DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM | NADERGUL/MAHENDRAHILLS

Key concepts & Practice questions

SUBJECT : Mathematics Worksheet – 1 CLASS : X CHAPTERS :
Polynomials, Quadratic equations, Statistics and Probability
Name: Roll No : Section :
POLYNOMIALS
 Geometric meaning of zeroes of a polynomial: The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-
coordinates of the points where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis.
 Relation between the zeroes and coefficients of a polynomial: If α and β are the zeroes of a quadratic
−b c
polynomial p ( x )=a x 2+ bx+ c , then α + β= and αβ = .
a a
 If α and β are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, then quadratic polynomial is
k [x ¿¿ 2− ( α + β ) x+ αβ ]¿ or x 2−Sx+ P .
 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial is negative of the other then sum of the zeroes is ‘0’
−b
i.e α + β=0 =0 b=0 ( i.e coefficient of x is 0 )
a
 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial is reciprocal of the other then product of the zeroes is ‘1’
c
i.e αβ =1 =1c=a
a
 A quadratic polynomial can have 2 zeroes or 1 zero or no zeroes i.e a quadratic polynomial can have at
most 2 zeroes.
Some useful identities
 α 2+ β2 =( α + β)2−2 αβ
 α 3 + β 3=( α + β )3−3 αβ ( α + β)
 (α −β )2=( α + β )2−4 αβ
Practice questions
1. Find the relationship between zeroes and coefficients of following quadratic polynomials:
a. √ 3 x2 −8 x+ 4 √ 3 b. 3 x 2−2 √ 6 x +2 c. 25 x 2−5 x−2 d. 5 x 2−15 x
2. Find the quadratic polynomial, sum and product of whose zeroes are – 5 and 6 respectively. Also find its zeroes.
3. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p ( x )=( k 2−14 ) x 2−2 x−12 is 1, then find the value of ‘k’.
4. Find the quadratic polynomials whose zeroes are:
3−√ 5 3+ √ 5 2 −1
a. √ 3+2 and √ 3−2 b. and c. and
2 2 3 3
1 1
5. If α and β are zeros of p(x) = x2 + x - 1, then find + .
α β
1 1
6 . If α, β are zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 2x2 + 11x + 5, find a).α2 + β2 b). + −2 αβ .
α β
7.If one root of the polynomial p(y) = 5y +13y + m is reciprocal of other, then find the value of ‘m’.
2

8. The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial x 2+ ( a+1 ) x+ b are 2 and – 3. Find the values of a and b.
9. If α, β are the two zeros of the polynomial f(y) = y2 - 8y +a and α2 + β2 = 40, find the value of ‘a’
10. If α and β are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 2x² -5x + 7, find a polynomial whose zeros are
2α+ 3β and 3α+ 2β.
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

1) Standard form of Quadratic Equation a x 2 +bx +c=0 ,where a , b , c ∈ R , a ≠ 0.

2) The value of x that satisfies an equation is called the solution or root of equation.
3) The solutions of Quadratic Equation can be found by
(a) Factorisation (or) Splitting the middle term method.
(b) Formula method.

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
4) Quadratic Formula to find the roots of quadratic equation is x=
2a

(a) If D=0, the roots are real and equal.

(b) If D¿ 0 , the roots are real and unequal.
(c) If D¿ 0 , the Quadratic equation has no real roots.
(d) If D ≥ 0 , then roots are real
NOTE
x −a < 0−a< x< +a OR if ( x−α ) ( x−β )< 0 thenα < x< β where α < β
2 2

x −a > 0 x ←a∨x >+a OR if ( x−α ) ( x−β )> 0 then x <α orx> β where α < β
2 2 2 2
x −a ≥ 0 x ≤−a∨x ≥+a OR
if ( x−α ) ( x−β ) ≥ 0 then x ≤ α orx ≥ β where α < β

5) If α , β are the solutions (roots) of the Quadratic Equation

−b c
α + β= , αβ =
a a

6) If α , β are the solutions of the Quadratic Equation then

Quadratic Equation is x 2−Sx+ P=0.

