BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTIC

PROJECT WORK ON
APPLICATION OF MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS OF A
COLLEGE IN THE ANNUAL EXAMINATION 2018

SESSION 2023-25
SUBMITTED BY
NAME OF THE STUDENT - PIYUSH MOHANTY
CHSE ROLL NO -
REGISTRATION NO - DB08C23104
NAME OF THE INSTITUTION - PRINCIPAL DHENKANAL HIGHER

SECONDARY SCHOOL

NAME OF THE EXAMINATION - AHSE 2025

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT –
DATE OF SUBMISSION –
PROJECT MARK VIVA VOICE MARK TOTAL MARK
SIGN OF INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

INDEX
SL NO CONTENTS PAGE
ABSTRACT
1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
REVIEW OF BOOKS AND OTHER
2 LITERATURE
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
3 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND
METHODOLOGY USED
5 DATA ANALYSIS BY USING
MEAN MEDIAN MODE
6 FINDING SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS
7 REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT
A central tendency is a central or typical value for a data
or statistical series. A measure of central tendency is
known as average in the language of statistics. It is used to
identify the central tendency characteristic of a data set.
There are two types of statistical averages, such as
Mathematical Averages (Arithmetic mean, Geometric
mean and Harmonic mean) and positional averages
(Median and Mode). In simple language, it is defined as an
average which is a single figure that represents the entire
group or data set. Among the various measures of central
tendency, Arithmetic Mean is considered as most
appropriate one to study the average characteristic of a
statistical series. Besides Median and Mode are also used
to study the central tendency characteristics on the basis
of position and location of variables in the data set. In this
project work, Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode are
used to compare the central tendency characteristics of
three data set.

Key words: Measures of central tendency, Arithmetic

Mean, Median, Mode.
 INTRODUCTION

A measure of central tendency is a summary measure that

attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that
represents the middle or center of its distribution
According to Simpson and Kafka, a measure of central tendency
is typical value around which other figures aggregate.
According to Croxton and Cowden, "An average is a single value
within the range of the data that is used to represent all the values
in the series. Since an average is somewhere within the range of
the data, it is sometimes called a measure of central value."
Thus, a measure of central tendency is a single value that
attempts to describe the average characteristics of a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data
The most common measures of central tendency are the
Arithmetic mean, the Median, and the Mode. While they are all
measures of central tendency, each is calculated differently and
measures something different from the others
The Mean, Median, and Mode are valid measures of central
tendency, but under different conditions, some measures of
central tendency become more appropriate to use than others.
Each of these measures describes a different location of the
typical or central value of the distribution. The measures of
central tendency enable us to compare two or more distributors
pertaining to the same time period or within the same distribution
over time.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this project work are as
follows:

- To evaluate the performance of the students

of three colleges by using Mean, Median
and Mode.

- To compare the overall performance of the

students through the use of Mean, Median
and Mode.
REVIEW OF THE BOOKS AND
OTHER LITREATURES

(i) Dr. S.P. Gupta in his book

"Statistical Method" has explained the
concept and procedure for determining
mean, median and mode in a very
systematic and lucid manner.

(ii) Dr. R.K. Bal and Dr. P.K. Swain and

Dr. B. Rath In their book "A new
approach to business Mathematics and
Statistics" explained the meaning,
significance, merits, demerits, methods
of computation and suitability for
application of three important measures
of central tendency, i.e., mean, median
and mode.
 MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

An average is a single value that represents all the

individual values in a series. It facilitates comparison
of two or more series.

All the measures of central tendency (or Averages)

are grouped as follows:

Measures of Central Tendency

Or
Types of Statistical Average

Mathematical Averages

- Arithmetic Mean (X)

- Geometric Mean (GM)
- Harmonic Mean (HM)

Positional Average

- Median
- Mode
PRESENTATION OF DATA AND
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Variables (X): Marks in Business Mathematics &

Statistics in 2024 (A) Examination of CHSE (O).

Nature of Data: Secondary.

Number of Samples: 1 (1 college).

Sample Size (No. of Students): 256 students of THE

college.

Data Table: Marks secured in BM & S by the XII

Commerce Students of A college in 2018 (A)
Examination
 MARK IN COLLEGE
BMS A
0-10 2
10-20 4
20-30 10
30-40 16
40-50 30
50-60 40
60-70 60
70-80 82
80-90 8
90-100 4
TOTAL 256

- Arithmetic Mean (X) is defined as the value obtained by adding all

the items in the series and dividing this total by the number of items.
Mathematically,

- Median is a positional average. It is the value of the middle item in an

array. According to Prof. L.S. Corner, Median is that value of the
variable which divides the group into two equal parts. One part
comprising all values greater and the other part comprising all
values less than the Median.

