5: Longitudinal Stresses in Beams

Due to Bending Moment

5.1: Basic Assumptions
• Determination of longitudinal stresses in beams
caused by Bending moment is based on the following
assumptions:
i. The longitudinal axis, which lies within the neutral
surface, Fig 5.0a, does not experience any change in
length.

ii. All cross sections of the beam remain plane and

perpendicular to the longitudinal axis when beam is
subjected to bending.

iii. The small lateral strains due to Poisson effect is

neglected i.e, the cross section retains its shape.
1
Fig. 5.0 a: Unloaded Beam

Fig. 5.0b: Loaded Beam 2

Beam Bending

3
 A F

C
z
D
y dz
Fig. 5.1: Unloaded Beam

AB and FD are two sections

perpendicular to the axis of the
beam. After applying a Moment
M to the beam the beam bends
and the said sections rotate to M
positions A’B’ and F’D’ F' F
A A'
respectively but remain PLANE M i s of
Ax m
o
o 90 a
and PERPENDICULAR to the 90 Be
axis of the beam
D D'
B' B
dz 4
 From the figure it is apparent that some of the longitudinal fibers such as
AF are compressed while others such as BD are STRETCHED. Between
the compressed and the stretched fibers there is unstrained surface which
is called NEUTRAL SURFACE. An axis of the beam in the neutral surface
and through the centroid of the beam’s cross section is known as the AXIS
OF THE BEAM

M
F' F
Axis of the beam A A'
M i s of
Ax m
A F o
o 90 a
90 o
90
o 90 Be
z

y D D D'
B' B

Figure 5.2
dz
Figure 5.3
5
5.2 Determination of Longitudinal Stresses due to Bending
Moment
• Bearing in mind the above mentioned assumptions
let us consider the beam shown in figure 5.4. AB
and FD are sections perpendicular to the neutral
axis of the beam and HJ is a fiber parallel to the
neutral axis and y units from it.
A F
b

z
X
h

y
H J
B D
Y
Y dz
Cross Section
of the Beam
The Unloaded Beam
Figure 5.4 6
 z
• A moment M is R
M
R
applied to the beam,
thus bending it as M
A' F'
shown in figure 5.5.
dz

y
J'
H'
D'
B'
Fig. 5.5 The Loaded Beam
7
 R=Radius of CURVATURE
The length of fiber H’J’ is now (R+y)d
Original length was dz
Therefore Change in length= (R+y)d - dz z
d 
But dz=R.d R
Hence change in length = y.d
Let Strain of fiber H’J’ be e R
change in length yd y
e  
original length Rd  R
A’ F’
From Hooke’s Law: s=Ee
Therefore stress at fiber H’J’ is given by z y
J’
E y H’
s  Eq.[5.1] D’
R B’ (R+y)d
Therefore the stress due to bending varies with the distance from the neutral axis.8
Stress Distribution at a Cross Section Resisting a Bending
Moment

9
 5.3 Section Properties that Determine
Resistance to Bending Moment

5.3.1 Moment of Inertia and Elastic Section Modulus

• Consider the section of a beam shown below:

A Beam Loaded with Moment

Cross Section of
the Beam
10
 From  Fz  0
one gets
Ey
 s  dA  0 i.e.  R
dA  0

E
  ydA  0 implying  ydA  0
R

From y 
 ydA
 centroid of the section
A
it follows y  0

Thus the neutral axis goes through the centroid of

the cross section of the beam. 11
 From  Moments 0

one gets M   s  y  dA  0

Ey E 2
 M   s  y  dA    ydA   y dA
R R

The quantity
 y 2dA Is a property of the cross section and it is

Called the MOMENT OF INERTIA OR THE SECOND MOMENT OF AREA of the

cross section and it is designated by the symbol I that is:

I
 y 2dA [6.1]

