Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

An IoT Based Smart Inventory

Management System with Environmental
Monitoring

Submitted By:
Adeena Shahnawaz FA20-BECE-0019
Abiha Waqar FA20-BECE-0017

Supervised By:
Sir Sufyan Ahmed

A project report submitted to the Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University in partial fulfillment of the
degree of Bachelor of Computer System Engineering

Spring 2024
 Statement of Originality
I hereby certify that the work embodied in this project report is the result of original results
and has not been submitted for a higher degree to another university or institution.

Name (Student _______________________

ID): _______________________
Name (Student _______________________
ID):
_______________________

i
ii
 Acknowledgements

We are deeply grateful for the opportunity to work on this final year project and for the
support of everyone involved. The guidance and encouragement from my team member have
been invaluable throughout this journey. We would like to extend a special thank you to our
supervisor, Sir Sufyan Ahmed, whose constant mentorship and motivation were crucial in
helping us achieve our desired outcomes. His insights into both our project and our
professional development have been profoundly impactful. We have learned a great deal about
the intricacies of scientific research and the broader lessons of life through this experience.
We are also thankful to the faculty and staff of faculty of Engineering for providing the
necessary resources and an encouraging environment. Additionally, we appreciate the support
and patience of our family and friends, which kept us motivated throughout this project.

iii
iv
 Table of Contents
Statement of Originality ............................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents......................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................vi

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 7

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 8

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 9

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 10

Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 15

Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 18

Results........................................................................................................................................ 25

Conclusion and Future Work ..................................................................................................... 28

References.................................................................................................................................. 30

v
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Sustainable Development Goals 6

Table 1.2 Complex Engineering Problem Attributes 7

vi
 List of Figures
Fig 3.1 Project Workflow 12
Fig 3.2 NodeMCU 8266 13
Fig 3.3 Raspberry Pi 14
Fig 3.4 Ultrasonic Sensor 14
Fig 3.5 DHT11 Sensor 15
Fig 3.6 Flowchart 17
Fig 4.1 Hardware Implementation(1) 19
Fig 4.3 Thingspeak result 20
Fig 4.4 Email system 20

7
 List of Abbreviations

DHT11– Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor

ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning
GPIO – General Purpose Input/output
HTTP –Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IoT –Internet of Things
MQTT –Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
SDG –Sustainable Development Goal
VCC –Voltage Common Connector
Wi-Fi –Wireless Fidelity

8
 Abstract
The purpose of this effective IoT-based Inventory management system for manifold
applications, is to minimize manpower and self-operating processes between measurement
and order placement and increase productivity. To maintain stock levels and storage
conditions in Businesses, an effective inventory management system is required. Keeping this
need in front, we offer real- time stock levels and environmental factors monitoring, including
temperature and humidity. For executing this process we used various sensors.

Firstly, DHT11 sensors are used to track temperature. Secondly, ultrasonic sensors are
utilized to precisely measure stock levels. The NodeMCU, acting as a microcontroller,
connects various sensors and uses MQTT protocols to transmit data to a Raspberry Pi. The
Raspberry Pi evaluates incoming data, creates alerts when necessary, and stores it in a
database, ensuring constant monitoring of environmental factors and inventory levels.

Moreover, In order to determine stock levels, our system is making use of various
algorithms. When stock levels are above or below predetermined limits, initiating automat ic
ordering or restocking signals. The system can react to external circumstances by instructing
the Raspberry Pi to have the NodeMCU turn on heating or cooling systems, ensuring optimal
storage conditions for the goods.

9
 1
Introduction
The importance of efficient inventory management systems is unparalleled due to its working
smart devices and the growing significance of accurate tracking. Warehouses must be
precisely organized and easily accessible for the large-scale storage of products. This
inventory management system is applicable for covering the demand for managing diverse
products, maintaining production, and ensuring timely availability.

These IoT-enabled technologies programmed procedures are helpful to lessen the risk of
human mistakes and improve operational qualities. IoT management systems are at the
forefront in this digital age, modernizing connections and driving innovation across multiple
fields.