7) Important Identities to solve problems:

(i) ( a+ b+c )2=a2+ b2 +c 2 +2 ab+2 bc +2 ac

(ii) ( a+ b )3=a3 +3 a2 b+3 a b 2+ b3
OR
3 3
a + b +3 ab ( a+ b )
(iii) ( a−b ) =a3 −3 a2 b+3 a b2 −b3
3

OR
3 3
a −b −3 ab ( a−b )

(iv) a 3+ b3=( a+b ) ( a 2−ab+ b2 )

(v) a 3−b3 =( a−b ) ( a2 + ab+b2 )

Practice questions
1 1
1. Solve for x : − =3 where x ≠ 0 , 2.
x x−2
 2. Solve for x :36 x 2−12 ax + ( a2 −b2 )=0
3. Solve for x : 9 x 2−9(a+b) x+ ( 2 a2 +5 ab+2 b2 ) =0
4. For what value(s) of k the equation 4 x 2−2 ( k +1 ) x + ( k+ 1 )=0 has real and equal roots.
5. If (−5) is a root of the quadratic equation 2 x 2+ px−15=0 and the quadratic equation p( x 2 + x)−k=0
has equal roots, find the value of k .
6. Find the least positive value of k for which the quadratic equation x 2+ 2 kx+ 9=0 has real roots.
4
7. The difference of two numbers is 4. If the difference of their reciprocals is , find the two numbers.
21
8. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its denominator. If 1 is added to the denominator, the fraction
1
decreases by . Find the fraction.
15
9. The hypotenuse of lawn in the shape of a right-angled triangle is 1 metre more than twice the shortest
side. If the third side is 7 metres more than the shorter side, find the measures of sides of the lawn.
10. A train travels at a certain speed for a distance of 63km and then travels a distance of 72km at a speed
of 6km/hr more than usual speed. If it takes 3hrs then find the usual speed.

STATISTICS
Measures of central tendency
There are 3 measures of central tendency
a).Mean b). Mode c). Median
Mean (arithmetic mean)
Mean of ungrouped data:
Arithmetic mean or simply mean (average) of data is the average of the observations of the given data. It is
denoted by x and defined as
Mean x=
∑ of all observations
total number of observations
If x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , … … … ….. x n , are observations of a data then its mean is
x=x 1 + x x ¿
4 +¿ …… … …..+ x n
2+¿ x3 + ¿
n
xi
 x=¿ 
n
If observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , … … … ….. x n occur with frequencies f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , … … … … .. f n respectively , then
mean of the data is given by
f 1 x 1+ f 2 x2 + f 3 x 3 +. . ... . . .. . .. . .+ f n x n
Mean x=
f 1 + f 2+ f 3 +. . .. . . .. . . .. .+ f n
f i xi
 x=
fi

Mean for grouped data

There are 3 methods to find the mean of grouped data.
 Direct method  Assumed mean method  Step deviation method
I. Direct method:
Steps to find mean by direct method
¿+UL
 find the class marks( x i ' s ) for each class interval; where x i=
2
 find f i x i and f i
f i xi
 hence Mean x=
fi
Sample Table
Class Frequency ( Class marks f i xi
interval f i) ¿+UL
x i=
2

f i=¿ f i x i=¿

II. Assumed mean method

 when x i ' s are very small we use direct method, but if x i ' s are very large we use assumed mean method
 In this method, x i ' s are made smaller by subtraction.
f i di
Mean x=a + where d i=x i−a
fi
Sample Table

Class interval Frequency ( f i) Class marks Deviation f i di

¿+UL d i=x i−a
x i=
2
-
-

a 0 0
+
+
 f i=¿  f i d i =¿

III. STEP DEVIATION METHOD

This is an extended version of assumed mean method

In this method we make x i ' s even more smaller by subtraction and division

Mean ( x )=a+ ( )
f i ui
fi
x −a d i
h where ui= i
h
=
h

Sample table
Class Frequency ( Class marks Deviation di f i ui
ui =
interval f i) ¿+UL d i=x i−a h
x i=
2
- -2
 - -1

a 0 0 0
+ +1
+ +2
 f i=¿  f i ui =¿

MODE

Note: a given data can have more than one mode

Definition: It is the observation that occurs maximum number of times.

