ECE 447 Lecture 1: Microwave Introduction and Field Analysis of Transmission Line

RF/Microwaves Education by Prof. Milton Feng

Jan, 2006

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Purpose
Wireless Communications Microwave (0.8 to 2.5 GHz cell phone) WLAN (5.2 GHz to 20 GHz) Moving toward Millimeter-wave ( 60GHz and 94GHz) Imaging: Focal Plane Array Image IR image Submillimeter-Wave Image THz Image Microelectronics: 4 GHz Signal Processing 10 to 100 GHz Signal Process ( Mix signal ICs) RF front end (High speed, low power, high dynamic range ADC, DDS) Optoelectronics: Integrated Photon and electron toward 160 Gbits Display Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Super-scaled InP Technology for EW Applications (DRAPA TFast $ 7M Project)

UIUC Sub-micron SHBTs Base Emitter Collector

Material and advanced HBT Research (UIUC Lead)

0.25 m 8 m InP/InGaAs SHBT before planarization Ft> 550 GHz

Goals, Objectives and Main Technical Approach

Research vertical scaling in Type I and Type II material systems Lateral scaling down to 0.15 um InP DHBT enables devices with Ft & Fmax > 500 GHz Planarized device & processing methods that enable circuits of density > 20,000 devices 4 level planarized interconnect High breakdown voltages for linear RF circuits Demonstration of 150 GHz divider, and other key DDS circuits
4

Manufacturable InP DHBT Research (Vitesse Lead)

Device performance for VIP-2 device having Ft/Fmax > 330 GHz with BVceo > 4.5 Volts

Spectrum of Divider Output

0.00 -10.00 -20.00 -30.00 -40.00 -50.00 -60.00 -70.00 -80.00 -90.00 3.7450E+10

Amplitude (dBm)

Circuits and Applications (BAE Systems Lead)

Worlds Fastest Flip Flop ckt @ 152 GHz
3.7500E+10
Frequency (Hz)

3.7550E+10

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Microwave Theory - Overview

Microwaves Introduction Frequency Band Designations Transmission Lines Field Analysis of Transmission Lines

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Microwaves Introduction
Microwaves refers to AC signals with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Corresponds to electrical wavelengths between 1 m and 1 mm respectively. Lumped circuit element approximations are no longer valid at microwave frequencies. Distributed elements must be used when the phase of a voltage or current changes significantly across the length of a device at high frequencies.

f =

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Frequency Band Designations

L-band S-band C-band X-band Ku-band K-band Ka-band U-band V-band W-band 1-2 GHz 2-4 GHz 4-8 GHz 8-12 GHz 12-18 GHz 18-26 GHz 26-40 GHz 40-60 GHz 60-75 GHz 75-110 GHz

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines Conventional parallel conductor transmission lines such as two-wire lines, coaxial line, and stripline are used to transmit microwave energy. Modern high-frequency integrated circuits (ICs) will typically use microstrip transmission lines or coplanar waveguide (CPW). In microwave network analysis, transmission line theory bridges the gap between field analysis and circuit theory. Field analysis is required when the physical dimensions of a network are larger than the electrical wavelength. Transmission line analysis is needed when the physical dimensions of a network are equal to a fraction of the electrical wavelength. Circuit analysis assumes that the physical dimensions of a network are relatively smaller than the electrical wavelength.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Field Analysis of Transmission Lines

Parallel Plate Transmission Line (Perfect Conductor)

[1] [2]

E = E x ( z , t )i x

Hy y

z x Ex
Js = Hy iz w Perfect Conductor +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ d Hy x Hy x x x x x x x Hy x x x

H = H y ( z , t )i y

Js

Boundary condition in a perfect conductor:

Et = 0 Hn = 0

(Tangential component of E = 0) (Normal component of H = 0)

[3] [4]

Charge density produce E field : Gauss Law

[ s ]x =0 = [in D ]x =0 = ix E x (ix ) = E x [ s ]x=d = [in D ]x=d = ix E x (ix ) = E x

[5] [6]
9

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Field Analysis of Transmission Lines (contd.)