An Inventory Management System is one archetype of how integrated technology might work
in the field of IoT applications. By influencing IoT principles, this system allows institutions
to spend mini control over their inventory, reducing the pitfalls of overstocking or under
stocking. Monitoring stock movements in real-time, can easily be dong through a
sophisticated amalgamation of hardware and software components, such as NodeMCU,
ultrasonic sensors, and temperature/humidity sensors, it offers a deep view of inventory
changes, notifies stock additions or deductions, and side by side regulates environmental
conditions like temperature and humidity. This consistent integration of IoT principles
upgrades inventory control, enlarges decision-making, and lays the groundwork for a more
efficient and smart operational framework.

1.1. Background
Traditional inventory management often faces issues with inaccurate stock monitoring and
ineffective environmental control, causing significant resource and financial losses.
Conventional processes are highly dependent on manual efforts which result in human
mistakes. As the issues and problems are increased in companies and warehouses, a more
sophisticated and automated approaches are required to efficiently manage invento ry.

10
Moreover, Operating expenses are increased by labor- and time- intensive manual
inventory along with the reduction of overall productivity. Without real-time data, the risk of
overstocking or understocking rises, leading to delayed responses to environmental changes
and stock levels. These inefficiencies may result in lost sales opportunities, destruction of
perishable goods, and higher holding expenses.

Furthermore, this IoT-based inventory management system offers precise, real- time
monitoring of stock levels and environmental conditions. Additionally, it provides umpteen
benefits. Which includes reductions in human error and elimination of manual checks,
enhancement of decision- making and availability of accurate inventory control. By utilizing
extraordinary sensors and microcontrollers, this system continuously monitors environmental
data and inventory levels, maintaining optimal storage conditions and facilitating smooth
restocking. This technology-driven approach triggers overall effectiveness and efficiency in
inventory management, consequently enhancing consumers’ trust and business output.

1.2. Motivation
There are certain factors which forced us to generate this project:
The First and foremost is to delve deep into the critical inefficiencies and challenges faced by
traditional inventory management systems. In the current revolutionized-paced and extremely
competitive business society, balancing perfect inventory levels and optimal storage
conditions is a dire need for operational success and customer satisfaction. Manual systems
are excessively utilized in Traditional methods resulting various errors, labor- intensive, and
often fail to provide real-time data, leading to overstocking, under stocking, and
compromised product efficiency due to poor environmental control.

Next, by the vision of innovated cutting-edge IoT technologies to create a smart, automated,
and efficient inventory management system. The purpose of this s ystem is to minimize
human intervention, reduce errors, and ensure real-time monitoring and control of inventory
and environmental conditions. Our goal is to enhance the accuracy and responsiveness of
inventory management processes by mitigating sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud-based
platforms, ultimately leading to better resource utilization, cost savings, and improved
business performance.

11
In a nutshell, we aim to produce a system that maximizes inventory, lessen waste, and
balances product quality hence, affordable and responsible consumption will be promoted
which contributes to building smart, sustainable, and resilient business operations for the
future.

1.3. Problem Statement

Traditional inventory management system has always been a victim of dealing with accurate
stock management. Inaccurate inventory data has a negative impact on many different
industries and frequently results in overstocking or under stocking which leads to financial
losses and dissatisfied customers ultimately affects operational effectiveness. Finding a
product, asset, or person in a moveable limited location quickly is still hard nut to crack for
huge organizations when it comes to identifying or locating specific objects or products
additionally. Environmental elements like humidity and temperature may also contribute to
the complexity. Sometimes, quality and integrity are entirely based on these circumstances.
Completely reliant on human monitoring and management of these factors may
produce significant risk to the quality and shelf life because it is time-consuming, prone to
error, and inefficient.

As a result, improving inventory management through more accurate, automated, and

trustworthy methods is very necessary. By lowering human error, increasing operational
efficiency, and supplying real-time data, implementing modern technology solutions may
successfully handle these problems. In order to guarantee that items are stored in the best
possible circumstances and lower the danger of spoiling or deterioration, automated systems
can continually monitor environmental conditions. Organizations may increase customer
happiness, decrease financial losses, and achieve higher accuracy by implementing such
sophisticated inventory management technologies.