Mode of grouped data:

* In a grouped frequency distribution the highest frequency determines the model
class.
* The mode is hidden in the modal class and can be found out using the formula

Mode ( M o )=l+
( )
f 1−f 0
2 f 1−f 0−f 2
Xh

Where
M o Mode
l lower boundary of modal class
f 1 frequency of modal class
f 0 frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f 2 frequency of the class succeding the modal class

Note : For mode, the class intervals must be in continuous form

h class ¿ ¿

Sample Table
Class interval frequency
50 – 60
60 -
70
f0

70 – f 1 ( highest)
80
80 – 90 f 2
90 –
100
100 –
110

MEDIAN
**** Median for ungrouped data
For ungrouped data, first we arrange the observations in ascending or descending order of magnitude and the
middle most value is the median.
Let x1, x2, x3,……xn are the observations of a data
Case I: If ‘n’ is odd
 th
n+1
Median=( ) observation
2
Case II: If ‘n’ is Even
th th
n n
( ) observation+( +1) observation
2 2
Median=
2
MEDIAN for grouped data
In order to find median
i). check whether the class intervals are continuous or not, if not make them continuous
ii). Find LCF’s
n
iii). Find
2
n
iv). Locate in the next immediate number of CF
2
v). corresponding class interval is the median class

Formula to find median for a grouped data

( )
n
−CF
2
Median( Me )=l+ Xh
f
Where,
l →Lower boundary of median class
CF → Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f → frequency of the median class
h → class ¿ ¿

Sample Table
n → total frequency

Class interval frequency LCF

50 – 60 4 4

60 - 7 11
70 (cf)
(l) 70 – (f)12 23
80
80 – 90 9 32

90 – 5 37
100
100 – 2 39
110
n=39
n 39
= =19.5 hence 70 – 80 is median class
2 2
Empirical relation among mean, median and mode
2Mean + Mode = 3 Median
Mode = 3Median – 2 Mean
Practice questions
1. If the median of the data 4 , 7 , x−1, x−3 , 16 , 25 written in ascending order is 13, then find the value of
‘x’
 2. The mean and mode of a frequency distribution are 28 and 16 respectively. Find the median of the
distribution
3. The time in seconds taken by 150 athletes to run 100 m hurdle race are given as under
Time (in sec) 12.7−13 13−13.3 13.3−13.6 13.6−13.9 13.9−13.12
No of athletes 5 6 10 55 41
Find the number of athletes who completed the race in less than 13.9 seconds
4. Find the sum of the lower limit of median class and upper limit of modal class

Class 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85 85 – 95 95 – 105 105 – 115

frequency 7 12 17 30 32 6 10

5. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution.

Class interval 0−10 10−20 20−3 0 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80
Frequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8
Calculate the mean marks.
6. The arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution is 25. Determine the value of p.

Class 0−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50

Frequency 5 18 15 p 6
7. If the mean of the following distribution is 188, find the missing frequencies f1 and f2.

Class 0−80 80−160 160−240 240−320 320−400 total

Frequency 20 25 f1 f2 10 100

8. The following the distribution of heights of certain class in a certain city.

Heights (in cm) 160−162 163−165 166−168 169−171 172−174

No. of students 15 118 142 127 18
Find the modal height of the students.
9. Find the Mode of the following distribution:

Height (in cm) 30∧¿ 40∧¿ 50∧¿ 60∧¿ 70∧¿ 80∧¿

above above above above above above
No. of plants 34 30 27 19 8 2
10. Find the median marks of the following data:

Marks Below 20 Below 40 Below 60 Below 80 Below 100

No. of students 15 31 55 70 80
11. The mode of the following series is 154. Find the missing frequency f.

Class interval 120−130 130−140 140−150 150−160 160−170

Frequency 2 8 f 20 8
12. Find the median wages for the following frequency distribution:

Wages per day(in ₹) 61 – 70 71 – 80 81 – 90 91 – 100 101 – 110 110 – 120

No of workers 5 15 20 30 20 8

13. Compute the median marks for the following data.

Marks 0∧¿ 10∧¿ 20∧¿ 30∧¿ 40∧¿ 50∧¿ 60∧¿

above above above above above above above
 Number of 50 46 40 20 10 3 0
students
14. The median of the following data is 52.5, find x∧ y if the total frequency is 100.

