UTS REVIEWER

WHO I AM?
Not knowing this is the greatest death to the Soul (one's ownself) -Dada Bhagwan

WHAT IS SELF? (One's self perception is defined by their)

- SELF-CONCEPT - SELF-ESTEEM
- SSELF-KNOWLEDG - SOCIAL SELF
SOCRATES (469-399 BC) KNOW THYSELF
"AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING"
-Socrates never wrote a book. Things we know about him he came from xenophon. his student
plato.
-There is soul first before man's body. man first exisrs in the realm of ideas and exists as a soul
or pure mind.
-When man came to the material world, he forgot the ideas he knew/became ignorant.
Ignorance causes problem to man.
Solution: Dialectic Method/ Socratic Method.

PLATO (427-347 BC)

if we are ever to have pure knowledge of anything, we must get rid of the body and contemplate
things by themselves with the soul by itself (Phaedo 66a)
DICHOTOMY - IDEAL WORLD OF FORMS & MATERIAL WORLD
Human beings are composed of two things body and soul.
Soul- is the true self-the permanent unchanging
Self-found in the world of Ideas.
Body- what we see in material world./replica.
• Soul already existing before bodily death/will survive after body dies. body becomes a prison
of the soul. To free us, we have to contemplate.
-Contemplation- Union of the mind with universal and eternal ideas.

ST. AUGUSTINE (354-438)

"But my sin was this, that I looked for pleasure, beauty, and truth not in Him but in myself and
His other creatures, and the search led me instead to pain, confusion, and error." (Confessions)
Psalms 8:3-4
• Highly influenced by Plato- the permanent world is where God is and the material world is our
world now.
• Man is created out of God's love and also created in His image. He also has an immortal soul
whose goal is to be with God eternally.

RENE DESCARTES (1596-1658)

I think, therefore; I am or also known as Cogito (Cogito ergo sum) the consciousness of his
mind which leads to an evidence of his existence- despite the fact that he is doubting the
existence of everything physical Including his own body.
Trivia: Descartes was hired to tutor Queen Christina of Sweden but soon after, he died of
pneumonia because his health couldn't take the 5 am stort of lesson required by the queen.
-Father of Modern Philosophy
-Brilliant mathematician (Cartesian Geometry)
-When body is gone, the mind may continue to exist and function.

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)

What worries you, masters you. (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689)
Trivia: He is known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism" because of his contribution to the
formulation of human rights.
• The self is not locked in mind, body and soul only. • Memory is part of the definition of the self.
• Memory theory- we are the same person as we were in the past for as long as we can
remember something from the past.

DAVID HUME 1711-1776)

Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other
office than to serve and obey them. (Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, 1738
How then shall we respond when somebody tells us, please don't change?
-born in Scotland, he was a lawyer but is known more for the history book that he wrote (History
of England.)
-He is empiricist and regarded the senses as our key source of knowledge.
Impression- those things we perceive through our senses as we experience them.
-Ideas are those things that we create in our minds even though we are no longer experiencing
them.

IMMANUEL KANT
• Considered as one of the giants in philosophy, he was spurred into philosophical activism.
• He argued that it is possible to discover universal truth about the world using our reason. He
also argued that it is possible to find essence od the Self.
• Man is gifted with reason and freewill, therefore man can organize the different data gathered
by senses. From this, we can now have a good idea of the self.

SIGMUND FREUD
"The ego is not master in its own house."
• He devised a tripartite division of man-id, ego, and superego.
• Id represents the biological structure, superego represents the socio-cultural environment. The
two are at battles against each other and whoever wins between them is manifested in the ego.
The ego being the Self.

GILBERT RYLE
"Minds are things, but different sorts of things from bodies."
• For him, a talk of mind is only a talk of behavior.
The mind is not distinct from the body but is part of a certain aspects of our bodies.
• Criticized Descartes and said Descartes made a category mistake.
• In a discourse, separation of mind, body, and soul is possible but not in practice. Thus, we can
see how the mind is working through his behavior. The self can be known by the behavior.

PAUL CHURCHLAND
"We do have an organ for understanding and recognizing moral facts. It is called the brain."
• Known for his Eliminative Materialism- the idea which the mind is unreal, and the brain is real.
The self is brain. The brain is the essence of the self.The term mind, moods, emotions, actions,
consciousness are deeply affected by the state of the brain.
“Do you think experience also shapes a person? If you say yes, how can this be reconciled with
Churchland's eliminative materialism?”

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
"We know not through our intellect but through our experience."
• An existentialist, he believes that a person is defined by virtue of movement and expression. A
person is the sum of all that he does with his body. Including his interpretation of his past and
his decisions. The definition of self is all about one's perception of one's experience and the
interpretation of those experiences.The self is grounded on the experiences from the past, the
possibility for the future and the present cognition.