- Mode: Mode is a positional average. It is the most frequent value of

the variable of a distribution. According to Stockton & Clark, Mode
is defined as "The value of the variable in a distribution that occurs
maximum time or often.
 DATA ANALYSIS BY USING MEAN
MEDIAN MODE
6.1 MEAN MEDIAN MODE MARKS OF A
COLLEGE A
1- COMPUTATION OF MEAN MARKS OF
COLLEGE A

Deviation
Number of Mid-points from Mean
Marks (x) Students (f) (m) (m-A=d) d' = d/i f.d'
0-10 2 5 -50 -5 -10
10-20 4 15 -40 -4 -16
20-30 10 25 -30 -3 -30
30-40 16 35 -20 -2 -32
40-50 30 45 -10 -1 -30
50-60 40 55 0 0 0
60-70 60 65 10 1 60
70-80 82 75 20 2 164
80-90 8 85 30 3 24
90-100 4 95 40 4 16
Σf Σfd' =
Total N = 256 146

Let Assumed Mean (A) = 55, Common factor (i) = 10

Mean = A + (Σfd'/Σf) × (i) = 55 + (146/256) × 10 = 55

+ 5.7 = 60.70
 DETERMINATION OF MEDIAN MARKS OF
COLLEGE A

Now we have to compute Median marks of the

students by using the figures of the following table
Num
ber CUMM
of ULATIV
Stud E
ents FREQU
Marks (X) (f) ENCY
0-10 2 2
20-Oct 4 6
20-30 10 16
30-40 16 32
40-50 30 62
50-60 40 102
60-70 60 162
70-80 82 244
80-90 8 252
90-100 4 256

Total N= 256

Median=L1+
(N/2cf)/
f×(L2-Ll)

Where:
L1 = Lower
limit of the
median class
L2 = Upper
limit of the
median class
f = frequency
of the median
class
N=
Cumulative
frequency of
the class just
preceding the
median class
 N = 256 / 2 = 128

∴ Median = 60 + (70-60) / 60 × (128-102)

= 60 + 10/60 × 26 = 60 + 4.33 = 64.33

- COMPUTATION FOR MODE

Number of
Marks (X) Students (f)
0-10 2
10-20 4
20-30 10
30-40 16
40-50 30
50-60 40
60-70 60 (f₀)
70-80 82 (f₁)
80-90 8 (f₂)
90-100 4

The value of the variable having highest frequency is

Mode. It is found that Modal value lies in the class 70-
80.

Mode = l₁ + (f₁ - f₀) / (2f₁ - f₀ - f₂) × (i)

Where l₁ = Lower limit of the modal class

l₂ = Upper limit of the modal class
f₁ = Frequency of the modal class
f₀ = Frequency of the class preceding modal class
f₂ = Frequency of the class succeeding modal class
(i) = Class interval
Mode = 70 + (82-60) / (2×82 - 60 - 8) × 10

= 70 + 22/100 × 10 = 70 + 2.2 = 72.2

Thus, the Mean, Median and Mode of the marks

distribution of college A are as follows.

Mean : 60.70
Median : 64.33
Mode : 72.2

FINDING SUGGESTION AND

CONCLUSION

Finally, the relationship among these three measures

of central tendency are found as negatively skewed
because the Mean < Median < Mode.

Comparison among Mean, Median & Mode

From the above analysis we find that, mean is a

mathematical average while median and mode are
positional average. Further mean is the capable of
further mathematical treatment while median and
mode are not capable of further mathematical
treatment. Mean takes all the items into
while median and mode are positional average. Further
mean is the capable of further mathematical treatment
while median and mode are not capable of further
mathematical treatment. Mean takes all the items into
consideration while median and mode do not consider all
the items. Mean does not required arrangement of values
of various items, while arrangement of values is essential
in case of mean and median. Mean is affected by extreme
values while median and mode are not affected by extreme
values.

7.2. Suggestions for improvement of performance

CHSE (O) should calculate the overall performance of all

the junior commerce colleges in Odisha by using mean,
median and mode. The standard measures of central
tendency may be compared with the measures of central
tendency of individual colleges. This will help to improve
the performance of commerce students in Odisha.

CONCLUSION
Central Tendencies in Statistics are the numerical values that are used to represent mid-value or
central values of a large collection of numerical data. These obtained numerical values are called
central or average values in Statistics. Thus, a measure of central tendency is a statistical
measurement tool which may be used to measure the performance of the data set in any field of
business activities
 REFERENCES
Dr. S.P. Gupta, "Statistical Method", Sultan Chand & Sons (P)
Ltd., New Delhi

Business Mathematics and Statistics, Odisha State Bureau of

Textbook Preparation and Publication, Bhubaneswar,
Publication No. 208, 2017

Dr. R.K. Bal, Dr. P.K. Swain, Dr. B. Rath, "A new approach to
Business Mathematics and Statistics", S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New
Delhi (2017).
Dr. J.K. Sharma, "Business Statistics", Pearson Education, New
Delhi (2018).