WELCOME

TO DATA
PROCESSING
 DATA PROCESSING
SUBJECT TEACHER: MRS OKORIGABOR GEORGE
 1ST TERM SS1 SCHEME OF WORK
W EEK 1. INTRODUCTION TO DATA PROCESSING
2. HISTORY OF COMPUTING
3. DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
4. DATA AND INFORMATION
5. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
6. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERSI.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERSII.
8. ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
9. THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
10. INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
11. MEDIUM OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION I
12. MEDIUM OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION II
13. REVISION 14. EXAMINATION
 DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
LEARNING INTENTIONS:
1. Define the following:
a. Digitization of data
b. Digitalization of data
2. Highlight differences between Digitization and
Digitalization of data
 DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
Digitization is the process of converting analog
information into digital format. In this format,
information is organized into discrete units of data
called bits separately addressed, usually in multiple bit
groups called bytes.
Digitizing information typically involves one or
more of the following processes: scanning, OCR,
recording, sampling, etc.
Scanning of analog source like printed photos or taped
text, images or videos into computers for editing.
Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a
form suitable for transmission and computer
processing whether scanned or captured using an
image sensor equipped device such as digital camera.
 STAGES OF DIGITIZATION OF DATA
It occurs in two parts or stages; which are:
1. DISCRETIZATION: This is the reading of an
analog signal at regular interval ( frequency),
sampling the value of the signal at the point.
Each reading is called a sample.
2. QUANTIZATION: This is the rounding of
sampling to a fixed set of number.
The two stages can occur at the same time.
 BENEFITS OF DIGITIZATION
Digitized data has the following benefits
1. It allows easy and customized access to
information.
2. It allows long term preservation of document.
3. It also makes dissemination of information
through images, texts, internet, intranet and
extranet easy.
4. It gives room for orderliness of document.
 DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
Digitalization can be defined as the integration of
digital technologies into everyday life. Digital
system uses a binary numeric system in which
electronic pulses are represented by either 0 for a
Low pulse or 1 for a High pulse.
BENEFITS OF DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
1. Access
2. Generating income
3. Searchability
4. Interaction
5. Integration
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BY
SIZES
A computer is a device that can be
programmed to manipulate symbols. It replies to a
specific set of instructions and can perform a pre-
recorded list of instructions, say a program. Also, it
can instantly store and recover large amounts of
data. Computers are primarily arranged according to
purpose, size, and data handling functionalities.
There are four sizes of computers as follow:
1. Micro Computers
2. Mini Computers
3. Mainframe Computers
4. Super Computers
 Micro Computers
The microcomputer is also recognized as a
personal computer, these are comparatively
economical. They are small computers incorporating
a microprocessor, Central Processing Unit (CPU),
memory, storage area, an input unit, and an output
unit.
It is a general-purpose computer that is outlined for
personal use. Such computers are made with
minimum circuitry mounting over a single circuit
board.
 MINI COMPUTERS
Minicomputers are digital and multi-user
computer systems which are used as mid-server.
They are smaller, less powerful than
Mainframe computers. They support
multiprocessing and multitasking and are robust at
handling workloads. Some have more than one
processors(CPU).
 MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
Mainframe computers are multi-
programming, high-performance and multi-user
computers, which are used as data servers for large
organisations.
The storage capability of the mainframe is
enormous, with a high-speed data process as well.
They have a very powerful central computer which
is linked to hundreds of terminals and capable of
accepting inputs from all of them simultaneously. A
terminal serves as an input/output device
consisting of a keyboard and a monitor built
together as one unit.
 SUPERCOMPUTERS
Supercomputers come under the biggest,
fastest, powerful, and most expensive type of
computer for processing data type. A
supercomputer can treat trillions of
instructions/directions in a second. It has thousands
of interconnected processors.
Supercomputers are especially used in scientific and
engineering applications such as weather
forecasting, quantum mechanics, climate research,
scientific simulations, nuclear energy research, etc
where a high level of performance is required.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BY
TYPES
Types of computer: Working principle and data
handling abilities.
There are three types of computers:
1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Hybrid
 ANALOG COMPUTER
Analog computers are outlined to
measure and process data which are physical
in nature such as continuous variations.
Analog computers are utilized primarily to
measure physical units like the voltage,
electric current, pressure, etc. Examples are
speedometer, mercury
thermometer, thermometer, operational
amplifiers, electric integrators, etc
 DIGITAL COMPUTER
The digital computer is outlined to execute
calculations and logical operations at a high pace.
Such computers are proficient in solving problems
in discrete formats. It acquires the raw data as
input is in the form of digits/binary numbers (i.e 0
and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its
memory to produce the output.
All modern computers like laptops, desktops
including smartphones, calculators, tablets, digital
watches, accounting machines, workstations,
digital clocks, etc are examples of digital
computers.
 HYBRID COMPUTER
Hybrid computers as the name signify exhibit
features of both Analog and Digital computers. It is
fast like an analog computer and has memory and
accuracy like those of digital computers. It can
process both continuous and discrete data. It takes
analog signals and transforms them into digital
form before processing them.
For example, a processor is applied in petrol pumps
that converts fuel flow measurements into quantity
and price. Furthermore, they are used in
aeroplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
BASED ON DEGREE OF VERSATILITY
There are two classes of computers based on
purpose or functionality. They are:
1. General purpose
2. Special purpose

