to nes p to € ay ce a scallan quand fy = is iB Apart trom hein masses, protons 4 electnong f poscess some additional Sntainatc property > & ( j gives nise to electnic fonce b/o tham ‘e> called” » changes j 1 => Types ot Changes’ j O Positive change © Negative chon by Whan tho poe of protons and efectnons ana not ) equal, the obyect possesses a nek +ve OW —VE’ dp changte 1 —51iRe chonges nepal each othen whereas unli te ' q changes athnad: | 9 In SI, the untt of chadrge Ys Conlomb (c)o & Methods of producing tee on a bods ® 84 Gnductions It fs algo chang i phystall contact. 1¢ an unchanged body MERE fn comtact with changed body, some electrons shaned bo the bodtes. The uncharged bo acqiiined a chang. similan to the chon ged. | Py!is the proces 4 dys ky Keeping a changed b nro m is) a physic conrtacks ee PROEA, | charge produced on tha body $s oppost te to thn | dy, used to chonge it. * Saaic Propen tres ot Change © Quantization ot Chosge's Ht ts The propenty dus to Hh, total change on o body 1S an Integral : mul Apde ao Sosic unit & chong, whith fs change electron « 05 ORES we Keex Gry C Total now change electsiong i @ AddiWity ot Chorge 2 Tors dectatc charge ae Ee os soe is qual, te algebmoic sum of c chan Lutst boked of ecg kes. on He. ottonay | &~ J$ a sutem cop tins 0 Changes , quiere qo othan totnd charge is’ os ada Ie | @ Consenvaction ot Changes He sebstancer Ahno al Ac to this Yaad the ‘otal hectic Changes an ‘olaked system is aluays constant,1. 4 point charges ts d nOPON ee ee e to the oquane of ah + them. a, , i So, F&Q.G, —O ra ie abong the ioe ' it = ' Ext —o ining be changes. | by eq¥ © X® we ge, | Fo QQ ' or C2P LOO. a whe R=! - Electnostatic force consbant = Nt ' clwan > Eo= Electoitcal Pormittivt ty ot praet [olor vaccum « BEWecume co = 6 Nmrt 1 * Dimenstonal fommuta ot f= LH L274 ee] © © Nablus of f= 2.85 PPh m>mas of fonce blo boo changes 5 Yee nakio » too point changes placed certain apart {Mm vaccum to the fonce bee. placed some distance opaok Y es Fro idomb’s Law in Vecton fom Gnaiden p06 point changes 4, Lay sepenaked a dytone (n). _, Me a a4 se, fone 00 42 dus 4) Seen Mag Ra ARE, soi i * We, % fx AAG a : hhh W@HRERKRKR ERE AAS@ acting on a 9 ANG ok charges ae Tete ke i ot the finde vidual ~fomces acting on 1% to 1 the changes « ; "ee [4 The fore bf» too charges %> unalfected y tho | presence ot othen chores. Y —> Considen_tha changes 442) 4as---14n. Net Ponce fe * Gntinuous Change Distuibubion © Linen Choy Density > — Chonge per unrt length 7s called Wnean chonge dansity, Tk is donotedl | by Ay | A= Chonge] ty Gl unit ts Gm, z Length O Sun Change Density $ Charge Po unit ahea 4s_callah cunface chage density. Le Vs denoted by = ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' | Change] Its Sl unit is Cm , Anew , ' , y y q Wu re ® Volume Chasige Density > Chonge per unre called voluma change density. 1 is daneted by f- Gag] Us Si ast rs Cased Va Volume woh aethe force aching on a small test charge any point (3), then € is given ty above One Vecton quantity + fts Sl untt ts Net eet. LNLT Atl, fidd. Sntengi ty due _to_a point change, fine Ms 40 fs situated ok to Perf hectic f¥ehd Fntkens ech tj ab a distance » fnom test chonge .) ok Pa due Scanned by TapScannerScanned by TapScannerbite a roe aa dosed loo el tes no NY PS © Too foo ig re OF foxes can Neem Stone othe be ot the pont ck Interaction, too tangent wi Phe draon which ofl gepresent too dinedton & alec VHAA aka polrk, which is not