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CHEMISTRY NOTES 9th

Written by:M Adnan Anwer
Composed by: Shah Jahan
Name: Class 9th
CH # 03
Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Why Noble gases are not reactive?
Ans: The noble gases do have 2 or 8 electrons in their valence shells. It means all the noble
gases have their valence shells completely filled. Their atoms do not have vacant
space in their valence shell to accommodate extra electrons. Therefore, noble gases
do not gain, lose or share electrons. That is why they are non-reactive
2. Why Cesium (at.no 55) requires little energy to release its one electron present in the
outermost shell?
Ans: This is because the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electron decreases due to increase in atomic size. As a result, cesium (at.no.55)
requires little energy to release its one electron present in the outermost shell.
3. How is periodicity of properties depend upon number of protons in an atom?
Ans: The periodicity of properties depend upon number of protons in an atom. They vary
when we move from left to right across the period or from top to bottom in any
group.
4. Why shielding effect of electrons makes cation formation easy?
Ans: The greater the shielding effect of electrons, the lesser will be the valence electron-
nucleus attraction. As the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer
electrons decreases, the removal of electron becomeseasier.
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5. What Is the difference between Mendeleev’s And Modern Periodic Law?
Ans: Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Modern Periodic Law
“ The properties of elements are the periodic “The properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic masses” function of their atomic numbers”
Mendeleev’s periodic law is based on atomic Modern Periodic law is based on atomic
mass which is not the fundamental property number which is the fundamental property
of an element. of an element.

6. What do you mean by groups and periods in a periodic table?

Ans: Groups:
“ The vertical columns of elements in a periodic table are called Groups”.
There are eighteen(18) groups in the long form of periodic table.
Periods:
“ The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called Periods”
There are seven (7) periods in the long form of periodic table.
7. Why and how elements are arranged in 4th period?
Ans: The elements are arranged in 4th period because they all having four electronic shells
and are arranged by increasing atomic number from left to right in a period.
8. Why the size of atom does not decreases regularly in a period?
Ans: The size of atom does not decreases regularly in a period due to poor shielding
effect. This effect is quite remarkable in the transition elements of longer periods in
which “d” and “f” subshells are involved. The atomic size of the elements first
reduces or contract and then there is increased in it on moving from left to right in
a period.
9. Give the trend of ionization energy in a period.
Ans: Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period.
Reason:
 Atomic number increase one by one.
 Shielding effect remains the same.
 No of shells remains same
 Effective Nuclear Charge Increase.
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TEST YOURSELF 3.1

1. What was the contribution of Dobreiner towards classification of elements?
Ans. Dobereiner, arranged similar elements in groups of the three called Triads.According to
him, “elements can be arranged in groups of three, in whichthe atomic mass of the
middle element is the average of the other twoelement.
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Example: Li (7) Na(23) K (39) Average atomic mass = 2 =¿23

35+127
Cl (35) Br (80) I (127) Average atomic mass= 2
=¿81

Only few elements could be arranged in this way.

2. How Newland arranged the elements?

Ans: Newland arranged the elements in the order of their increasing atomic masses and
like the eight notes of music (Sa,re,ga,ma,pa,dha,ni,sa).According to him,”If
elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses, theproperties
of the 8th element are similar to those of the first”.

3. Who introduced the name Periodic Table?

Ans: The name “Periodic Table” was introduced by Mendeleev.
4. Why the improvement in Mendeleev’s periodic table was made?
Ans: The improvement in Mendeleev’s Periodic table was made because this table was
failed to explain the position of isotopes and wrong order of atomic masses of some
elements.It suggested that atomic mass of an element cannot serve as the basis for
the arrangement of element.Atomic number instead of atomic mass should
determine the position of element in the periodic table.

5. State Mendeleev’s Law.

Ans: “Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses”

6. Why and how elements are arrange in a period?

Ans: Elements are arranged in a period according to increasing atomic number from left to
right. In this way, Properties of elements are found repeating after regular intervals.
Elements of similar properties and similar configuration are placed in the same group.
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It is observed that after every eighth element, ninth element had similar properties to
the first element. For example, Sodium (Z=11) had similar properties to lithium (Z=3).