1.4. Contributions

This project has made significant contributions to the field of IoT-based data acquisition and
monitoring systems. By successfully integrating sensors with the ESP8266 microcontroller
and Raspberry Pi, we have generated a reliable smooth pathway for data prod uction and
transmission. Additionally, we maintained a seamless connection for real-time data
visualization and monitoring using a cloud-based dashboard, producing remote access and
12
 analysis. Efficient data processing techniques were applied on the Raspber ry Pi, certifying
timely and perfect data updates to the cloud. The system is based on both modular and
scalable, demonstrating its durability and adaptability for various applications. Overall, the
modernized monitoring capabilities provided by the projec t enable real-time insights and
improved decision-making through the dashboard.

1.4.1. Relationship with Sustainable Development Goals

The United Nations created the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), commonly referred
to as the Global Goals, in 2015 as a collection of 17 interrelated goals to address some of the
most important issues facing humanity. These objectives highlight the importance of leaving
no one behind and securing our planet for future generations, acting as a road map for a
sunny future for all. This project is mapped on four different Sustainable Development Goals:
‘Technology Innovation and Infrastructure’ (goal # 9), ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’
(goal # 11), ‘Responsible Consumption and Production’ (goal # 12).

SDG No Description of SDG Target Relevance to Our Project

9.5 - Enhance scientific Our project embodies innovation by
research, upgrade integrating IoT with inventory
Industry Innovation technological capabilities in management systems, thus upgrading
SDG 9 and Infrastructure all countries. technological capabilities.
By optimizing resource management
11.6 - Reduce the adverse and reducing waste, our project
Sustainable Cities environmental impact of contributes to more sustainable urban
SDG 11 and Communities cities. resource management.

Our system aims to optimize

Responsible 12.2 - Achieve sustainable inventory levels, reducing
Consumption and management and efficient overproduction and waste, thus
SDG 12 Production use of natural resources. promoting efficient resource use.

Table 1.1 Sustainable Development Goals

13
 1.5. Complex Engineering Problem
Often, complex engineering challenges entail complex, interrelated systems that call for a
variety of approaches to solve. Ultimately, development of technology, raising of standards
of living occurred only because of solving complicated problems. For these reasons,
engineers work as a bridge to tackle intricate issues, who need to take into account a number
of variables, such as ethical considerations, environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness,
and safety.

Range of Complex Problem Solving

How you would define attribute
Attribute Complex Problem
from your project
1 Range of conflicting Balancing accurate stock Maintaining minimal human
requirements measurement and environmental intervention and real-time data
monitoring with minimal human processing while ensuring accurate
intervention and real-time data stock measurement and
processing. environmental monitoring.
2 Depth of analysis Developing algorithms for Creating predictive
required predicting inventory algorithms for
requirements and automating inventory management
stock counts. and automating stock
counts while
dynamically
modifying
environmental
settings.
3 Depth of knowledge Integrating IoT principles, sensor Utilizing research-based knowledge
required technology, data communication at the forefront of IoT principles,
protocols, and real-time data sensor technology, data
analysis. communication protocols, and real-
time data analysis.
4 Familiarity of issues Tackling the rare challenge of
Designing a system that integrates
integrating real-time environmental
real-time environmental monitoring
monitoring with inventory
with inventory management.
management.
5 Extent of applicable Creating unique solutions that go Developing innovative solutions that
codes beyond standard inventory surpass standard practices by
systems to integrate different integrating diverse sensors and
sensors and communication communication protocols.
protocols
Table 1.2 Complex Engineering Problem Attributes

14
 2
Literature Review

The paper “Warehouse inventory management system using IoT and open source framework ”
[1] highlights the effectiveness of an IoT-based warehouse inventory management system
utilizing RFID technology and Raspberry Pi. The system offers a low-cost, dynamic solution
for tracking products in real-time, significantly reducing the manual effort required to locate
items in stockrooms. It provides a user- friendly web interface for efficient product tracking
and information management.