Class 0−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−9090−100
interval
Frequency 2 5 x 12 17 20 y 9 7 4

PROBABILITY

Number of Favourable outcomes

1) P(E) =
Total number of outcomes
2) Range of probability 0 ≤ P(E)≤ 1
↔
3) P ( E ) + P(E )=1

4) Sample space for random experiments

(a) 1 coin = { H , T } =2
(b) 2 coins = { HT , TH , HH ,TT }=4

(c) 3 coins = {HHH

HTT , TTH ,THT , TTT }
, HHT , HTH ,THH =8

(d) 1 dice = { 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 , 6 }=6

{ }
( 1 ,1 ) ( 1 ,2 ) −−−−( 1 , 6 )
(e) 2 dice = ( 2 , 1 )( 2 , 6 ) =36
( 6 , 1 )−−−−− (6 ,6 )

(f) Deck of cards (52)

Red (26) Black (26)

2 suits 2 suits

Diamond (13) Heart (13) Spade (13) Clubs (13)

A….. ace card

2, 3, ------ 10 numbered cards
K, Q, J………face cards

12 face cards (6 red + 6 black)

4 Ace cards
Ace card is not a face card.
36 numbered cards
  Total number of numbers from 25 to 100 = 76 (last number – first number + 1) here 25 and 100 are
included
 Total number of numbers between 25 and 100 = 74 (99 - 26 +1) here 25 and 100 are excluded

Practice questions
1. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
1 17
(A) (B) 0.1 (C) 3% (D)
3 16
2. The probability expressed as a percentage of a particular occurrence can never be
(A) less than 100 (B) less than 0 (C) greater than 1 (D) anything but a whole number
3. The probability that a non leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is
1 2 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D )
7 7 7 7
4. The probability of getting a rotten egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is
(A) 7 (B) 14 (C) 386 (D) 368
5. A student says that if you throw a die, it will show up 1 or not 1. Therefore, the probability of getting 1
1
and the probability of getting ‘not 1’ each is equal to . Is this correct? Give reasons.
2
6. Three coins are tossed simultaneously .What is the probability of getting
i) Exactly two head ii) at least two heads iii) at most two heads iv) at least one tail
v) at most one tail vi) at least two tails vii) no head viii) no tail
7. An unbiased die is thrown. What is the probability of getting
i) an even number ii) a multiple of 3 iii) a multiple of 2 or 3 iv) a multiple of 2 and 3
v) a prime number vi) a factor of 6 vii) an even number and multiple of 3
8. Two customers are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to Saturday). Each is equally
likely to visit the shop on any one day as on another. What is the probability that both will visit the shop
on:
(i) The same day? (ii) Different days? (iii) Consecutive days?
9. What is the probability that a number selected at random from the number 1,2,2,3,3,3, 4, 4, 4, 4 will be
their average?
10. The probability of selecting a green marble at random from a jar that contains only green, white and
1 1
yellow marbles is . The probability of selecting a white marble at random from the same jar is .
4 3
If this jar contains 10 yellow marbles. What is the total number of marbles in the jar?
11. A black die and a white die are thrown at the same time. Write all the possible outcomes. What is the
probability of getting
i) the sum of the two numbers that turn up is 8? ii) a total of 6?
iii) the same number on both dice? iv) a total more than 9? (v) a doublet?
12. Cards are marked with numbers 4, 5, 6,………..50 are placed in the box and mixed thoroughly.
One card is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability of getting?
i) a two digit number ii) a perfect square number iii) a number divisible by 2or 3
iv) a number divisible by 2 and 3 v) a two digit number divisible by 5 vi) a prime number
13. From a pack of 52 playing cards Jacks, queens, kings and aces of red colour are removed.
From the remaining, a card is drawn at random. Find the probability that the card drawn is
(i) a black queen (ii) a red card (iii) a black jack
(iv) a face card (v) a numbered card