Sulaimany polytechnic university

Technical College of engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Tool Geometry and Sharpening of Single

Point Tools.
Prepared by: Haryad Hiwa
Supervised by: m.Shaima
Group: ( A4 )
(2023-2024)
CONTENT

 Introduction

 Objective:

 Single Point Cutting Tool Definition

 Single Point Cutting Tool Material

 Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry and Nomenclature

 Angles of Single Point Cutting Tool (Signature)

 Theory

 proceture

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Experiment number: 1
Experiment name: Tool Geometry and Sharpening of
Single Point Tools.

INTRODUCTION
In engineering language, a cutting tool is used to cut or remove other material by
applying force. Tools used in daily life like knives, chisels, scissors, etc. come
under the category of cutting tools. A single-point cutting tool cuts a chip or
material from a point or edge on a shank. Cutting tools are used in industries for
creating the required shape of the product by facing, turning, shaping, drilling,
boring, and many other operations. Lathe and shaper machines have single-point
cutting tools in most of the operations. In industries, the most common examples
of single-point cutting tools are turning, boring, shaping, planning, and slotting
tools..

Objective:

1. To learn the main angles single point cutting tools.

2. To know how to design the cutting tool by the right way.

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Single Point Cutting Tool Definition
The single point cutting tool consists of a sharpened cutting part called
its point and the shank. The point of the tool is bounded by the face (along
which the chips slide as they are cut by the tool), the side flank or major
flank the end flank or minor flank, and the base. As we know we perform
several operations on the lathe (like turning and facing) from the single-
point cutting tool.

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Single Point Cutting Tool Material
This tool can be made from several materials which are as follows

 High carbon steel

 High-speed steel
 Ceramics
 Cerements
 Diamonds
 Ucon
 Cemented carbide
 CBN (Cubic boron nitrite)

Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry and Nomenclature:

Single Point Cutting Tool diagram

By means of a cutting tool, nomenclature is the systematic naming of various
parts and angles of the cutting tool. The above image shows the complete
nomenclature of a single-point cutting tool. These are shank, base, face,
flank, heel, nose, back rake angle, side rake angle, side clearance, wide
cutting edge, end cutting edge, and lip angle.

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1. Shank: Shank is the main body of the cutting tool, which is grabbed or
supported by the tool holder on the machine. It is the largest and most rigid
portion of the tool in terms of volume. It provides stability to the whole tool
during machining operations.

2. Face – The face is the surface of the tool where chips slide up and outward
side, during the machining process.

3. Base –The bottom surface of the tool is known as the base, on which the
tool stands.

4. Nose or Cutting Point – A point where side and End cutting edges are
meets in front of the tool. It is also known as the Cutting Point of the tool.
And Nose radius is the radius of the nose that helps to achieve better surface
finishing as well as increases tool life.

5. Heel – A line of intersection of flank and base surfaces is known as the

Heel of a single-point cutting tool.

6. Flank– Cutting tools have two flank surfaces, i.e; Major Flank and Minor
Flank. The major flank is a vertical surface adjacent to the side cutting edge.
And Minor flank is a vertical surface adjacent to the end cutting edge.

7. Cutting Edge –
Edges used to remove material during the machining process are called
cutting edges. Faces and cutting surfaces make cutting edges. Single-point
cutting tools have two cutting edges: the side cutting edge and the end cutting
edge.

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Angles of Single Point Cutting Tool (Signature)
The specification of a tool's shape follows a distinct sequence known as the
"tool signature." These include different angles stated below:

Side Cutting Edge Angle

The side cutting edge angle refers to the angle formed between the side
cutting edge and a line parallel to the shank of the single point cutting tool.
This angle plays a crucial role in regulating the width of the chip produced
during machining. Increasing the side cutting edge angle results in a wider
chip, while decreasing it leads to a narrower chip formation. Moreover, this
angle helps prevent the formation of built-up edge and effectively
distributes the cutting force during the cutting process.

End Cutting Edge Angle

The end cutting edge angle represents the angle between the end cutting
edge and a line perpendicular to the shank of the cutting tool. By allowing
only a small portion of the end section edge to contact the machining
surface, this angle helps minimize vibrations and chatter during machining
operations. Typically ranging from 5 to 15 degrees, the end cutting edge
angle plays a critical role in ensuring smooth and precise cutting.

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Lip Angle/Wedge Angle

The lip angle, also known as the wedge angle, is the angle formed between
the face of the tool and the end flank or minor flank of the single point
cutting tool.

Back Rack Angle

The back rack angle denotes the angle formed between the tool face and a
line parallel to the base of the cutting tool. This angle is essential for
facilitating the smooth flow of chips during the cutting process and thereby
increasing the tool's lifespan. The back rack angle can be classified into
three types: positive rack angle, negative rack angle, and zero rack angle.
Positive rack angles are used for machining ductile materials, negative rack
angles for brittle materials, and zero rack angles for brass machining.

End Relief Angle

The end relief angle represents the angle formed between the minor flank
or end flank of the tool and the line normal to the base of the tool. This
angle ensures proper clearance between the tool and the workpiece during
longitudinal feeding, preventing rubbing between the two surfaces.

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Side Rack Angle

The side rack angle is the angle between the face of the tool and a line
perpendicular to the shank. This angle is vital in maintaining the width of
the chip formed after cutting.

Side Relief Angle

The side relief angle is the angle formed between the major flank or side
flank of the tool and the plane normal to the base of the tool. Its primary
purpose is to prevent rubbing between the workpiece and the flank of the
tool during longitudinal feeding, thus reducing friction and enhancing the
machining process.

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 PROCETURE

1. First we will make the tool by grinding wheel.

2. We will determine the angle on thr tool by angle gauge

protractor and scriber, our angle was 60 degrees.

3. We cut the angle by grinding wheel.

4. Finally we will determine and cut the End cutting edge.

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