The study in report "Design of a Smart IoT-Based Control System for Remotely Managing
Cold Storage Facilities," [2] demonstrated a smart IoT-BC system for remote control,
monitoring, and alerting in cold storage facilities, enhancing food safety and quality. Applied
to a commercial cold storage room (CSR) for date fruit, the system efficiently managed
microclimate factors and equipment parameters, extending shelf life and maintaining quality.
Compared to traditional CSR, the IoT-BC system showed superior performance in preserving
date fruit quality. The study suggests adopting IoT-BC technology for improved food storage
management and highlights the need for further integration with machine learning and
advanced sensors.

The paper "Inventory Management System Using IOT" [3] presents an efficient IoT-based
inventory management system using a Raspberry Pi and ultrasonic transducer for measuring
stock levels of solid and liquid assets. This automated system eliminates the need for manual
inventory checks and streamlines the process of order placement by sending email alerts to
suppliers and inventory managers. The system also hosts a web page displaying real-time
stock availability. The proposed design is cost-effective, simple to implement, and adaptable
to various industrial and medical applications.

15
The paper "IOT Based Autonomous Inventory Management for Warehouses" [4] proposes a
novel solution for warehouse and inventory management by introducing a movable barcode
scanner integrated with IoT, industrial automation, and smart glasses technology. This
innovative approach aims to reduce human involvement, minimize manual errors, and
enhance efficiency in warehouse operations. By leveraging IoT and digital technologies, the
system offers advanced capabilities for faster and more accurate inventory management,
ultimately leading to improved productivity and digitalization of the industry.

The paper “Web Enabled IOT based Warehouse Management System for Agricultural
Products” [5] is presented by Gupta et al. (2023), with a focus on real-time temperature and
humidity monitoring and control utilizing the DHT11 sensor and Adafruit library.
Maintaining ideal storage conditions, reducing waste, and improving product qualit y are the
goals of this system. The deployment showed notable increases in dependability and
efficiency, making it an affordable warehouse management solution. The authors emphasize
how IoT technology may improve warehouse operations and supply vital infor mation for
making decisions.

The paper “Stock Management Using IOT” [6] is proposed by Daftarband et al. (2022). Real-
time inventory tracking is made possible by this system, which also offers precise material
counts and emails warn users when stock levels drop below certain levels. By using parts like
the ESP8266 NodeMCU and ultrasonic sensors, the system guarantees effective and error-
free inventory management, which lowers operating expenses and human interaction
(IJRPR5231).

In this paper “A Smart Kitchen Automation and Grocery Management System using IoT” [7]
Sakthisudhan et al. (2019) present an Internet of Things-based smart kitchen automation and
grocery management system. The groceries levels are tracked by the system using sensors
built into smart containers, and the data is subsequently sent to the cloud using a Wi-Fi
module. Through a smartphone application, customers may track inventory using this real-
time data, which makes timely restocking easier and lowers the likelihood of running out of
necessities. The method allows for quick ordering straight from the smartp hone and
automates grocery tracking, which improves kitchen management efficiency, especially for
busy people.
16
This video [8] is part of the "How to MQTT" series and focuses on subscribing and
publishing MQTT messages using an ESP8266 (NodeMcu). The setup includes a DHT11
sensor connected to the NodeMcu to read temperature and humidity values. These readings
are then published to a topic named "data" on a local Mosquitto MQTT broker running on a
Raspberry Pi, which subscribes to that topic and receives the data. This setup demonstrates
wireless communication between a Raspberry Pi and NodeMcu in an IoT environment.

This video [9], it demonstrate how to upload data from a DHT11 sensor to the ThingSpeak
Cloud using a Raspberry Pi. The process involves utilizing the HTTP GET method to send
the temperature and humidity data from the DHT11 sensor to the ThingSpeak server. This
approach allows real-time data monitoring and visualization on the cloud platform.

