Vibration Engineering Unit 1
Vibration Engineering Unit 1
Fundamentals of
Vibration
Importance of the Study of
Vibration
Basic Concepts
Vibration
- any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time
Theory of Vibration
Vibratory System
- Storing Potential Energy (Spring)
- Storing Kinetic Energy (Mass)
- Energy Dissipation (Damper)
Basic Concepts
• Degree of Freedom
- the minimum number of independent coordinates
required to determine completely the position of all parts
of a system at any instant of time defines the number of
degrees of freedom of the system.
• Generalized Coordinates
- coordinates necessary to describe the motion of a
system
Basic Concepts
• Discrete (Lumped) System
- a system that can be describe using a finite number of
degree of freedom
• Continuous (Distributed) System
- a system that can be describe using a infinite number
of degree of freedom
Classification
1. Free and Forced Vibration
• Free Vibration
- a system which after an initial disturbance is left to
vibrate on its own. No external force acts on the system
• Forced Vibration
- a system subjected to an external force resulting in a
vibrating system
Resonance – a condition called if the frequency of the external force
coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system
Classification
2. Undamped and Damped Vibration
• Undamped Vibration
- no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation
• Damped Vibration
- energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation
Classification
3. Linear and Nonlinear Vibration
• Linear Vibration
- all basic component of a vibration system
(spring, mass, damper) behave linearly
• Nonlinear Vibration
- all basic component of a vibration system
(spring, mass, damper) behave nonlinearly
Classification
4. Deterministic and Random Vibration
• Deterministic Vibration
- the value or magnitude of the excitation
(force or motion) acting on a vibratory system
is known at any given time
• Random Vibration
- the value or magnitude of the excitation
(force or motion) acting on a vibratory system
at a given time cannot be predicted
Vibration Analysis Procedure
Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
2. Derivation of Governing Equations
3. Solutions of the Equations
4. Interpretation of the Results
Vibration Analysis Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
- Represent all important features for the purpose of
deriving the mathematical equations governing the
system behavior
- Simple as possible
- Linear or Nonlinear
- Great deal of “engineering judgment”
- Sequential: First a crude of elementary model and
then a refined model including more components
and/or details
Vibration Analysis Procedure
2. Derivation of Governing Equations
- Use principle of dynamics and derive the descriptive
equations of a vibration system
- The equation of motion is usually in the form of a set
of ordinary differential equations for a discrete
system and partial differential equations for a
continuous system
- Linear or Nonlinear
- Approaches: Newton’s Second Law, D’Alambert’s
principle, and principle of conservation of energy
Vibration Analysis Procedure
3. Solution of the Governing Equations
- Standard Methods of Solving Differential Equations
a. Ordinary
b. Partial
- Laplace Transform Methods
- Matrix Methods
- Numerical Methods
Vibration Analysis Procedure
4. Interpretation of the Results
- Displacements
- Velocities
- Accelerations
Vibration Analysis Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
Example:
• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Spring Elements
• A linear spring is a type of mechanical link with
negligible mass and damping
• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Assumed to be a rigid body
• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Damping Elements
• The mechanism by which the
vibrational energy is
gradually converted into heat
and sound
• A damper is assumed to
have neither mass nor
elasticity, and exist only if
there is relative velocity
between the two ends of the
damper
Damping Elements
• Types of Damping
1. Viscous Damping