ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank our Almighty God for giving me wisdom and guidance
to fulfil this study. This thesis is successfully done due to the assistance and support of several
people around me. I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to my loving parents, Mr Warlito
Daquioag and Mrs Josie Lugo Daquioag for their unconditional love and for supporting me
spiritually and financially and also to my three brothers and to my sister for their moral support
and trust that gives me strength to finish this study. I would like to express my deepest gratitude
to my adviser Mrs Emilia Rivas Berganio for her excellent guidance and patience to check and
correct my study.

I would like to thank the various panellists Ms Arriane Kris E. Manalastas, Ms Emilia R.
Berganio and Ms Mary Rose A. Natividad for providing me with a friendly and cooperative
atmosphere and also useful feedbacks, questions, suggestions and comments to improve my
study. I would also like to acknowledge our research teacher, Ma’am Krisha Camile Rueco
Angoluan for motivating me to pursue this research for me to graduate lastly; I must express my
very profound gratitude to my special best friends, Ms Judy Ann O. Balacano, and Ms Shelavie
Lampag for their moral support and always encouraging me to finish this study.

The Researcher
 DEDICATION

This study was a product of my love, hope, and faith. I dedicate my study to my loving
parents, Mr and Mrs Warlito Daquioag and Josie Daquioag for their unending love, support,
guidance, and perseverance to me, and for their encouragement during the challenges in my life.
I am very thankful blessed for having you in my life.

I would like to dedicate my study to my sisters, brothers, relatives, friends, and mentors.
Your unconditional love gives me intellectual courage and strength for me finish this study. I am
very thankful also for being there for me to become my cheerleaders.

The researcher
 ABSTRACT

This study was about the morphology of Calinga verbs. It was a morphological analysis

of selected Calinga verbs. It was aimed to describe the formation of Calinga verbs. Thus, it

identifies the different morphological forms of Calinga language, determine the dominant and

recurring patterns in the formation of such verbs in Calinga language, and describe and explain

such dominant and recurring patterns. This study adopted the qualitative research paradigm

particularly the description of the different processes involved in the formation of verbs in the

Calinga language. The researcher gathered 20 base forms of Calinga verbs, and it was converted

in their different tenses with their corresponding English equivalents. This study offered full of

discoveries about features of the verbs in Calinga language. The research had undergone the

morphological analysis such as affixation and reduplication. It was determining and describing

the patterns of verbs in Calinga language with English equivalent. The most Calinga verbs were

prefixed and the reduplication was just a partial of the base forms.
 CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Calinga is one of the spoken languages in the Philippines- it refers to both the natives and

the language they speak. Calingas are residing in the eastern part of northern Luzon, Philippines.

Specifically, they are found in Isabela province. Calingas nowadays are mostly found in San

Mariano Isabela specifically in the Barangay of Macayucayu, Ibujan, Panninan, Libertad,

Buyasan, Tappa, Dicamay and Cadsalan. This Language is dominant in Isabela because it is

found in the different places in San Mariano Isabela.

These seem to have some confusion over the term Calinga. The general term Calinga

appears to be mainly used by the Ibanag communities in the lowlands of Isabela to describe the

Infiel Tribes in the mountains. According to Scott (1999), Calinga is literally means enemy in the

Ibanag. Therefore, the confusion with the people of Kalinga province in the Cordillera

Mountains with whom the San Mariano Calinga have no direct historical, economic, cultural or

linguistic connections.

William Henry Scott (1978) based on his visit to San Mariano Isabela, he called this tribe

as Calingas, simply because that’s how they are called in San Mariano (Scott 1979). The Calinga

is widely considered as the indigenous people of San Mariano, Isabela. Semper (1861) describe

the Calinga as a distinct cultural community, calling them Irraya or Catalangan. Calingas is a

group of Filipinos living with their own Identity, culture and language, living in symbiotic

relationship with Filipinos of another culture and heritage. Hence, Calinga is no longer identifies
themselves as enemies but as poor upland farmers at the bottom of the Philippines social

hierarchy.

William Henry Scott’s (1979), the main aim was to describe the acculturation process

taking place among the Calinga: “Semper’s Calingas appeared to be on the verge of absorption

into the anonymity of the majority population. At present, there are 2,541 Calinga in the

municipality of San Mariano. Calingas in San Mariano Isabela is among the most marginalized

Ilocano neighbours. The people in San Mariano Isabela are called Calingas now, although they

are referred to in Spanish records as Catalanganes, a term still applied to their eastern-most

dialect. Calinga Mestizos from Minanga have recently settled in Cadsalan to be near the facilities

of a log pool, while others have moved to both Disulap and Andarayan for their wider tracts of

land.

The morphology is attracting more and more the interest of linguist, no complete theory

of language can develop without a well-establish theory of word formation. There are many

unsolved problems, however, which make any morphological theory a weak theory, badly

needing evidence-based solutions, some of them crucial to theory. It is also concerned with the

acquisition/learning of the rules of word formation (Domiquez, (1990).

The purpose of this study is to discuss and show the Calinga language using verbs. The

study aimed to describe the formation of verbs in Calinga language. The researcher found it

important to study the Calinga Language because it is one of the dominant languages in Isabela

since the researcher is a native speaker of the said language. As such knowledge and

understanding of the language are important in communicating with the residents to deal with

them. The researcher, then, intends to include some of the most commonly used Calinga verbs
and their corresponding English and Filipino equivalents so that the readers would be able to

learn the Calinga language.

Objectives of the Study

This study entitled “The morphology of Calinga verbs” generally aimed to describe the

formations of verbs in Calinga language. Specifically, this study also aims to:

a. Identify the different morphological forms of Calinga language;

b. Determine the dominant and recurring patterns in the formation of such verbs in Calinga

language; and

c. Describe and explain such dominant and recurring patterns.