Current density produced H-Field :

[J s ]x=0 = [in H ]x =0 = ix H y (i y ) = H y (iz ) [J s ]x=d = [in H ]x =d = (ix ) H y (i y ) = H y (iz )

[7] [8]

Wave propagation along the transmission line is supported by charges and currents on the plate, which vary both with time and distance along the line. For the finite space between the two plates x=0 and x=d, the voltage between the two conductors is equal to dEx(z,t):
x=d

V ( z, t ) =

x =o

E ( z, t )dx = d E ( z, t )
x x

[9]

For a finite-sized plate y=w, the current flow in the conductor is equal to wHy(z,t): y = w y=w

I ( z, t ) =

y =o

J s ( z, t )dy =

y =o

H y ( z, t )dy = w H y ( z, t )

[10]

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

10

Field Analysis of Transmission Lines (contd.)

Power flow in the z-direction can be expressed in terms of the Poynting vector, P(z,t):

P( z, t ) =

(E ( z, t ) H ( z, t )) dS = (E ( z , t ) H ( z , t ) ) dxdyi V ( z, t ) I ( z, t ) = dxdy d w
x=d y=w x =0 y =0 x=d y =w x =0 x=d x y y =0 y=w x y

[11]
z

[12] [13] [14]

x =0

y =0

= V ( z, t ) I ( z, t )

Maxwell Equations for Ex and Hy propagating in the z-direction: H y B E [15] = E = z t t H y E D [16] H = J + = E x x t z t This leads to V=dEx and I=wHy in a perfect dielectric medium where the conductivity is equal to 0.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

11

Inductance and Capacitance Transmission Lines

Inductance:
Henry Magnetic flux per unit length L = m line current at z H B y Am (1 / z ) H y (d z ) (1 / z ) d L = = = I ( z) w H y ( z) w m

[17]

Capacitance:
Faraday Charge per unit length C = m line voltage at z F A (1 / z ) E x ( w z ) (1 / z ) w = = C = s e V ( z) d Ex ( z) d m

[18]

The wave propagation can be determined as follows:

L C = = 1
2 p

[19] [20]
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

p =

1 = LC

12

Field Analysis

Transmission Lines

Transmission line equations can be put in terms of voltage and current by substituting Ex and Hy with I, V, L, and C. However, we should not forget about the actual phenomenon that the the conductors guide electromagnetic wave propagation:
H y I E x V = = L z t z t H y E I V = C = x z t z t
[21] [22]

The solution to the lossless transmission line is as follows:

V ( z , t ) = Af (t z LC ) + Bg (t + z LC ) 1 I ( z, t ) = Af (t z LC ) + Bg (t + z LC ) L/C
[23]

[24]

Where:

f (t z LC ) : Traveling wave in + z direction g (t + z LC ) : Traveling wave in z direction

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

13

Phase Velocity & Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Lines

In summary:
L C = = 1
2 p

p =
Zo =

1 = LC

Phase velocity Characteristic impedance [25]

L = C

d d = w w

The characteristic impedance is related to the intrinsic impedance by the geometric factor. Any transmission line is then characterized by the phase velocity and the characteristic impedance Zo.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

14

Transmission Line with Small Finite Conduction

Parallel Plate Conductor:

d L= w 2 Rs R= w

w C = d

p =

1 = LC

w G = d

L Zo = = C

(d / w) = (d / w)
15

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

Home Work 1-1 Coaxial Cylindrical Conductor

Derive and prove that Coaxial Cylindrical Conductor (where a is the radius of the inner conductor and b is the radius of the outer conductor)

R 2 R= S C= 2 ln(b / a) 2 G= ln(b / a) b L= ln 2 a 1 LC = 1
p

1 1 + a b
b a

L 1 b Zo = = { ln( )} C 2 a
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

16

Homework 1-2 Parallel Cylindrical Wires Conductor

Derive and prove that Parallel Cylindrical Wires Conductor (where a is the radius of the conductor and 2d is the separation of the two conductors measured from the center of the lines)

RS R= a
C= G=

cosh (d / a)

1 1

cosh (d / a) d L = cosh a 1 LC = 1
p

2d

Zo =

d L 1 = { cosh ( )} a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering C

1

at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

17

Homework 1-3 Parallel Cylindrical Wire

Parallel Cylindrical Wire to the Ground Conductor (where a is the radius of the conductor and h is the separation of the conductor and ground plane)
1

2 RS C= R= (h / a) cosh 2a 2 G= cosh (h / a) h L= cosh 2 a 1 LC = 1

1 1 p

L 1 h Zo = = { cosh ( )} C 2 a
1

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2006 by Prof. Milton Feng

18