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Int. J. Trop. Vet. Biomed. Res.

Vol. 3 (1) : 12-15; May 2018

www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/IJTVBR
E-ISSN : 2503-4715

Eurytrematosis: a Review of the Pancreatic Fluke

Ummu Balqis1
1
Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Syiah Kuala
Email for Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract
Eurytrematosis is a common zoonotic disease has emerged as a major species causing veterinary disease
and public health problem. This review examines recent advances in Eurytrema species, the life cycle, intermediate
hosts required for completing the life cycle, and geographical distribution of Eurytrema species in the world, as well
as several factors considered suitable to occur.
Keywords: Eurytrema spp., pancreas, life cycle, distribution, zoonosis

Background coelomaticum that were collected from the

Eurytrema spp. is one of the major pancreas of naturally infected cattle.
trematode pancreatic fluke causing Eurytrematosis not only reduce
substantial economic losses in ruminants. productivity of ruminants, but also require
Infection by Eurytrema spp. caused a public health attention as zoonosis. In the
disease is called eurytrematosis. The normal circumstance conditions, E. pancreaticum
tropism (predilection site) of the parasitic accidentally infects cats and humans. In
stages of Eurytrema spp. is in the biliary or Korea, Chai et al. (2013) described that the
pancreatic duct of ruminants. Infection with fluke prevalent in stray cats, Felis catus.
Eurytrema spp. can have a detrimental effect More previously study of occurance of E.
on animal health, leading to clinical and pancreaticum infection was found amount
sub-clinical diseases, that many result in of 15 adult flukes localized in pancreatic
financial lose and overall decreased ducts of a 70-years-old Japanese woman in
productivity. Eurytrema spp. is responsible Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan was reported by
for retardation of growth of young animal, Ishii et al. (1983). This review therefore
progressive weakness, reduced weight gains, examines recent advances in understanding
feed conversion, malnutrition and decreased the pancreatic fluke and their distribution in
milk production. some parts of the world.
Regarding to some reports indicate
that eurytrematosis is prevalent within some Discussion
parts in the world. This reflect that the Eurytrema Species
disease was endemic in worldwide. Eurytrematosis, a disease caused by
Eurytrema spp. was considered as one of the pancreatic flukes, Eurytrema spp. There are
most common fluke in ruminants. It has many of fluke members of the genus
been well-known that E. pancreaticum is an Eurytrema (Class: Trematoda, Family:
internal parasitic helminth in the pancreas of Dicrocoeliidae) have been identified as the
goats (Sangvaranond et al., 2010), cattle most serious internal parasite problem of
(Jiraungkoorskul et al., 2005), sheep (Xu et ruminants in the world. Base on typical
al., 2013; Dorny et al., 1996), and camel morphological characteristics and molecular
(Nakayima et al., 2017). Schwertz et al. properties, Eurytrema coelomaticum has
(2015) described that Eurytrema spp. fluke been identified in cattle from southern Bazil
was found in amount of 92% of cases died (Figueira et al., 2014). Similarly, Mohanta
cattle. In the study of Pinheiro et al. (2015) et al. (2015) have been confirmed the
analyzed of the eggs and miracidia of E. existence of Eurytrema cladorchis fluke
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recovered from the bile duct of cattle (Bos to a reproductively capable adult (Jang,
indicus) in Bandarban, a hill district in 1969; Schwertz et al., 2015).
Bangladesh. The complete mitocondrial
genom of Eurytrema pancreaticum seque- The Distribution of Eurytrematosis in
nced by Chang et al., 2016. Previously, Xu The World
et al. (2013) characterized the miRNA This parasite is reported to occur in
profiles of E. pancreaticum in Daqing City, many countries around the world. Reference
Heilongjiang Province, China. More to Eurytrema spp. common parasite the
previously, based on morphological features pancreatic duct of cattle has been reported in
Mirza and Kurniasih (2002) has been Brazil (Schwertz et al., 2015). Various study
identified Eurytrema spp., E. dajii, and E. of occurrences of E. pancreaticum prevalent
pancreaticum infection in cattle in in Korea (Jang, 1969), China (Xu et al.,
Indonesia. 2013), India (Lalrinkima et al., 2016),