Significance of the Study

This study describes the morphology of Calinga verbs in Cadsalan San Mariano Isabela.

It will be beneficial to the following person/group:

Community- this study serves as a guide for them to understand the language and to be

able to speak it and have better chances to deal with the Calingas native speaker and

subsequently be able to develop a better relationship with them.

English majors-this study would help them to gain more knowledge and understanding in

the language, as such it may help them as a basis if they conduct another study about language. It

also serves as a guide for them so that they will be able to use it as a reference in their studies.

Language teachers- this study would help the language teachers to expand their

knowledge to the different languages in our country particularly the dominant languages that are
unfamiliar to them. It also helps them as a basis when they are focusing to discuss about

language.

Future researchers- this study would help the future researchers who want to study about

language, it will serve as a reference for them to gain more understanding with the languages that

they want to study as such this study serves as their guide in their follow-up studies. So that it

would help them to gain knowledge and understanding of the language.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to discuss the morphology of Calinga verbs by gathering the information

from the native speakers of the said language. It focuses on a morphological studies conducted

on the language. This study focuses on the Calinga verbs including their meaning. It also

identified the free and bound morphemes in the Calinga verbs. It also describes the different

process involved in the formation of verbs in the Calinga language. The researcher aims to

discuss the morphology of the language including the list of the Calinga verbs which are

presented together with their English equivalents so that the readers would be able to know how

the Calinga verbs are spelt and what did they mean. In the recurring patterns of Calinga verbs,

the morphological forms are separated according to the bound morphemes used in the identified

prefix, infix, and suffix of each word and the duplicated Calinga verbs. The data will consist of

20 base forms of Calinga verbs. Hence, this study is limited only to the Calinga language spoken

in Cadsalan San Mariano Isabela, for the convenient purpose as this is the most accessible place

for the researcher to conduct the said research.

 Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined to assist the readers in understanding the study.

Bound morphemes- this term refers to a word that cannot stand alone.

Calinga- this term refers to both the natives and the language they speak.

Free morpheme- this term refers to a word that can stand alone by itself.

Language- this term refers to a medium of communication used by human to express their ideas,

thoughts and feelings.

Morphology-This refers to the study of language in this study.

Prefix- this term refers to something attached at the beginning of the word.

Reduplication- this term refers to something that is repeating a word.

Suffix- this term refers to something attached at the end of the word.

Verb- this term refers to a part of speech which is an action word.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

These reviews of related literature made by the researcher are significant to this current

study because it serves as a guide to the researcher, as well as the conceptual framework, at this

moment is presented in this section.

Morphology

According to Kadam (2007), investigates previous works on the roles that morphology

plays in processing and presents a detailed three-part program through which the temporal

dynamics of the processing of inflectional morphology in visual word recognition could be

analysed. Two of the three experiments manipulate whether the participant is primed with an

orthographic, morphological, or semantic prime and the duration of the priming. These two

experiments would provide data to demonstrate the effects of morphology on processing

independent of orthography and semantics. The third experiment would compare the effects of

morphological primes on processing to the effects of primes that match the target in semantics

and orthography but not derivational or inflectional morphology (boat-FLOAT). All three

experiments also include manipulation of prime duration and observe the change in effects of

primes at differing prime durations. The experiments provide means for determining the role of

morphology in processing and the times at which these processes come online.

Katamba (1993:3) stated that “Morphology is the study of internal structure words”,

Additionally Nida (1967:1) says, that “Morphology is the study of morphemes and their

arrangements in forming word” while Bloomfield (1933:207) mentions that by the morphology
of a language, we mean the construction in which bound forms appear among the construction,

by definition, the resultant for more either bound forms but never phrases.

According to Napoli (1996), Morphology is the study of word formation processes.

Morphology is the study of the structure of words in a language and the study of the rules

governing the formation of words in a language (Tomori (1997). Also, Anagbogu (2001) stated

that “Morphology is the level of grammar that studies the ways morphemes organize themselves

to form words”.

Bauer (1983) stated that “Morphology as the branch of linguistics which deals with the

internal structure of word forms”. Also in addition Katamba (1990) stated that “Morphology is

the study of word structure” while Akmajian (2001) said that “Morphology is the subfield of

linguistics that studies the internal structure of words”.

Meanwhile, Franklin and Rodman (1978) stated that “Morphology is the study of the

internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed”.

According to Moreno (1986), Morphemes are meaningful units or meaning carriers,

while Lang (1990), In contrast, he suggests that morphemes hold on constant meaning.

Therefore, meaning cannot always be deduced from morphemes alone (Aeroff, 1983 as cited by

Lang). However, according to Cressey (1978) Morphemes are considered the basic unit of

analysis, as they combine with one another to form words which in turn combine to form. Also,

in word formation processes, however, the word might also be considered the unit of analysis

(Moreno 1896).
 Bonnet (1991) argued that the morphological operation includes feature-deletion rules,

which she termed impoverishment rules. This rule operates on fully-specified syntactic matrices,

but deletes features before vocabulary insertion, thereby yielding systematic neutralization in

surface form.

Moreover, Wicentowski (2002) stated that morphological analysis, the process of finding

a root form and part-of-speech of an inflected word form, and its inverse, morphological

generation, will provide fine-grained part of speech information and help resolve necessary

syntactic agreements. Also, morphological analysis can reduce the problem of data sparseness

through dimensionality reduction.