Test Yourself 3.2

1. How the properties of elements repeat after regular intervals?
Ans: If the elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic numbers from left to
right in a horizontal row, their properties repeat after regular intervals. Elements
having similar properties appeared at regular intervals. Elements of similar properties
and similar electronic configuration are placed in the same group.
2. In which form modern period table was arranged?
Ans: Modern Periodic Table was arranged in long form. Elements are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic numbers from left to right in a horizontal row.This
Arrangement of elements shpws the Periodicty(repetition of properties after regular
intervals) in the electronic configuration of the elements.
3. How many elements are in the first period and what are their names.
Ans: In the first period there are only two elements, Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He).
4. How many elements are placed in 4th period?
Ans: In the 4th period, 18 elements are placed.
5. From which elements Lanthanide series starts?
Ans: Lanthanide series starts from Element Lanthium (La)
6. From which period Lanthanide series start?
Ans: Lanthanide series start from 6th Period.
7. How many elements are in 3rd period, write their names.
Ans: In the 3rd period there are 8 elements. Their names and Symbols are:
Sodium(Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus(P), Sulphur (S) ,
Chlorine (Cl), And Argon (Ar)
8. How many periods ar considered normal periods”?
Ans: The two periods 2nd and 3rd are considered as normal periods. Each having 8 elements.
9. What do you mean by Group in a periodic table?
Ans: ”A vertical column of elements in the periodic table is called a Group”.
There are eighteen (18) groups in the long form of periodic table.
10. What is the reason of arranging elements in a group?
Ans: Reason:
This is because they have similar electronic configuration in their valence shells.
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11. What do you mean by periodic function?

Ans: Periodic Function:
“A function (here atomic number) which repeats elements having similar positions in the
periodic table to have similar properties at regular intervals is called Periodic Function”
12. Why the elements are called ‘s’ and ‘p’ block elements?
Ans: S-Block Elements:
“The elements in which the last electron enters in‘s’ subshell are called s-block
elements”
The element of group 1 and group 2 belongs to s-block elements.
P-Block Elements:
“The elements in which last electron enters in ‘p’ subshell are called p-block
elements”
The elements of group 13 to 18 except helium (He) belong to p-block elements.
13. Write down the names of elements of group 1 with their symbols?
Ans: Hydrogen(H), Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Cesium(Cs)
and Francium(Fr)
14. How many members are in group 17, is there any liquid, what is its name?
Ans: There are five members in group 17. There is one liquid element. Its name is
bromine (Br).

TEST YOURSELF 3.3

1. How can you define atomic radius?
Ans: Atomic Radius:
“The half of the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms is called atomic radius
of an atom”
Example:
The distance between the nuclei of two carbon atoms is 154 Pico meter (pm), the
atomic size of carbon atom is 154 pm and radius is 77 pm.
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2. What are SI units of atomic radius?

Ans: Its units is Pico meter(pm).
1 pm=10−12m

3. Why the size of atoms decreases in a period?

Ans: In a period from left to right, the size of atoms decreases gradually.
Reasons:
 Atomic number increase one by one.
 Shielding effect remains the same.
 No of shells remains same
 Effective Nuclear Charge Increase.
4. Define Ionization Energy.
Ans: Ionization energy:
“The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the
valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom is called Ionization Energy”.
Example:
Na→ Na+¿¿ + e−¿ ∆ ¿H = +496 kJ mol−1

5. Why the 2nd ionization energy is higher than the first one?
Ans: The 1st ionization energy is high but the 2 ionization energy is very high. It becomes very
difficult to remove second electronfrom the valence shell beacuse nuclear charge
attracts the remaining electrons strongly. As a result of this attraction size of the ion
decreases.
Mg → Mg+¿ ¿ + e−¿ ∆ ¿H= 738 KJmol−1
Mg +¿→ Mg ¿ + e H= 1450 KJmol−1
2+ ¿¿
−¿ ∆ ¿

6. What is trend of ionization energy in a group?

Ans: Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in a group because:
 Atomic size increases.
 Number of shells increases.
 Shielding effect increases.
 Effective nuclear charge decreases.
 No of electrons increases irregular.
7. Why the ionization energy of sodium is less than that of magnesium?
Ans: The ionization energy of sodium is less than that of magnesium.
It is because of the following three reasons:
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 Higher atomic size of Na than Mg
 Lower nuclear charge (11 protons) than Mg (12 protons)
 Less stable configuration (not filled subshell, 3 s 1) as compared to Mg (fully filled
subshell, 3 s 2)

8. Why it is difficult to remove an electron from halogens?

Ans: It is difficult to remove an electron from halogens.
This is because of the following two reasons:
 Decrease in atomic size
 Increase in nuclear charge (increase in proton number).
Due these factors a stronger force of attraction exists between the
nucleus and the valence shell electrons.
9. What is shielding effect?
Ans: Shielding Effect:
“ The effect of decrease in force of attraction between the nucleus and the
`valence electrons due to increasing number of inner shells or inner shell electrons
between them is called Shielding Effect”
Example: Shielding effect is more in potassium atom than that of sodium atom.
10. How does shielding effect decrease the forces of electrostatic attractions between
nucleus and outermost electrons?
Ans: The electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the force of attraction of
nucleus felt by the valence shell electrons.

11. Whydoes the bigger size atoms have more shielding effect?
Ans: The bigger size atoms have greater number of inner shells electrons in between
the nucleus and valence electrons. The greater the number of inner shells or inner
shell electrons the more will be the shielding effect.
12. Why does the trend of electron affinity and electronegativity is same in a period?
Ans: The E.A and E.N increases on moving from left to right in a period. This is because of
increase in nuclear charge and decreases in atomic size.
13. Which element has highest electronegavity?
Ans: Fluorine has the highest electronegativity (4.0).