12
 EI M E [6.2]
 M or 
R I R
Ey E s
From Equation 5.1 s or  [6.3]
R R y

M E s
From Equations 6.2 and 6.4 one gets  
I R y [6.4]
OR
My
s
I

The maximum stress caused by the moment is given by

M  ymax M M
s max    [6.5]
I  I  Z
 
 max 
y

13
Z is another section property called ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS
5.4 Geometrical properties of cross-sections
• The strength of a component of a structure
is dependent on the geometrical properties
of its cross-section in addition to its
material and other properties.
• For example, a beam with a large cross-
section will, in general, be able to resist a
bending moment more readily than a
beam with a smaller cross-section.
• Typical cross-section of structural
members are shown in the next slide.
14
5.4 Geometrical properties of cross-sections

15
5.4 Geometrical properties of cross-sections
• The cross-section of figure (c) is called a
rolled steel joist(RSJ); it is used
extensively in structural engineering.
• It is quite common to make cross-sections
of metal structural members in the form of
the cross-sections of Figure (c) to (e),
such cross-sections are structurally more
efficient in bending than cross-sections
such as (a) and (b).

16
5.5 Determination of Section Properties
Consider the cross section shown bellow
y yo
c
dA
x
x xo

id
ro
nt y c
r
Ce
y

o x

c = Distance of extreme fiber from the respective centroidal axis

Xo , yo are axes through the centroid: they are called centroidal axes
dA = Elemental Area 17
 5.5.1 Area and Centroid of the Cross Section

A   dA  Area of cross sec tion

x
 x  dA  x coordinate of the centroid
A

y
 y  dA  y coordinate of the centroid
A

18
5.5.2 Moment of Inertia and Elastic Section Modulus
I x   y 2dA  Moment of Inertia about the x Axis
I xo  Moment of Inertia about the centroidal x Axis ( Major Axis )

I y   x 2dA  Moment of Inertia about the y Axis

I yo  Moment of Inertia about the centroidal y Axis ( Minor Axis )

Iz   r 2 dA    x 2 + y 2 dA  I x + I y  Polar Moment of Inertia

 

I
Z xo  xo  Elastic Section Modulus about the centroidal x Axis
c
I yo
Z yo   Elastic Section Modulus about the centroidal y Axis
c
c  Distance of the extreme fiber from the respective centroidal Axis 19
 5.5.3 RADIUS OF GYRATION OF A CROSS SECTION

Ix
kx   radius of gyration of the area about x axis
A

Iy
ky   radius of gyration of the area about y axis
A

Iz
kz   Polar radius of gyration
A

NOTE : I z  k z2 A  I x + I y  k x2 A + k 2y A

 k z2  k x2 + k 2y 20
 5.5.4 Moment of Inertia about General Axes
Consider the following Cross Section

y y
o

x
dA
x xo
c yo
x
o

y y
Centroid
c
d

o x
c = Distance of extreme fiber from the respective centroidal axis

Given: I xo   yo2dA  Moment of inertia about centroidal axis xo

I yo   xo2dA  Moment of inertia about centroidal axis yo21

 5.5.5 Determination of Moment of Inertia about
a general Axis x

I x   y 2 dA   ( y + yo ) 2 dA   ( y 2 + yo2 + 2 yy0 )dA

 I x   y 2 dA +  yo2 dA + 2 y  yo dA

But  yo dA  0 because xo is a centroidal axis

2 dA  y 2 dA  y 2 A because dA  A
 y  
2 dA  I  Moment of inertia about the centroidal axis x
 o
y xo o
 I x  I xo + A  y 2

22
 5.5.6 Determination of Moment of Inertia about
a general Axis y

I y   x 2 dA   ( x + xo ) 2 dA   ( x 2 + xo2 + 2  x  x0 )dA

 I x   x 2 dA +  xo2dA + 2 x  xo dA

But  xo dA  0 because yo is a centroidal axis

2 dA  x 2 dA x 2 A because dA A
 x  
2dA  I  Moment of inertia about the centroidal axis y
 o
x yo o
 I y  I yo + A  x 2

23
 Example 1
• Determine the location of
the centroid, y, and the
moment of inertia of the
cross section about the
neutral axis.

24
 Example 2
• The simply supported beam shown in the fig has the
cross-sectional area shown. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the
stress distribution over the cross section at this
location. Also, what is the stress at point B?

25