NAME: ADETUNJI AYOBAMI DAVID

SERIAL NO: 71
GROUP: H
MAT NO: ENG2006244
DEPT: EEE
EXPERIMENT CODE: EEE414
EXPERIMENT NAME: PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
 EXPERIMENT EE 414
PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Apparatus:
● BJT Amplifier Unit
● IC OP-Amp Unit
● Circuit Construction Board
● Capacitors: 2-No. 10nf, 1-No, 10μF
● Resistors: 2-No, 10k, 1-No, 12k
● Dual-Trace Oscilloscope
● D.C. Power Supply
● Signal Generator

Objective:
To construct and test phase-shift oscillator circuits

Theory:
A phase shift oscillator is a type of electronic circuit that utilizes regenerative feedback to
generate a continuous sine wave output. This feedback mechanism involves a phase-shifting
network and an amplifier.
It consists of an amplifier and a phase-shifting network. The amplifier can be a transistor or an
operational amplifier. It is responsible for boosting the amplitude of the signal. The phase-
shifting network introduces a phase-shift to the signal. It consists of several resistors and
capacitors.

Operation of the Phase-shift oscillator

1. Initial signal: The circuit might have some inherent noise or a small voltage fluctuation to
initiate the process.
2. Amplification: This tiny signal is fed into the amplifier, where its amplitude is
significantly increased.
3. Phase shifting The amplified output is then directed to the phase-shifting network. This
network introduces a specific phase shift, typically designed to be 180 degrees at the
desired oscillation frequency
 4. Positive feedback: The phase-shifted signal is then fed back to the amplifier’s input. The
feedback becomes positive if the total phase shift around the loop (amplifier gain and
phase shift network) is 180 degrees at a particular frequency.
5. Sustained Oscillation: This positive feedback encourages the signal to grow in amplitude
with each cycle. However, this growth is limited due to the amplifiers' non-ideal nature.
As the amplitude increases, the amplifier’s gain characteristics change, introducing
distortion and effectively limiting the output amplitude.
6. Stable Output: An equilibrium is reached where the loop gain (considering both amplifier
gain and phase shift) is exactly 1. This ensures a constant amplitude sine wave output at
the specific frequency where the total phase shift is 180 degrees.
The signal generator is one of the most useful test instruments in experimental electronics.
Positive feedback is the basic fact or common to signal generators. The gain A of a feedback
system, as illustrated in Fig. 1, is given by;
A = V0/V1 = A0/(1-βA0) --------- (1)
Where A0 is the gain of the amplifier without feedback and β(the feedback factor) is the fraction
of the output feedback to the input. We note that βA, is the loop gain of the system.

V1 VA0

A feedback system

If the circuit condition is arranged such that (1- βA0) = 0, then the value of A becomes infinite.
This implies that the system will produce an output signal with virtually no input, which is the
condition for oscillation. Thus the condition for oscillation is given by:
1 – βA0 = 0
or
βA0 = 1/00
Where βA0 is expressed in a form showing magnitude and phase angle, In sinusoid oscillation,
this condition is satisfied at only one frequency.
The output of a simple voltage amplifier is normally 180 degrees out of phase with the input.
Hence the voltage gain A0 of the amplifier may be given by:

A0 = |A0|/180o

PHASE-SHIFT NETWORKS
R-C Ladder Network
A practical β-network is a phase-shift network, constructed of R-C component, as shown in Fig
2. The attenuation and phase-shift of the phase-shifter can be shown to be given by:
V 1
=

[{ }]
V1 5
1− + j [¿ ]
( WCR2 )

The angular frequency ω0 at which the phase shift of the network is 0 or 180 degrees is obtained
by setting the imaginary part of equation 5 to zero, i.e.

¿=0
gives
1
ω0 =
RC √ ❑
1
F0 =
2 πRC √ ❑
Making C subject of the formula. Use new value of C into the design,
1
C=
2 πR F 0 √ ❑

And substituting back for w = w0 in equation 5 gives a value for the attenuation of the network,
i.e.

∠ 1800
V0 1
=β=
V1 29

where the minuses (negative sign) is interpreted to mean that the output is 180 degrees out of
phase with the input.
For this phase-shift network, therefore the condition for oscillation (eqn. 2.) will be
satisfied if the amplifier gain A has a numerical value of at least 29 and a 180-degree phase-shift.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
PART – A
BUT phase shift oscillator using ladder network

Procedure
The circuit of Fig. 1 will be used for this experiment. The amplifier section of Fig. 3 (consisting
of circuit components T1, T2, R4, R5, R6, R7, C4, and C5 has been pre-constructed and constitutes
the “amplifier unit”.

Procedure A-1
Construct the R-C Ladder network, with the components applied, on the circuit board and
connect it to the appropriate terminals on the BJT amplifier Unit.

Procedure A-2
Set the power supply Yvc value to 9 volts and connect to the appropriate terminals on the
amplifier unit. Switch on the power to the unit.

Procedure A-3
Using the oscilloscope (or a digital frequency meter) measure the frequency of oscillation and
compare the measured value with the theoretical value.
 Frequency Of Oscillation
Measured Theoretical
761Hz 795Hz

Circuit Diagrams from manual that we are to work with

Procedure 4:
Examine the waveform of the oscillation on the oscilloscope. Is it a good sinewave? Sketch the
waveform.

Procedure A-5:
Gradually vary the supply volume Vcc (first to 11V and down to 8V). Sketch the waveforms for
Vcc = 11V and 8V respectively. Maintain Vcc at the lower level of 8V

EXERCISES
1. Using the RC oscillator, design for a frequency of 10kHz.
2. Increase the feedback resistor Rf and take note of what you observe.
3. Increase Op-Amp supply voltage and observe how it affects frequency.
4. Change the RC oscillator components for a frequency of 10MHz.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE QUESTIONS

1. Design for a frequency of 10kHz.
From calculation, a 10Khz design will need a capacitor of 650pF
 Fig. Waveform of 10KHz Design

2. Increasing the feedback resistor value leads to an increase in the amplitude of the
waveform.
Fig. waveform showing for an increase in feedback resistance.

3. An increase in supply voltage (to 15V) also leads to an increase in the amplitude of the
waveform.

Fig. Waveform for an increase in supply voltage

4. Design for a 10MHz system.

 A 10MHz system will need, from calculation, a capacitance of 0.65pF, leaving the
resistors value at 10 kilo-ohms

Fig. Circuit design for a 10MHz system

CONCLUSION
An RC phase-shift oscillator is an electronic oscillator that uses a combination of resistors and
capacitors to produce a phase shift necessary for oscillators.
The RC phase-shift oscillator works by creating a phase shift of 180 degrees through an
amplifier stage and an additional 180 degrees through a feedback network, resulting in a total
phase-shift of 360 degrees, which is necessary for sustained collisions.
A typical RC phase-shift oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback network comprising
three or more RC stages. RC phase-shift oscillators are used in audio frequency generation,
signal generators, etc.
Applications of phase shift oscillators include the fact that they are versatile circuits used in
various applications like:

● Function generators for producing sine waves of different frequencies.

● Audio oscillators for generating audio signals