17
 3
Methodology

3.1. Methodology
The project's methodology focuses on integrating IoT and sensor technologies to inventory
utilize management with the goal of reducing human involvement and increasing efficiency.
Simplicity and improved performance are put at first in this creative method along
automating stock counts and maintaining ideal climatic conditions.
The creative arrangement of ultrasonic sensors across three shelves, each with three rows,
effectively divides the inventory space and is a key component of the design. By identifying
the addition and removal of products, these sensors provide lessened stock level
measurements and allow for real-time changes to the inventory database. This enables
accurate stock level monitoring, assisting in the efficient management of situations involving
overstocking and understocking.
DHT11 sensors are responsible for monitoring temperature and humidity,
allowing for seamless integration of environmental monitoring. These sensors preserve
product integrity by continuously monitoring environmental factors ensuring that stored
items stay within set quality and safety criteria.
The utilization of ESP8266 modules, each attached to a shelf and handling data
from three rows of DHT11 and ultrasonic sensors, improves the system's efficiency in
gathering data. Prior to sending the data to the Raspberry Pi, which acts as the system's
central processing unit, these modules gather the data repeatedly.
By utilizing the Raspberry Pi's multitasking features, the system can carry out
essential tasks like email notifications and stock measurement simultaneously. This enables
timely alerts and reorders. Furthermore, an Apache installation on the Raspberry Pi powers a
web server that operates in the background and offers a user- friendly online interface with
real-time inventory data display, intelligent stock status analysis, and important notifications.

18
 Fig 3.1. Project Workflow

The main hardware components use to build Smart IoT campus is:
 NODEMCU ESP8266
 Raspberry Pi
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 DHT11 Sensor

3.2 Hardware Components

3.2.1. NODEMCU ESP8266

Node MCU is an open-source firmware and development kit that is based on the ESP8266
Wi-Fi module. It can be used to create Internet of Things (IoT) devices that connect to the
internet and communicate with other devices. The ESP8266 is an essential part of our
Internet of Things (IoT) inventory management solution that allows for real-time control and
monitoring. It gathers information from DHT11 and ultrasonic sensors, measuring humidity,
temperature, and stock levels. Node MCU is a popular choice for IoT development because it
is easy to use, inexpensive, and has a large community of developers who contribute to its

19
development and support. The esp8266 chip works when the enable pin is high. When the
enable pin is low, the chip works on minimum power. The reset pin is used to reset the
esp8266 chip. The board features multiple GPIO pins, which allow users to connect and
control external devices. These pins can be configured as digital inputs or outputs, analog
inputs, or even used for specialized communication protocols such as Inter-Integrated Circuit
(I2C) or SPI. This flexibility enables the NodeMCU ESP8266 to interact with a wide range of
sensors, actuators, and other peripherals

Fig 3.2 NodeMCU

3.2.2. Raspberry Pi 3

The Raspberry Pi serves as the center hub of our Internet of Things inventory management
system, facilitating connectivity and data processing. The Raspberry Pi Model B has the
processing power to handle sensor data and carry out control orders thanks to its 1 GHz
processor and 512MB of RAM. Its GPIO pins make it easier to connect and manage a range
of sensors and actuators, allowing for a smooth integration with our inventory tracking
system. Furthermore, the Raspberry Pi's Ethernet and USB interfaces make it simple to
integrate it with other devices and the internet. The Raspberry Pi is essential to our concept
because it collects sensor data from the ESP8266 via MQTT, analyzes it to make judgments
about inventory management, and plans actions like environmental monitoring and
restocking notifications. Because of its reliability and adaptability, it is a crucial part of our
system, ensuring smooth operation and effective inventory control.

20
 Fig 3.3 Raspberry Pi

3.2.3. Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are electronic devices that detect the existence, absence or level of
objects within a given range by measuring the distance to an object using ultrasonic waves.
High- frequency sound waves are emitted by these sensors, and the waves bo unce off things
and reflect back to the sensor. .Four pins are usually present on ultrasonic sensors: VCC,
GND, Trig (Trigger), and Echo. The sensor is powered via the VCC and GND pins, and
ultrasonic pulses are sent and received via the Trig and Echo pins. When triggered, the Trig
pin sends out an ultrasonic pulse; the Echo pin picks up the pulse that returns after bouncing
off an object. The distance to the item is determined by measuring the time elapsed between
sending and receiving the pulse. In our project these sensors are positioned thoughtfully
across shelves in order to continuously monitor stock levels. Real-time data on the presence
or absence of inventory items can be gathered and analyzed by connecting the Trig and Echo
pins to a microcontroller. This enables accurate and continuous changes to the inventory
database. Because of this integration, less human inventory checks are required, which boosts
productivity and ensures the right amount of stock.