According to Dominquez (1990), Morphology is attracting more and more the interest of

linguist. No complete theory of language can develop without a well-established theory of word

formation. There are many unsolved problems, although, which make any morphological theory

a weak theory, badly needing evidence-based solutions, some of them crucial to theory. He is

also concerned with the acquisition/learning of the rules of word formation.

Hence Oztaner (1996) stated that the computational morphological analysis and

generation of Turkish word forms. Turkish morphological description is encoded using the two-

level morphological model. The description consists of a phonological component that contains

the two-level morphophonemic rules, and a lexicon component which lists lexical items

(indivisible words and axes) and encoded the morphotactic constraints. In the scope of the study,

a genetic word grammar in a tabular form expressing the ordering relationship among

morphemes is designed, and morphophonemic process along with solutions to exceptional cases

are formulated.
 Wysocki and Jenkins (1997) have argued that the ability to perform morphological

generation helps the development of vocabulary knowledge within an appropriate linguistic

context. In contrast, Carlislec (1995) stated that morphological awareness is consciousness of the

meaning and structure of morphemes about words.

Samsuri (1981) stated that morphological process is the way of forming the words by

relating one morpheme. While Anderson (1992) argued that “Morphology of a language consists

of a set of a word for not exist: they are viewed as single words which do not involve a

combination of two (or more) words. A morpheme is a phonetic string which can be connected

to a linguistic entity outside that string (Aeonolf 1976).

Morphological Processes

According to Samsuri (1981:77), The morphological process is the way of forming the

words by relating one morpheme to another morpheme.

Subrayan (2011) conducted a research report that investigates the morphological process

used in forming neologisms found in the Malaysian English media. The morphological processes

adopted in this study are based on Murray’s (1995) list: affixation, compounding, reduplication,

conversion, borrowing, acronym, clipping, blending, onomatopoeia and antonomasia.

Wysocki and Jenkins (1997) have argued that the ability to perform morphological

generation helps the development of vocabulary knowledge within an appropriate linguistic

context.

According to Chialant, and Caramazza (1995) Clahen (1999) McQueen and Cutler (1998)

and Sandra (1994), data are presented from non-word processing, contrast, between regular and
irregular verbs, priming studies and the manipulation of the superficial frequency versus the

cumulative frequency. Some other papers that address this topic are the excellent reviews by a

new source of evidence that supports the dual procedure of access for complex words are the

contrast between superficial and root or cumulative frequency.

Hatch (1973), said that affixes are organized in the human mind differently from lexical

terms. She suggests that some high-frequency complex words may be stored in their whole forms

in mind, ready to be accessed at any time, but that some others tend to be constructed on the spot

by applying morphological processes such as derivation and inflexion.

Dominquez, Quetos, Segui. (2000), stated that the main result offered by some

experimental paradigms to support morphological processing to isolated visual words. Three

theoretical hypotheses proposing different solutions to the role of word morphological structure

in lexical access and representation are described: a) full parsing, b) full listing and c) mixed

models. Data from morphologically structured non-words, the comparison between

polymorphemic and monomorphemic words and between morphologically regular and irregular

words, priming studies, and the contrast between superficial and cumulative frequency are

examined to propose some tentative conclusions about the possibilities of the morphological

processing models.

Ramlan (1980), stated that morpheme is the smallest element which cannot be divided

into any forms. So he concludes that morpheme is the smallest element that cannot be divided

into several elements and has a meaning. All the based form is morpheme. In linguistics, they

can find that morpheme is classified into two: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free

morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone (independent) without bound morpheme.
Morphemes

Robins (1964:201) says, that “Morpheme is the minimal grammatical units”. While,

Hockett (1958:123) says, “Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in the

utterances of language”. Bloomfield (1993:161, says “Morpheme is a linguist form which bears

no partial phonetic, semantic resemblance to any other form is a simple form of morpheme”.

According to Seidenberge (2007), Language users have a remarkable ability to create,

produce, and comprehend complex words. Words appear to be composed of units, traditionally

called morphemes that recombine in rule-like ways to form other words. However,

morphological systems are quasiregular: they are systematic and productive but admit many

seemingly irregular forms. Such words exhibit partial regularities concerning the correspondence

between form and meaning, the treatment of which has important implications for linguistic and

psycholinguistic theories.

Shin and Milroy (2000) argued that the absence or presence of morpheme in the learner’s

L1 will have a strong effect on the acquisition of morphemes in English. According to Stockwell

and Donka (2001), well over 80 percent of the total vocabulary of English is borrowed, and most

of its works can be used with affixation.

Affixation

Affixation is the one of the most general processes in every language. Words formed by

the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes are the result of the process of affixation.

Chaer (1994:177) says, affixation is the process of placing affix to a base or base form. An affix
is a form, usually in the form of a bound morpheme, which attached to a base in the process of

forming words.)

Kayne (1994) said that configurationally theories which consider word structure as

basically syntactic proposed by c-command relationships between terminal nodes and has a clear

semantic influence of Baker (1905). However, Brody (2000), sequences of adjacent suffixes

have been analysed as a reflection of series of syntactic heads while prefixes have been studied

as adjuncts to different positions inside the word of DiSciullo (1997).

Groot (2006) stated that prefixes and suffixes are generally known as affixation.

Affixation creates new English words by modifying or changing the meaning of the root word.

One thing that students, teachers, materials writers, and researchers can all agree upon is that

learning vocabulary is an essential part of mastering a second language. However, the best means

of achieving good vocabulary learning is still uncertain, partly because it depends on a wide

variety of factors.

Scalise (1984), & Varela (1990), stated that Morphology combines bases and affixes.

