have
gone.
o koe he, etc. wilt have ofk kor they will have
gone. gone.

The above may be taken as examples of all intransitive verbs. But

the different roots for the present and past tenses can only be
acquired by practice.
The transitive verbs “to do” and “to beat” are thus conjugated.
The verb “to do or make.”

Infinitive Mood—kaning—to do, make.