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Vibration Engineering Unit 1

Vibration engineering

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Sedrick Cagot
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8 views

Vibration Engineering Unit 1

Vibration engineering

Uploaded by

Sedrick Cagot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 1:

Fundamentals of
Vibration
Importance of the Study of
Vibration
Basic Concepts

Vibration
- any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time

Theory of Vibration

- deals with the study of oscillatory motions of bodies


and the forces associated with them
Basic Concepts

Vibratory System
- Storing Potential Energy (Spring)
- Storing Kinetic Energy (Mass)
- Energy Dissipation (Damper)
Basic Concepts
• Degree of Freedom
- the minimum number of independent coordinates
required to determine completely the position of all parts
of a system at any instant of time defines the number of
degrees of freedom of the system.

• Generalized Coordinates
- coordinates necessary to describe the motion of a
system
Basic Concepts
• Discrete (Lumped) System
- a system that can be describe using a finite number of
degree of freedom
• Continuous (Distributed) System
- a system that can be describe using a infinite number
of degree of freedom
Classification
1. Free and Forced Vibration
• Free Vibration
- a system which after an initial disturbance is left to
vibrate on its own. No external force acts on the system

• Forced Vibration
- a system subjected to an external force resulting in a
vibrating system
Resonance – a condition called if the frequency of the external force
coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system
Classification
2. Undamped and Damped Vibration
• Undamped Vibration
- no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation

• Damped Vibration
- energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation
Classification
3. Linear and Nonlinear Vibration
• Linear Vibration
- all basic component of a vibration system
(spring, mass, damper) behave linearly

• Nonlinear Vibration
- all basic component of a vibration system
(spring, mass, damper) behave nonlinearly
Classification
4. Deterministic and Random Vibration
• Deterministic Vibration
- the value or magnitude of the excitation
(force or motion) acting on a vibratory system
is known at any given time

• Random Vibration
- the value or magnitude of the excitation
(force or motion) acting on a vibratory system
at a given time cannot be predicted
Vibration Analysis Procedure

• A vibratory system is a dynamic system for which


the variables such as the excitations (inputs) and
response outputs are time dependent. The response
of a vibrating system generally depends on the initial
as well as the external excitations.
• Predict the behavior under specified input conditions
• Consider a simple model of the complex physical
model
Vibration Analysis Procedure

Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
2. Derivation of Governing Equations
3. Solutions of the Equations
4. Interpretation of the Results
Vibration Analysis Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
- Represent all important features for the purpose of
deriving the mathematical equations governing the
system behavior
- Simple as possible
- Linear or Nonlinear
- Great deal of “engineering judgment”
- Sequential: First a crude of elementary model and
then a refined model including more components
and/or details
Vibration Analysis Procedure
2. Derivation of Governing Equations
- Use principle of dynamics and derive the descriptive
equations of a vibration system
- The equation of motion is usually in the form of a set
of ordinary differential equations for a discrete
system and partial differential equations for a
continuous system
- Linear or Nonlinear
- Approaches: Newton’s Second Law, D’Alambert’s
principle, and principle of conservation of energy
Vibration Analysis Procedure
3. Solution of the Governing Equations
- Standard Methods of Solving Differential Equations
a. Ordinary
b. Partial
- Laplace Transform Methods
- Matrix Methods
- Numerical Methods
Vibration Analysis Procedure
4. Interpretation of the Results
- Displacements
- Velocities
- Accelerations
Vibration Analysis Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
Example:

The following figure shows a motorcycle with a rider.


Develop a sequence of three mathematical models of
the system for investigating vibration in the vertical
direction. Consider the elasticity of tires, elasticity and
damping of the strut, masses of the wheels, and
elasticity, damping and mass of the rider.
Vibration Analysis Procedure
2. Mathematical Modeling
Example:

A reciprocating engine is mounted on a foundation as


shown in the following figure. The unbalanced forces
and moments developed in the engine are transmitted
to the frame and the foundation. An elastic pad is
placed between the engine and the foundation block to
reduce the transmission of vibration. Develop two
mathematical models of the system using gradual
refinement of the modeling process.
ELEMENTS

• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Spring Elements
• A linear spring is a type of mechanical link with
negligible mass and damping

• The spring force is proportional to the amount of


deformation

• The work done in deforming a spring is stored as strain


or potential energy in the spring
Spring Elements
Spring Elements
• Elastic elements like beams also behave like spring
Spring Elements
• Combination of Springs
-Springs in Parallel
Spring Elements
• Combination of Springs
-Springs in Series
Spring Elements
• Example
- The figure shown the suspension system of a freight
truck with a parallel-spring arrangement. Find the
equivalent spring constant of the suspension if each of
the three helical springs is made of steel with a shear
modulus G = 80 x 109 N/m² and has 5 effective turns,
mean coil diameter D = 20cm, and wire d = 2 cm
Spring Elements
• Example
- Determine the torsional spring constant of the steel
propeller shaft
ELEMENTS

• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Assumed to be a rigid body

• Gain or lose kinetic energy


whenever the velocity
changes

• The work done on the mass


is stored in the form of
mass’s kinetic energy
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Combination of Masses
- Translational Masses Connected by a Rigid Bar
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Translational Masses Connected by a Rigid Bar
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Translational Masses and Rotational Masses Coupled
Together
Mass or Inertia Elements
• Translational Masses and Rotational Masses Coupled
Together
ELEMENTS

• Springs
• Mass/Inertial
• Damping
Damping Elements
• The mechanism by which the
vibrational energy is
gradually converted into heat
and sound

• A damper is assumed to
have neither mass nor
elasticity, and exist only if
there is relative velocity
between the two ends of the
damper
Damping Elements
• Types of Damping
1. Viscous Damping

2. Coulomb or Dry-friction Damping

3. Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping


Damping Elements
• Types of Damping
1. Viscous Damping
- Resistance offered by the fluid to the
moving body that causes the energy to be
dissipated
- Factors affecting damping
• Size
• Shape
• Viscosity
• Frequency
• Velocity
Damping Elements
- the damping force is proportional to the
velocity of the vibrating body
- typical example
• Fluid film between sliding surfaces
• Fluid around a piston in a cylinder
• Fluid flow through an orifice
• Fluid film around a journal in a
bearing
Damping Elements
• Types of Damping
2. Coulomb or Dry-friction Damping
- constant in magnitude but opposite in
direction of motion to the vibrating body
- caused by friction between rubbing
surfaces
Damping Elements
• Types of Damping
3. Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping
- energy is dissipated between material
when deformed
Damping Elements
Damping Elements
Damping Elements
• Combination of Dampers

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