Bases are not classified by the position they occupy in the word, but part of the characterization

of an affix is whether it appears materialized to the right or to the left of the base. In the first case

they are suffixes, while, in the second case, they are called prefixes. Some theories claim that the

fact that an affix is materialized to the right or to the left of the base is an idiosyncratic property

of that particular piece that has to be stored in a lexicon.

Prefix

Thakur (1997), states that the primary function of a prefix in English is to charge the

meaning of the base to which it is added. It is only in a small number of cases that a prefix in
English changes the grammatical class of the base. The best way of classifying prefixes in

English, therefore, is to classify them by their meaning. They can be classified semantically.

However Melinger (1998) presents an experimental investigation of the representation of

morphologically complex words with the goal of revealing how morphological information is

realized in the numerical lexicon. It focuses on the representations of prefixed words in English.

Five segment shifting experiments of Feldman and Flower (1987) and one speech error

elicitation experiment of Baars and Motley (1976) are discussed. The results of their studies

suggest that lexical representations of some prefixed words include associative links to their

component morphemes while others include only weak associate links. Behavioural evidence for

morphological complexity was dependent on the amount of linguistic evidence supporting

complexity. Three sources of evidence which can contribute to the identification and

representations of internal morphological structure were investigated: (a) whether a word is

derived from a free or bound root, (b) whether the root participates in a phonological alteration,

and (c) whether the prefix contribute a clear semantic to the meaning of the whole word. Both

free and bound root words provided evidence of complexity in that they elicited significantly

different response times in the segment shifting then phonologically controlled morphologically

simple words.

Infix

The earliest work specifically regarding the process of infixing maybe found in

Greenberg (1996), and considered that the presence of infixes in any language further implies the

presence of prefixes and suffixes to existing. Additionally, his research stated categorically that

there are no languages existent that employ the process of infixation exclusively in order to
produce overall word-formations. His work was followed in Ultan (1975). His study represents

one of the first research studies to outline a basic typology for the process of infixation. In this

study, Ultan remarked upon the seeming rarity of English language infixes compared to the

obvious frequency of other affixes in many languages around the world. Once of the principle

reasons for the paucity of infixed forms may be its close association with slang and its restriction

to youth or non-standardized forms of cultural expressions.

Dressler (1990) stated that “natural morphology proposes infixes exist to make

processing easier, helping to isolate the base from the suffix or prefix, in which case the function

of infixes would be of psycholinguistic nature”.

According to Marantz (1997) & Embrick (2000) their meaning his to do with the manner

in which the event of the verb is internally performed. These infixes provide qualification of the

meaning of the base verb, and, as we have seen, they modify the internal aspect of aktionsart of

the predicate. Their study can be represented structurally if the infix is a head with a meaning of

manner that selects the base, a root that will eventually be categorized by a functional projection.

Infixes are often characterized as rare compared to the frequency of other affixes.

Katemba and Stonham (2006), provide examples that might account for the ready

position of the infix within the host word. They agree with these three available sources by

affirming that the point of infixation will always be located “at the onset possessing a single

prosodic foot.” They consider it therefore necessary “to employ prosodic structure to isolate the

site of the infixation of a prosodic unit (a foot) between the two prosodic units.” Their statement

means that boundary markers are of principal concern of infixing.

 Greenberg (1966), states that the presence of infixes in any language implies the presence

of suffixes and prefixes and there are no longer that employ infixation exclusively, infixes are

not at all difficult to find.

Suffix

According to Crystal (1985), a suffix is a term used in morphology referring to an affix

which is added finally to a root or stem. The process of suffixation is common in English, both

for the derivation formation of new lexical items and for expressing grammatical relationships

(inflectional endings).

Quirk (1985), stated in English, suffixation is primarily class changing, that is suffixes

alter the words-class of the base. The treatment of suffixes generally has grammatical basis, that

is, their primary function is to change the grammatical function. They have only a small semantic

role. It is convenient to a group and classifies suffixes according to their same word-class

(synonymous grammatical relations) that results when they added to a base, so it is possible to

speak of noun suffixes, verb suffixes, etc. But, also, since particular word-classes, is also

convenient to speak of them as denominal suffixes, deadjectival suffixes etc.

According to Thakur (1997), a suffix may belong to one grammatical class in the case of

some words, but it may have to be classified differently in the case of some other words. Given

these principles of classification, suffixes in English can be classified regarding their

grammatical function.
Reduplication

Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free

morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication). Reduplication consists in the

repetition of all or of part of a root or stem to form new words. Simatupang (1983), in his book

he discussed morphological reduplication and semantically reduplication. He divides

reduplication into 18 types. Morphemic reduplication can be classified into derivational

reduplication and reduplication paradigmatic based on the type of words and the resulting words.

To determine the meaning of reduplication of bound context, sometimes, some of the

reduplication can be immediately known and sometimes it depends on the context.

Khaira (2001) in her paper “ReduplikasiMorfemsBahasaMinang” concludes that

repetition in Minangkabaulanguage has the same type with reduplication that has discussed by

Simatupang’s book. The process of repetitions is repeated the grammatical unit, in whole or in

part, either with variations fine or not (Ramlan, 1985:57.)

(Solichi 1996:9), Reduplication is the repetition of the unit of grammatical, either in whole or

part, either with variations of phonemes or not. The result of repetition is called re-word, while

the repeated unit is the basic form.

According to Block and Trager (1992), Stated that the reduplication of all part of the base

with and without internal change before or after itself.