possiblee Dike ehectnic Wres ct Fences do not pass ae a conduct a conductos This indicates that the eoctnic fidd Insida , AS. ZHAO. ) X Electric Mipobe 2 He ts a pain of equal and opposite y Point changes p placed Be yee 4 y Shoat distance apart. = © pSeHUl, Hr0, eke. - ae ——— salt * Electnic_O pole MH Moment (?) This tem 4s used to meosune the stmength & an electnic pee > The ok one chy \ the a bla boo charges, s magni moment: >It is a vector want whose dinecton Ys Sain Ve chong ts +ve chonge, along the Whe Joining WO chon ges» SSeS umry 1s “Gulomb- mete! Co: m). ; = ls dimensional foomula Ys Lurad, , i Se ins\ Bede ees Tb Cur (d&>ec8on opp: dtpale axis ) Rice €, ond €, oro along the some Mina bak n danection. So, net electhte #iebd Sntenst ty P is given by & (E.>E,) : : gee ee - Une. Gv & Crd)” Sale (eos (ay 4h bo Scanned by TapScannerto Gq) is given ly En Par (aay Soom 49) Bay and dus to (-q) is given by & A SE a Gage (towards -4) 4 FT Bi | Le rE} ; pes magniade of €, and Ex ane quod buh ditlenent (Sn danections. On seaolving &) and ©, into bee on j ge 4p Ag, the 1 components to AB (Ersind /Exsind) or then, ahile the components \\ to Ad (E has So, neuultant © intenatty ot & ig Los, hea 1 Scanned by TapScanner~4 &perienes a Ppe to the field). 1 Wo tones ane equal ar ne packer fonce on tha dipole in unvtoout formes ane equol In magnitude but opp. Sn therefore they foam a oi abich ee oe ES Any one fone x + distance = GEXWeinG= 40.0 Esind Cin vector fom) wfinimum , 8 =0° om \go% Bua Scanned by TapScannerScanned by TapScanner ‘Searma withCamsconoere fon the Wines pointing owhoind and -ye fo ry ‘nwands | a ania Yo nonmod to the sintae SC gant of Flux ts Nem and St can dhe) vam “1 Vom (Vodt-metne). 1 4s a scolar quant? mo Rs LHetspay, Nee 2 takes that tote dectrte Ahoough a closed. sun fae Ys LL Bines, the surface. oa td a ae Scanned by TapScannerScanned by TapScanner ‘Searma withCamsconoerNow, by Gamss's lav ge = = AL (oe By using above _both eq", ve get - €(2AoK) = Ax a =_\ @ Electstic Field duc to an Intintte plane shea Fao \ ged sheet, 9 IG Considen a thin Intinite plane choy the point at a -ddwetion distane 1 fom the sheet at which ue haw tw find 2, Bs fon this, we assume a cxpitndertcall Gaussian untae ot anea A and length 2s.total flux passing torough the sh ‘ be= Gran =. feat s fans fe an es fean cos O°+ {ed cos O'+ 3 E.d.A cos 10° Oe= EA+EA= 2EA —O ! ky wing Gauass Theonem’, Ge + —© | by using © 4@, oe ga- 2e nL => E+ ska © Elecke RAd duo to wo Intinite porollled — | sheds of _ change aye. > LA two Inhnite, plana wheels & ave dy ann ee oot to each othen &n be the surface denat-ttes 2D sreapectt vey. Scanned by TapScannerie R(Ea)= Pea On at (Ex) E,+€ 2 + oe Coxe then both the sheets ane having & equal and. opposite chon es. tT aon + = ES A zi p Oe, 6 es eee =| as ‘ & Pee FS HE, + eee + a + Rj i) ! Scanned by TapScannerree now & shell. — Flux passi dA ts fen by Me. gif - can cosO= EAR t Here, total flux through the Gavasian untae ot nadius (a) fs% be= $4 i= $e.dn- Egan be Be An, — Now, by vit Gauss theorem, Ge=—-—@® Way gui Vie» oubside he uatag og © AB) Ae stall. ExUAn® =e ae ae 5 This 4s the magnitude bE tom a poink oubside Hhenicalll shell, “cho sched behoves ay i+ aff ane ed SP ‘s the ae on it surtace wor concarknated ak ite certo, — When point Wes on the suntace of the cheb aes 4 Cee See henpou ven wide. the shdl : At this point, change “nat do gous 1 eno (420). So, [E=0) = N unto ° Zt Scanned ‘by TapScanner