Fig 3.4 Ultrasonic Sensor

3.2.4. DHT11 Sensor

A basic, cost-effective digital temperature and humidity sensor, the DHT11 is employed in a
number of environmental monitoring applications. VCC, GND, Data, and a not-connected

21
(NC) pin are its four pin configurations. The sensor is powered by the VCC and GND pins,
and the temperature and humidity values are sent to a microcontroller via the Data pin. The
DHT11 offers enough precision for the majority of common applications while operating in
the ranges of 0 to 50°C and 20 to 90% humidity. The DHT11 se nsors are included in our
project to keep the inventory shelves at optimal temperature conditions. These sensors make
sure that the stored goods are kept in an ideal environment by constantly checking the
temperature and humidity levels, which maintains the products' durability and quality. The
implementation of automated environmental control promotes inventory management
efficiency by decreasing the necessity for manual adjustments and checks.

Fig 3.5 DHT11 Sensor

3.3 Software Used:

Thingspeak:
Thingspeak is an IoT platform that allows users to collect, analyze, and visualize data from
various sensors and devices. ThingSpeak play a crucial role in integrating data from the
movable barcode scanners, IoT devices, and smart glasses.
Using ThingSpeak, our project gather real- time data from the distance of the sensors by,
scanning items and updating inventory information. This data can then be processed and
analyzed to track inventory levels, monitor movement patterns, and identify any anomalies or
discrepancies.
Furthermore, ThingSpeak's visualization capabilities enable users to create dashboards and
reports that provide insights into warehouse operations. This could include visualizing
inventory levels, tracking the efficiency of barcode scanning pro cesses, and identifying areas
for optimization.

22
Overall, ThingSpeak serves as a central hub for aggregating and analyzing data collected by
IoT devices, enabling the project to leverage advanced analytics and visualization techniques
to enhance warehouse management and streamline inventory processes.

Python:
In our project, Python software plays a crucial role in managing and processing the data
collected from the sensors. Python scripts running on the Raspberry Pi handle data
acquisition from the ESP8266 modules, process the received data, and communicate with the
Thing Speak cloud platform for real-time monitoring and analysis. Additionally, P ython is
used to implement the logic for sending email notifications, ensuring that users are promptly
informed about critical events or updates. The versatility and ease of use of Python make it an
ideal choice for handling the various data processing and communication tasks in our
warehouse inventory management system.
Arduino:
In our project, Arduino software plays a crucial role in programming the ESP8266
microcontroller, which acts as a bridge between the sensors and the central server. The
Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used to write, compile, and upload
code to the ESP8266, enabling it to collect data from various sensors, such as ultrasonic
sensors for distance measurement and environmental sensors for monitoring conditions like
temperature and humidity.

The Arduino software provides a user-friendly platform to develop the necessary logic for
data acquisition, processing, and transmission. With the help of Arduino libraries, we can
efficiently handle communication protocols, such as Wi-Fi, to ensure reliable data transfer to
the Raspberry Pi. The flexibility of the Arduino IDE allows us to customize the behavior of
the ESP8266 to meet the specific requirements of our warehouse inventory management
system.

3.4 Mathematics of the Project

3.4.1 Distance Calculation with Ultrasonic Sensors

The ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the distance to the nearest object (inventory item)
by emitting an ultrasonic pulse and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. The

23
distance calculation is based on the speed of sound and the time taken for the pulse to travel
to the object and back.
The formula to calculate the distance (D) is:
D=T×V/2
where:
D is the distance to the object.
T is the time taken for the echo to return (measured in seconds).
V is the speed of sound in air (approximately 343 meters per second at room temperature).
Since the pulse travels to the object and back, the distance is divided by 2.