These reviews of related literature serve as a guide to the researchers to judge this current

study. The researcher wants to contribute more ideas about Morphology, affixation and

reduplication to expand her ideas. These reviews of related will help the researcher to support

this study.
 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

This study is a morphological analysis of Calinga verb specifically; this study aims to

describe the formation of verbs in the Calinga language. It also focuses on the affixation such as

prefix, infix, suffix and the reduplication. A graphical representation of the formation of verbs is

presented as follows:

free

prefix

Calinga verbs

bound infix

suffix

Reduplication bound+bound

FIGURE l. The morphological Components of Calinga verbs

The flow of the diagram illustrates how Calinga verbs can be broken down into its

morphological components. The study accounts for the different morphological forms of verbs

namely: past, present, past participle, present participle.

 Scalise & Valera (1990), states that morphology combines bases and affixes. Bases are

not classified by the position they occupy in the word, but part of the characterization of an affix

is whether it appears materialized to the right or to the left of the based. In the first case they are

suffixes, while in the second case, they are prefixes. Certain theories claim that the fact that an

affix is materialized to the right or to the left of the base is an idiosyncratic property of that

particular piece that has to be stored in the lexicon.

Hence, this study also determined reduplication as a process in the formation of Calinga

verbs base on the compiled words. Block & Trager (1992), states that the reduplication is the

repetition of all part of the base without internal change before or after the base itself.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Chapter III shows research design used in this study; this chapter also contained the

sources of data used in this study as well as the instrument and data gathering procedure made.

Research Design

This study adopted the qualitative research paradigm particularly the description of the

different processes involved in the formation of verbs in the Calinga language. Furthermore, the

said paradigm is most visible in the explanation of said processes and patterns.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in this study was face to face interview with a total of 10 native

speakers of Calinga languages. The researchers asked the most common Calinga verbs that they

knew and they were given a list of 20 Filipino verbs for them to identify their corresponding

Calinga translation and equivalents. The face to face interview is used to collect the Calinga

verbs.

Respondents of the Study

In this research, there are 10 participants of native Calinga speakers in the age of 60 and

above. The 10 respondents are composed of 5 males and 5 females. The locale of the study is in

Barangay Cadsalan San Mariano, Isabela.

Data Gathering Procedure

In compliance to the Research Ethics Protocol, the researcher obtained a signed informed

consent from the respondents specifying their awareness to the purposes of the study, their

agreement to participate as a respondent, and their agreement to list down all the data that were

collected. The interview was translated to the mother tongue, no pictures taken showing their

faces and identifying marks of their houses and location. The researcher asked permission for

them to list down all of the gathered data that were collected. The Calinga verbs were collected

with the help of native Calinga speakers. The researcher asked a teacher who knew the Calinga

language to check the gathered base form of Calinga verbs with their corresponding English

equivalent for validation. With the helped of the native speaker, she checked the different tenses

of the base form of Calinga verbs. In gathering the data, (20) Calinga verbs were translated into

they’re equivalent English translations and equivalents. After such conversion, the words formed

were then broken down into their corresponding morphological components (i.e. morphological

forms) namely past, present, past participle, and present participle.

Data Analysis

This study is established to study the Calinga verbs with Filipino and English equivalents.

The data compiled from one hundred (20) base form of Calinga verb list as a guide to analyse the

recurring patterns of each verb in Calinga language. Since, this study is a morphological

analysis; it is identified the present, past, present participle and past participle of the base form.

Using of the gathered data, it is used as a guide that determines the affixation of Calinga verbs.

By determining the affixation, there are bound morphemes and free morphemes that are joined

together that produce new words. Free morphemes are the base forms of Calinga verbs, and the
bound morphemes are prefixes, infixes and suffixes. It also describes the affixes that are attached

to the base forms of Calinga verbs.

Furthermore, the reduplication of Calinga verbs base on the compiled words is also

determined. It is determined since the Calinga verbs that have been repeated are just part of the

base form. The repetition of the part of the base form is also determined for better understanding.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This study offered full of discoveries about features of the verbs in Calinga language. The

research had undergone the morphological analysis such as affixation and reduplication. It was

determining and describing the patterns of verbs in Calinga language with English equivalent.

Table 1 shows the compilation of Calinga verbs with their corresponding Filipino and English

equivalents. The first column consists of 100 Calinga verbs; the second consists of their

corresponding English translations and equivalents.

Table 2 shows the present, past, past participle and present participle based on the gathered data

in table 1. The table above was used to determine and describe the recurring patterns in Calinga

verbs such as affixation and reduplication. Affixation such as prefixes, infixes and suffixes that

are bounds morpheme since it cannot stand alone.

Table 3. Affixation

Affixation shows the prefixes of Calinga verbs. It shows the patterns of prefixes inserted

at the beginning of the free morphemes of Calinga verbs with their corresponding Filipino and

English translation. It also shows the description of the prefixes that are used to indicate at the

beginning of the free morphemes.

PREFIXES

1. Aya – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present participle.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. “Aya” was the prefix and “yagin” or “call” was the base form. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verbs which is “ayayagin” or “calling” that made it present

participle.

2. In- is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “In” and the base form is “alap” or “take”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verbs which is “inalap” or “took” that made it past participle.

3. I – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. “I” was the prefix and “bahad” was the base form. They were joined together to form

other Calinga verb which is” ibahad” or “throw” that made it present participle.

3. I – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. “I” was the prefix and “warak” was the base form. They were joined together to form

other Calinga verb which is “iwarak” or “spread” that made it present tense.

4. Iwara - Itu - is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present
participle.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “iwara” and the base form was “warak” or “spread”. They were

joined together to form other Calinga verb which is “iwarawarak” or “spreading” that made it

present participle.

5. Kinu – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “kinu” and the base form was “mehun” or “grow”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verbs which is “kinumehun” or “grown” that made it past

participle.