CLIFFORD GEERTZ
"Culture is not just an ornament of human existence but -- the principal basis of its specificity --
an essential condition for it.“
THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
: Knowing the self requires understanding our society and its culture and how it provokes us to
make decisions that are culturally influenced and socially constructed.
CULTURE - "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by (a human) as a member of society."
-Sir Edward B. Tylor
THE DIFFERENT FACETS OF CULTURE
-BELIEFS -LANGUAGE -RITUAL -BEHAVIOR -FOOD -ART -ATTITUDE
ANTHROPOLOGY - is the inclusive study of the human race, its culture and society, and its
physical development.-Heacock, 2009
SOCIOLOGY - The scientific study of human life, social groups, whole societies. our own
behavior as social beings in relationship with many other people.- Giddens, A. & Sutton, P.W.
2016
NORMS - Our culture sets the norms of our people. Norms in society are culturally based, we
deport ourselves based on the cultural standards of our community.
MATERIAL CULTURE - consist of human technology. All the things that people make and use.
(kitchen utensils, gym equipment)
CULTURE -is dynamic. It changes from time to time. Evolution of Material Culture
technological advances that humanity was able to make.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - intangible human creations that include beliefs, values, norms,
and symbols.
CONSERVATISM - as a social value, can also manifest in the kind of dress that people wear.
OPEN SELF - Information about u that both u & others know.
HIDDEN SELF - Information about u that u know but other not.
BLIND SELF - Information about u that u dont know but others know.
UNKNOWN SELF - Information about you that neither you nor others know.
SELF / SELF CONCEPT →"organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about
oneself" (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.451).
Self-Schemas- self or our self- concept” is organized, consistent set of perceptions of and
beliefs about oneself”. These perceptions and beliefs that comprise our self-concept are
called self schemas.
formed by numerous factors, that we may be aware or unaware of. (past ex., personality traits,
ability)
Ideal Selves - Our ideal self is essential in guiding and motivating us to behave in a way that
would lead us to the best version of who we want to be.
Possible selves - are developed from past experiences, current behavior, and future expectations.
negative and represent what you fear you might come.
When our self-image and ideal-self are not closely matched we experience incongruence.
We are not capable of self- actualisation when in a state of incongruence.
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own capabilities to successfully
perform specific tasks or achieve particular goals
Self-esteem is your opinion of yourself.
Self Awareness - When you invest your time in developing yourself personally and
professionally, you are role- playing as a catalyst for self- growth. There are myriad skill
investment avenues.
Genetics- Gregor Mendel (father of genetics)
definitely has a hand in our physical appearance. Our biology dictates that our looks
result from the genes transferred to us by our parents.
CULTURAL STANDARD OF BEAUTY
Defining beauty is contextual. As culture decides the norms of society, its concept of
what is beautiful is similarly invoked from a cultural perspective.
BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER - Body dysmorphia is a mental health condition
where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance.
ANOREXIA
is defined as serious mental illness where people are low weight due to limiting their
energy intake. It can affect anyone of any age, gender, or background. food intake in an
effort to maintain her low weight.
BINGE-EATING DISORDER - eats abnormally large quantities of food and finds it
difficult to stop eating.
BODY SHAMMING - criticizing yourself or others because of some aspect of physical
appearance.
Attitudinal Component - It refers to how we think and feel about the size and/ or shape of
our body, which if not correct processed, will result to body dissatisfaction.
Perceptual Component - It refers to how we accurately perceive our body size, also
known as body size estimation.
EROGENOUS ZONES - An area of the body that has heightened sensitivity and can lead
to a sexual response. It is also known as pleasure point.
Orgasm - What do we call the peak or intense pleasure felt by someone engaged in a
sexual activity?
PUBERTY - Defined as the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and
become capable of reproduction.
-Alll are benefits of male circumcision, EXCEPT - Inability to reproduce offspring
GENDER - It refers to the social characteristics that may be [or not be] aligned with a
person’s sex and adopted by an individual as their gender identity.
ATTRACTION - Falling in Love according to Fisher is when we begin to think irrationally
and idealize our partners?
GENDER IDENTITY - It is one’s concept of being male, female, both, or neither and is
“entirely determined by socialization (nurture),not biological factors (nature)”
SEXUAL ORIENTATION - Defined as who you are physically, spiritually and
emotionally attracted to, based on their sex/gender in relation to your own.
SEX - It refers to a person’scharacterization as female or male at birth, typically based
on the appearance of external genitalia or other biological characteristics including
chromosomes.
SEXUALITY - It is defined as “the ways people experience and express themselves as
sexual beings", the central aspect of being human.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
-GONORRHEA. -HERPES
-CHAMYDIA. -SYPHILLS
-TRICIMONAS. -PAIN W URINATION
-HIV. -PAIN W SEX
-HERPATITS
HOMOSEXUAL - SEXUAL ATTRACT TO MEMBERS OF SAME SEX
BISEXUAL - ATTRACT TO BOTH GENDER
HETEROSEXUAL - STRAIGHT (opposite sex)
PANSEXUAL - USUALLY ATTRACT TO ANY SEX OR GENDER IDENTITY
ASEXUAL - NOT ATTRACT TO BOTH SEX/GENDER
CISGENDER/CIS - gender identity consistent is with the sex they were assigned at
birth.
TRANSGENDER/TRANS - gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned
at birth.
AGENDER - People who do not identify with any gender.
NON-BINARY - People who do not identify strictly as a boy or girl- could identify as
both, neither, or as another gender identity.
TRANSEXUAL - A transsexual transitions from one sex to another by undergoing
several surgical procedures.