Thailand (Sangvaranond et al., 2010;
Life Cycle and Intermediate Hosts Jiraungkoorskul et al., 2005), Japan (Ishii et
Eurytrema spp. adult worms release al. 1983), including Indonesia (Wiroreno et
the eggs into the environment through feces al., 1987; Dorny et al., 1996). In the study
from the infected animals. To complete its of Okajima et al. (2016) explained that
life cycle, the parasite requires two eurytrematosis was endemic in Japan
intermediate hosts namely Bradybaena particularly in Kagoshima, Okinawa, and
similaris, a land snail as the first one and Shimane regions. In another study showed
locusts (grasshoppers) such as that E. pancreaticum eggs appeared in fecal
Conocephalus gladiatius and Conocephalus samples of five camels in Karamoja sub-
maculatus, of the Tettigoniidae family as the region of North-eastern Uganda (Nakayima
second one (Jang, 1969; Pinto and Melo, et al., 2017). The disease has been
2016). The land snails ingest the faeces of considered endemic in the North Sumatra
the definitive hosts containing parasite eggs. Province, where 23,3% of the examined
After feeding, the eggs with open operculum sheep from Medan abattoir North Sumatra,
formed miracidia in the lumen, and Indonesia was infected by E. pancreaticum
penetrated to the midgut tissue through the (Dorny et al., 1996).
gland cell layer of snail. Miracidia hatch and
developed mothers and daughters to Several Factors Influenced The
produced cercariae that expelled from the Eurytrematosis Distribution
snail in the environment. The cercariae The prevalence of Eurytrema spp. in
ingested by the second intermediate host and the world is probably attributed by several
formed metacercariae in site the body cavity factors needed for the prevalence with
of grasshoppers (Schwertz et al., 2015). pancreatic fluke to occur. The presence of
Domestic ruminants are usually infected by infected animal should be understood that
ingestion the second intermediate host the pancreatic fluke is favourable for
having metacercariae while grazing. reproducing in various species other than
Exclusively, the ruminants could eat the cattle. E. pancreaticum has also been found
infected intermediate hosts because the to occur in the biliary duct of sheep, cats,
grasshoppers infected by the fluke suffer a goats, camel, and man (Sangvaranond et al.,
paralyzing, very weak and could not jump 2010; Ishii et al. 1983; Dorny et al., 1996;
away. When grasshoppers ingested by a Bassani et al., 2006; Chai et al., 2013;
bovine, metacercariae established in the Nakayima et al., 2017). Importantly, this
small intestine, and penetrate the wall. The various potential hosts and the increase in
fluke migrate from the small intestine of the mobility of the definitive host population,
sheep to the pancreas through the makes most grazing areas potentially
peritoneum. The young fluke will migrate infected. However, many of land snails
through the pancreatic tissue before entering which are distributed across country can act
the biliary or pancreatic duct and developing as first intermediate host of Eurytrema spp.
Moreover, Eurytrema spp. transmission and
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 Ummu Balqis (2018) Int. J. Trop. Vet. Biomed. Res.I:12-15

infection in intermediate and definitive host endemic in the some parts in the world. The
are strongly mediated by environmental distribution of eurytrematosis in some
factors. For the development and survival, countries was influenced by several factors
the snails need the ideal of temperature, such as the first and second intermediate
light, humidity, and rainfall. Therefore, in host existence as well as a favorable climatic
tropical region like Indonesia provide the condition.
favorable environmental factors that
enhance the intermediate host population. Recommendation
During the wet season provide ideal habitats The author recommend that research
for snails to breed and grew much favor. into eurytrematosis must be amplified in
Rainfall is probably the most important Indonesia to provide substantial information
climatic factor affecting snail distribution. that can help in better understanding of
Because of this, snail population increased eurytrematosis, to support effective and
dramatically. Indeed, geographically efficient strategies for developing
condition of Indonesia provide ideal management guidelines for the control of
breeding place for grasshoppers. Farming eurytrematosis.
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