6. Ku – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ku” and the base form is “mehun”. They were joined together to

form other Calinga verb which is “kumehun” or “grow” that made it present tense.

7. Kim- is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become past tense.

The prefix was” kim” and the base form was “mehun” or “grow”. They were combined

together to form other Calinga verbs which is “kimmehun” or “grown” that made it past tense.

8. Ma – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “ma” and the base form was “lappag”. They were combined together

to form other Calinga verb which is “malappag” or “slap” that made it present tense.
9. Ma – is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “ma” and the base form was “pagohyan”. They were combined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “mapagohyan” or “let” that made it present tense.

10. Mag - is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “bahkaw”. They were combined

together to form other Calinga verb which is ”magbahkaw” or “shout” that made it present tense.

11. Mag - is used to indicate at the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted at the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “bubut”. They were combined together

to forms other Calinga verb which is ”magbubut” or “ask” that made it present tense.

12. Mag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “kahes”. They were combined together

to form other Calinga verb which is ”magkahes” or “lie” that made it present tense.

13. Mag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free
morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “labug”. They were joined together to
form other Calinga verb which is ”maglabug” or “fight” that made it present tense.

14. Mag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “nonot”. They were combined together

to form other Calinga verb which is ”magnonot” or “think” that made it present tense.

15. Mag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “paga”. They were combined together

to form other Calinga verb which is ”magpaga” or “pay” that made it present tense.

16. Mag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The prefix was “mag” and the base form was “tuhak”. They were joined together to form

other Calinga verb which is ”magtuhak” or “write” that made it present tense.

17. Me - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “me” and the base form was “bulattu”. They were joined together to

form other Calinga verb which is “mebulattu” or “roll” that made it present tense.

18. N- is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix was “n” and the base form was “alap” or “take”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nalap” or “taken” that made it past participle.
19. Na – is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “na” and the base form is “guyod” or “pull”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “naguyod” or “pulled” that made it past tense.

20. Na – is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “na” and the base form is “lappag” or “slap”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nalappag” or “slapped” that made it past tense.

21. Na – is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “na” and the base form is “nguyut” or “bite”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nanguyut” or “bit” that made it past tense.

22. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “bahkaw” or “shout”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagbahkaw” or “shouted” that made it past tense.

23. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “bubut” or “ask”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagbubut” or “asked” that made it past tense.

24. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “kabbil” or “hold”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagkabbil” or “held” that made it past tense.

25. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “kahes” or “lie”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagkahes” or “lied” that made it past tense.

26. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “labug” or “fight”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “naglabug” or “fought” that made it past tense.

27. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “isip” or “think”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagisip” or “thought” that made it past tense.
28. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “paga” or “pay”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagpaga” or “paid” that made it past tense.

29. Nag - is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “nag” and the base form is “tuhak” or “write”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nagtuhak” or “wrote” that made it past tense.

30. Ne- is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ne” and the base form is “bahad” or “throw”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nebahad” or “threw” that made it past tense.

31. Ne- is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ne” and the base form is “bulattu” or “roll”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nebulattu” or “rolled” that made it past participle.

32. Ne- is used to indicate in the beginning of the base form to make it past tense.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ne” and the base form is “warak” or “spread”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “newarak” or “spread” that made it past tense.

32. Ni- is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ni” and the base form is “bahad” or “throw”. They were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “nibahad” or “throw” that made it past participle.

32. Ni- is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become past tense and past
participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ni” and the base form is “nonot” or “think”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “ninonot” or “thought” that made it past participle.

33. Ni- is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become past participle.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ni” and the base form is “warak” or “spread”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “niwarak” or “spread” that made it past participle.

34. Ni- is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become past tense and past
participle.
 The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “ni” and the base form is “yagin” or “call”. If they were joined

together to form other Calinga verb which is “niyagin” or “called” that made it past participle.

35. Um - is used to indicate in the beginning of the free morpheme to become present tense.

The table above shows the patterns of prefix inserted in the beginning of the free

morpheme. The prefix used is “um” and the base form id “ugup”. If they were joined together to

form other Calinga verb which is “umugup” or “help” that made it present tense.

INFIXES

Infixes are put between the base forms of Calinga verbs. The table below was identified

and described the patterns to form other Calinga verbs. The most common infix is /-in/ and it is

inserted between the base forms that made it past participle.

1. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “gusgus”. If the infix “in” is inserted

between the free morphemes it becomes “ginusgus” or “scratched” that made it past participle.

2. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “guyod”. If the infix “in” is inserted

between the free morphemes it becomes “ginuyod” or “pulled” that made it past participle.

3. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.
 The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “kabbil”. If the infix “in” is inserted

between the free morphemes it becomes “kinabbil” or “held” that made it past participle.

4. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is”nguyut”. If the infix “in” is inserted

between the free morphemes it becomes “nginuyut” or “bitten” that made it past participle.

5. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “pagan” or “pay”. If the infix “in” is

inserted between the free morphemes it becomes “pinagan” or “paid” that made it past participle.

6. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “pagohyan”. If the infix “in” is inserted

between the free morphemes it becomes “pinagohyan” or “let” that made it past participle.

7. In – is used to indicate between the base forms of Calinga verbs that made it past participle.

The infix used is “in” and the free morpheme is “tuhak” or “write”. If the infix “in” is

inserted between the free morphemes it becomes “tinuhak” or “scratched” that made it past

participle.

SUFFIXES
 The suffixes of Calinga verbs were put in the end of every root words of Calinga verbs.

Using of the table below, it was identified and described the recurring patterns by inserting an

affix in the end of Calinga verbs. The suffix /an/ was put in the end of the base forms of Calinga

verbs to form it present tense.

