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03 Logic Gates

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LEBRON JAMES
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4 views

03 Logic Gates

lesson material

Uploaded by

LEBRON JAMES
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Use

Logic Gates
CPE107-4 Logic Circuits and Design
Engr. John Paul T. Cruz
Internal Use

Objectives
• Describe the operation of the basic, universal, and exclusive gates.
• Formulate the truth tables of logic expressions.
Internal Use

Introduction
Logic gates are the basic building blocks for
forming digital electronic circuitry. A logic
gate has one output terminal and one or
more input terminals. Its output will be HIGH
(1) or LOW (0), depending on the digital
level(s) at the input terminal(s).

Using logic gates, we can design digital


systems that evaluate digital input levels and
produce a specific output response based on
that logic circuit design.
Internal Use

Types of Logic Gate Families


Internal Use

TTL Operating Voltage


Internal Use

Basic Logic Gates


The basic logic gates consist of the AND, OR, and NOT (inverter) gates.
Internal Use

Universal Gates
The universal gates consist of the NAND and NOR gates.
Internal Use

Universality of NAND and NOR


The NAND and NOR gates are known as universal gates, since any logic function can be
implemented using NAND or NOR gates.

Given the proper combinations, any expression can implement using only NAND or NOR
gates.
Internal Use

Universality of the NAND Gate


Internal Use

Universality of the NOR Gate


Internal Use

Exclusive Gates
The exclusive gates consist of the XOR and XNOR gates.
Internal Use

Logic Symbol Interpretation


When an input or output line on a logic circuit symbol has no bubble, that line is said to be
active-HIGH. When an input or output line has a bubble on it, it is said to be active-LOW.
The presence or absence of a bubble determines the active-HIGH/active-LOW status of a
circuit’s inputs and output and is used to interpret the circuit operation.
Internal Use

Alternate Gate Representations


Internal Use

Logic Circuit Expression

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Internal Use

Logic Circuit Expression

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Internal Use

Logic Circuit Expression


Determine the expression of the following logic circuit
Internal Use

Logic Circuit Expression


Determine the expression of the following logic circuit
Internal Use

Logic Circuit Expression


Determine the expression of the following logic circuit
Internal Use

Evaluating the Output


The best way to analyze a circuit of multiple logic gates is to use a truth table. A truth table
describes the relationship between the input and output of a logic circuit. The number of
entries corresponds to the number of inputs calculated using the formula 2N, where N is the
number of inputs.
Internal Use

Evaluating the Output


The first step after listing all input combinations is to create a column in the truth table for
each intermediate signal.
A B C u = A’ v=A’B w=BC x=v+w
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
Internal Use

Evaluating the Output


The next step is to fill in the values for column v.

A B C u = A’ v=A’B w=BC x=v+w


0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
Internal Use

Evaluating the Output


The third step is to evaluate the values at column w which is the logical AND of BC.

A B C u = A’ v=A’B w=BC x=v+w


0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1
Internal Use

Evaluating the Output


The final step is to logically combine columns v and w to evaluate the output for x.

A B C u = A’ v=A’B w=BC x=v+w


0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1
Internal Use

Examples
Evaluate the output of the following expressions and circuits:

𝑥 = 𝐴𝐵(𝐶 + 𝐷)

ത
𝑦 = 𝑀 + 𝑁 + 𝑃𝑄
Internal Use

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