Fig 3.6 Flowchart

24
 4
Results
The implementation of our IoT-based inventory management system has yielded significant
improvements in data accuracy, real-time monitoring, and automated alerts. By integrating
ultrasonic sensors, DHT11 sensors, ESP8266 modules, and a Raspberry Pi, we have achieved
real-time inventory monitoring and environmental condition control. The ultrasonic sensors
effectively measure and report stock levels across three shelves with three rows each,
providing precise stock level measurements.

Fig 4.1 Hardware Implementation

This real-time monitoring allows for immediate updates to the inventory database, ensuring
data accuracy and facilitating efficient inventory management. The DHT11 sensors
continuously track temperature and humidity levels within the storage area, ensuring that
stored items remain within set quality and safety criteria. Data collected from the sensors is
transmitted to ThingSpeak, an IoT analytics platform, enabling real-time data visualization
and analysis.
The graphs presented on ThingSpeak indicate the changes in stock levels over time. Each
graph corresponds to a specific product or shelf in the inventory system. The Y-axis of each
graph represents the stock level, while the X-axis represents time.

25
 A decreasing trend in the graph indicates that products have been removed from the shelf,
leading to a reduction in stock levels. An increasing trend in the graph would indicate that
new products have been added to the shelf.

 The value '4' indicates the inventory had 4 items at a specific time, as shown in
the graph.
 The value '2' shows that two more items were removed later, leaving only 2 in
stock.
 The value '88.0' is likely indicating a measurement such as humidity or
temperature, depending on how the DHT11 sensors are configured.

This real-time data visualization allows for easy monitoring of stock levels and
environmental conditions, helping in quick decision-making to maintain inventory efficiency
and prevent stockouts.

Fig 4.3 Thingspeak Results

26
This platform provides a user-friendly interface for remote monitoring of inventory levels and
environmental conditions. Additionally, the system features an automated email notification
function, which generates and sends alerts to relevant personnel when stock levels fall below
predefined thresholds. This ensures timely reordering and prevents stockouts, maintaining
smooth inventory operations.

Fig 4.4 Email System

27
 5
Conclusion and Future Work

5.1. Conclusion

In conclusion , our Internet of Things (IoT)-based inventory management system is a big step
ahead in improving the automation, precision, and efficiency of inventory management
procedures. Through the integration of several sensors, the Raspberry Pi, and the ESP8266,
we have developed a robust system that can monitor stock levels and environmental
conditions in real-time. The MQTT communication protocol facilitates the smooth transfer of
data between devices, hence allowing for speedy decision- making and automated operations.
We have shown through this study how IoT solutions have the power to completely
transform conventional inventory management systems by minimizing errors, cutting down
on manual involvement, and maximizing resource use. In the future, our system's inc reased
scalability and refinement may enable its wider application across a range of industries,
bringing real advantages in the form of reduced costs, increased output, and higher customer
satisfaction. Overall our project demonstrates the revolutionary potential of IoT technology in
updating and optimizing complex logistical processes.

5.2. Future Recommendation

In order to further improve the functionality and efficacy of our IoT-based inventory
management system, the following suggestions may be taken into consideration for future
improvements:
Enhance d Sensor Integration: Look into integrating more sensors to keep an eye on factors
like air quality, light intensity, or sound levels. This expanded sensor network may offer
more thorough insights into storage circumstances and possible risks to the quality of
inventory.
Machine Learning Algorithms: Use machine learning algorithms to examine past data and
make more precise predictions about future inventory demands. The method can reduce
28
instances of overstocking and under stocking by using predictive analytics to forecast
changes in demand and adjust inventory levels appropriately.
Mobile Application Development: Create a mobile application interface that gives users
instant access to system controls and inventory information. This would improve flexibility
and responsiveness to changing conditions by enabling inventory managers to remotely
monitor and manage inventory.
Integration with ERP Systems: To speed up the transfer of information and automate
inventory-related procedures like purchase orders, invoicing, and reporting, integrate the
inventory management system with the current Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems.
The smooth connection between inventory management and other business operations would
be guaranteed by this integration.