1. An – is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.

The suffix was “an” and the root word was “alap”. If they were joined together it

becomes “alapan” or “take” that made it present tense.

2. An – is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.

The suffix was “an” and the root word was “kabbil”. If they were joined together it

becomes “kabbilan” or “hold” that made it present tense.

3. An – is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.

The suffix was “an” and the root word was “guyod”. If they were joined together it

becomes “guyodan” or “pull” that made it present tense.

4. An – is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.

The suffix was “an” and the root word was “gusgus”. If they were joined together it

becomes “gusgusan” or “scratch” that made it present tense.

5. An – is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.
 The suffix was “an” and the root word was “nguyut”. If they were joined together it

becomes “nguyutan” or “bite” that made it present tense.

6. In- is used to indicate in the end of the base form of Calinga verbs that made it present tense.

PREFIXES + SUFFIXES

The Prefixes + Suffixes were inserted in the beginning of the free morphemes and in the
end of the free morphemes. They were joined together to form other Calinga verbs.

1. Gu – is used to indicate in the beginning and An in the end of the free morpheme that made it
present participle.

The prefix was “gu” and the root word was “gusgus” or “scratch” and the suffix was

“an”. If they were joined together to form other Calinga verb which is “gugusgusan” or

“scratching” that made it present participle.

2. Guyo – is used to indicate in the beginning and An in the end of the free morpheme that made
it present participle.

The prefix was “guyo” and the root word was “guyod” or “pull” and the suffix was “an”.

If they were joined it becomes “guyoguyodan” or “pulling” that made it present participle.

3. In – is used to indicate in the beginning and An in the end of the free morpheme that made it
past participle.

The prefix was “in” and the root word was “ugup” or “help” and the suffix was “an”. If

they were joined it becomes “inugupan” or “helped” that made it past participle.

4. N – is used to indicate in the beginning and An in the end of the free morpheme that made it
past tense.
 The prefix was “n” and the root word was “ugup” or “help” and the suffix was “an”. If

they were joined it becomes “nugupan” or “helped” that made it past tense.

5. Ugu – is used to indicate in the beginning and An in the end of the free morpheme that made it
present participle.

The prefix was “ugu” and the root word was “ugup” or “help” and the suffix was “an”. If

they were joined it becomes “uguugupan” or “helping” that made it present participle.

REDUPLICATION

In table 4 it shows the reduplication of Calinga verbs. There are few words from present,

past and past participle that have reduplication yet the most duplicated words were the Calinga

verbs from present participle. Based on the table below, those were just partial since they were

just part of a root words.

1. Baba- is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “hkaw”. The duplicated word was “baba” and

the base form was “bahkaw” or “shout”. “Baba” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verbs which is “magbabahkaw” or

“shouting” that made it present participle.

2. Bahabaha- is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

 The bound morphemes were “i” and “d”. The duplicated word was “bahabaha” and the

base form was “bahad” or “throw”. “Bahabaha” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “magbahabahad” or

“throwing” that made it present participle.

3. Bubu- is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “t”. The duplicated word was “bubu” and the

base form was “bubut” or “throw”. “Bubu” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated.

If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “magbubut” or “ask” that made

it present tense.

4. Bubu- is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “nag” and “t”. The duplicated word was “bubu” and the

base form was “bubut” or “throw”. “Bubu” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated.

If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “nagbubut” or “ask” that made

it past tense.

5. Bububu – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “nag” and “bubu”. The duplicated word was “bubu” and the

base form was “bubut” or “throw”. “Bububu” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “nagbububut” or

“asking” that made it present participle.

5. Bubu- is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “ni” and “t”. The duplicated word was “bubu” and the base

form was “bubut” or “throw”. “Bubu” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If

they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “nibubut” or “ask” that made it

past participle.

5. Bulabula – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “me” and “ttu”. The duplicated word was “bulabula” and the

base form was “bulattu” or “throw”. “Bulabula” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “mebulabulattu” or

“rolling” that made it present participle.

6. Guyoguyo – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The duplicated word was “guyoguyo” and the base form was “guyod” or “pull”.

“Guyoguyo” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they were joined together if

forms other Calinga verb which is “guyoguyodan” or “pulling” that made it present participle.

7. Kaka – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “bbil”. The duplicated word was “kaka” and the

base form was “kabbil” or “hold”. “Kaka” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated.

If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “magkakabbil” or “holding”

that made it present participle.

8. Kahekahe – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “s”. The duplicated word was “kahekahe” and

the base form was “kahes” or “lie”. “Kahekahe” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together if forms other Calinga verb which is “magkahekahes” or

“lying” that made it present participle.

9. Labulabu – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “g”. The duplicated word was “labulabu” and the

base form was “labug” or “fight”. “Labulabu” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “maglabulabug” or

“fighting” that made it present participle.

10. Nguyunguyu – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The duplicated word was “Nguyunguyu” and the base form was “nguyut” or “bite” and

the bound morpheme was “tan”. “Nguynguyu” is just a part of the base form that had been

repeated. If they were joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “nguyunguyutan” or

“biting” that made it present participle.

11. Nono – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “t”. The duplicated word was “nono” and the

base form was “nonot”. “Nono” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they
were joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “magnonot” or “think” that made it

present tense.

12. Nono – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “not”. The duplicated word was “nono” and the

base form was “nonot”. “Nono” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they

were joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “magnonot” or “thinking” that made it

present participle.

13. Nono – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “nag” and “not”. The duplicated word was “nono” and the

base form was “nonot”. “Nono” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they

were joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “nagnonot” or “thought” that made it

past tense.

14. Nono – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “ni” and “not”. The duplicated word was “nono” and the base form

was “nonot”. “Nono” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they were joined

together it forms other Calinga verb which is “ninonot” or “thought” that made it past participle.

16. Tutu – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “mag” and “hak”. The duplicated word was “tutu” and the

base form was “tuhak”. “Tutu” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they were
joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “magtutuhak” or “writing” that made it

present participle.

13. Uguugu – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The duplicated word was “uguugu” and “pan” was the bound morpheme. The base form

was “ugup”. “Uguugu” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they were joined

together it forms other Calinga verb which is “uguugupan” or “helping” that made it present

participle.

14. Yaya – is a part of the base form that had been repeated.

The bound morphemes were “a” and “gin”. The duplicated word was “yaya” and the base

form was “ayagin”. “Yaya” is just a part of the base form that had been repeated. If they were

joined together it forms other Calinga verb which is “ayayagin” or “calling” that made it present

participle.

Most of the Calinga verbs have repetition from their base forms like (a-yaya-gin) or

“calling” but there were also other instances that had been repeated thrice like (ma-bububu-t) or

“asking”. There was also Calinga verbs that their base was duplicated in present, past, and past

participles like (nono). They were identified and described to understand patterns of the Calinga

verbs.

The same with the study of Rubino (2011), he stated that partial reduplication may come

in a variety of forms, from simple consonant gemination or vowel lengthening to a nearly

complete copy of a base. For instance “too- totoo”, “amigo- amiamigo” and “baley-balbaley are

just partial reduplication.

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

This study was able to describe the various patterns that are dominant in the formation of

verbs in Calinga language. One is, by using affixes, the prefixes should be put in the beginning

of the root word. For example, the word “ugup” or (help) is the root word and the prefix is “in”

and the suffix is “an”. If these two affixes combine together with the root word, it form a new

word “inugupan” that become past participle of Calinga verbs yet the English equivalent still

remain. There is also infix that attached between the root word, for example, the word “tuhak” or

(write) is the root word and the infix is the ”in” if they combine together it form a new word

“tinuhak” that become past participle yet the English equivalent still remain.

Furthermore, the other way in forming Calinga verb is reduplication – it duplicated the

whole word or just a part of the root words. For example “nonot” or (think) is the root word and

the repeated syllables are “no-no” which is just a partial of the root word. All duplicated Calinga

verbs are just partial of the root words.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the Calinga language is rich in verbs which have

undergone affixation and reduplication as morphological process. Like the English language,

Calinga verbs have past, present, past participle and present participle as morphological forms. In

the recurring pattern of Calinga verbs there are instances that the English forms have the same

word in past tense and past participle but in Calinga verb is differ from each other. For instance,
the verb “counted” in English appears as the past, and past participle form, while in Calinga the

verb nagkabbil (nag+kabbil) in the past tense appears kinabbil (k+in+abbil) in the past

participle wherein nag and in were bound morphemes and kabbil was free morpheme thus,

showing affixation. Affixation is the process of forming words attached with the root words such

as prefix, infix, and suffix. There are Calinga verbs that have prefixes in the present tense but

have no infix and suffix like magbayle ( mag + labug) mag was bound morpheme and labug

was free morpheme and mekuttad (me + bulattu) wherein me was bound morpheme and

bulattu was free morpheme. There are also verbs that consist of the prefix and suffix without

infix like gagadwan (in + ugup + an) wherein in and an were bound morpheme. There are also

verbs that consist of infix without prefix and suffix like ginuyod (g + in + uyod) wherein in was

the bound morpheme attached between the free morpheme ginuyod. In the course of the study, it

was found out that the Calinga verbs undergo in the processes of affixation and reduplication.

The commonly used prefix in forming the present tense of Calinga verbs was /nag-/ that

consist of 8 of Calinga verbs collected in this study. The Calinga prefix /mag-/ became /nag-/

that made the present tense into past tense. Examples of Calinga verbs with the /nag-/ are

nagstuhak (nag+tuhak), nagnonot (nag+nonot), nagpaga (nag+paga), and others.

The most often used infix was /in-/ which was used in the middle of the base form to

create new words of Calinga verbs in their past participle and it consist of (8) infixes that was

collected in this study. Examples are ginusgus (g + in + usgus), kinabbil (k+in+abbil), pinagan

(p+in+agan), pinagohyan (p+in+agohyan) and others.

The Calinga suffix /an-/ is very productive in present tense and it consist only two (2)

suffixes of Calinga verbs that was collected in this study. Examples of Calinga verbs with
suffix /an-/ are nguyutan (nguyut+an), alapan (alap+an), kabbilan (kabbil+an) and others. It

was observed that rarely used affix was suffix.

The Calinga verbs have also undergone the process of reduplication, repetition of the

base with and without internal of the root word. As a result the duplicated bound morphemes

were inserted in the prefix and infix of Calinga verbs and the most often used affix was infix.

The present participle was very productive in reduplication and most of the Calinga verbs have a

repetition from after or before the root words. It consists of seventy two (14) duplicated Calinga

verbs that were collected in this study. For instance, the Calinga verbs with duplicated parts of

the base are: alaalapan (alaala+pan), uguugupan (uguugu+pan) and others.

Recommendations

1. Native speakers should conduct a comparative study that involves the comparison of Calinga

to other languages in the Philippines (especially those in northern Luzon);

2. Future researchers should conduct a study that involves on morphological processes of other

languages;

3. Students should conduct a study that focuses on the use of verbs in sentences, particularly its

location and function within sentences;

4. Futures researchers should conduct an application of a theoretical framework used in morpho-

phonemic and/or morpho-syntactic studies.