29
 References

[1] B. S. Tejesh, "Warehouse inventory management system using IoT and open source
framework," 2018.
[2] K. R. A. Maged Mohammed, "Design of a Smart IoT-Based Control System for Remotely
Managing Cold Storage Facilities," 2022.
[3] J. Suresh, "Inventory Management System Using IOT," 2017.

[4] A. D. P. N. P. A. A. R. A. Vamsi, "IOT Based Autonomous Inventory Management for

Warehouses," Springer, Cham, 2020.
[5] S. Gupta, "Web Enabled IOT based Warehouse Management," July 2023.

[6] M. S. P. B. B. W. Asif Daftarband, "Stock Management Using IOT," June 2022.

[7] S. M. T. S. K. Sakthisudhan, "A Smart Kitchen Automation and Grocery," vol. 8, no. 1,
May 2019.

[8] H. Voltages, "ESP8266 (NodeMcu) Raspberry Pi MQTT," 2011.

[9] Mahesh, "Sending DHT11 Data from Raspberry Pi to ThingsSpeak Cloud," 2023.

`
30
 Page 1 of 35 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2994577201

Abiha Waqar
An IoT Based Smart Inventory Management System with
Environmental Monitoring.docx
FYP II

FYP Fall 2020

Muhammad Ali Jinnah University

Document Details

Submission ID

trn:oid:::1:2994577201 33 Pages

Submission Date 5,112 Words

Aug 31, 2024, 2:31 PM GMT+5

30,628 Characters

Download Date

Sep 5, 2024, 2:46 PM GMT+5

File Name

An_IoT_Based_Smart_Inventory_Management_System_with_Environmental_Monitoring.docx

File Size

1.5 MB

Page 1 of 35 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2994577201

 Page 2 of 35 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2994577201

82% detected as AI Caution: Review required.

The percentage indicates the combined amount of likely AI-generated text as It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions
well as likely AI-generated text that was also likely AI-paraphrased. about a student’s work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin’s AI detection
capabilities before using the tool.

Detection Groups
1 AI-generated only 51%
Likely AI-generated text from a large-language model.

2 AI-generated text that was AI-paraphrased 30%

Likely AI-generated text that was likely revised using an AI-paraphrase tool
or word spinner.

Disclaimer
Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify
writing that is likely AI generated as AI generated and AI paraphrased or likely AI generated and AI paraphrased writing as only AI generated) so it should not be used as the sole basis for
adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any
academic misconduct has occurred.

Frequently Asked Questions

How should I interpret Turnitin's AI writing percentage and false positives?

The percentage shown in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the submission that Turnitin’s AI writing
detection model determines was either likely AI-generated text from a large-language model or likely AI-generated text that was
likely revised using an AI-paraphrase tool or word spinner.

False positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated) are a possibility in AI models.

AI detection scores under 20%, which we do not surface in new reports, have a higher likelihood of false positives. To reduce the
likelihood of misinterpretation, no score or highlights are attributed and are indicated with an asterisk in the report (*%).

The AI writing percentage should not be the sole basis to determine whether misconduct has occurred. The reviewer/instructor
should use the percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted
assignment in accordance with their school's policies.

What does 'qualifying text' mean?

Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a
longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be likely AI-generated will be
highlighted in cyan in the submission, and likely AI-generated and then likely AI-paraphrased will be highlighted purple.

Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the
percentage shown.

Page 2 of 35 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2994577201

An IoT Based Smart Inventory Management System with
Environmental Monitoring.docx
ORIGINALITY REPORT

4 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
3%
INTERNET SOURCES
3%
PUBLICATIONS
3%
STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
Submitted to Higher Education Commission
Pakistan
1%
Student Paper

2
www.ijcaonline.org
Internet Source 1%
3
www.ijnrd.org
Internet Source 1%
4
Bhanu Chander, BN Anoop, Koppala
Guravaiah, G. Kumaravelan. "Intelligent
1%
Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of
Things - Algorithms, Methodologies, and
Applications", CRC Press, 2024
Publication

5
www.ijraset.com
Internet Source 1%
6
Submitted to University of Limerick
Student Paper 1%
Exclude quotes Off Exclude matches < 1%
Exclude bibliography On