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS: They are

computers designed to perform various tasks or
solve different types of problems by means of
different programs ( or Software).
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS: When a computer
is outlined specifically to perform a certain function
such type of computer is identified as a special
purpose computer.
5th October 2023
DATA AND INFORMATION
LEARNING INTENTIONS
1. Define Data and Information
2. State types, examples and sources of data.
5th October 2023 DATA AND INFORMATION
Data is raw, unorganised or unprocessed
facts that need to be processed. Data can be
something simple and seemingly random and
useless until it is organised.
TYPES OF DATA
1. Qualitative data: Is a descriptive
information (It describes something)
2. Quantitative data: Is a numerical
information
 CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
1. Discrete quantitative data: is a type of data
that consists of counting numbers only, and
as such cannot be measured. Measurements
like weight, length, height are not classified
under discrete data.
2. Continuous quantitative data: is a type of
data that takes on numeric values that can be
meaningfully broken down into smaller units.
As opposed to discrete data which can’t be
measured, continuous data can be placed on
a measurement scale (e.g. weight, length,
time, etc.).
Examples of data:
1. Numbers
2. Name of thing, place or animal
3. Words
4. Measurements description of things

INFORMATION
Information can be defined as a processed
data that is meaningful to the user. Information
can be used in the decision making process.
Examples are students ID card, Weather report,
students’ report card, National passport.
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. Internet
2. Database
3. Magazine/Newspaper
4. Document
5. Census board
DATA HANDLING
Data handling is the process of ensuring that
research data is stored, archived or disposed off in
a safe and secure manner during and after the
conclusion of a research project. It is important in
ensuring the integrity of research data.
 WAYS OF HANDLING DATA
Data handling issues encompass both
electronic as well as non-electronic.
CLASS WORK
ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
LEARNING INTENTIONS:
1. Define ICT
2. Uses of ICT
3. Impact of ICT
 ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Today, almost the whole world depends
on ICT. No organization can do without
information technology. Learning institutions,
industries, banks, hospitals, supermarkets etc
,all depend on it in carrying out their daily
activities. ICT has led to the development of
so many things and reduced the world to a
global village.
ICT is an acronym that stands for Information
and Communication Technology.
 DEFINITION OF ICT
ICT can be defined as technologies that provide
access to information through telecommunications.
Information and Communication Technology deals
with the use of diverse technological tools and
resources to convert, store, protect, process,
transmit and retrieve information.
It comprises computers, networks, satellite
communications, robots, videotext, cable television,
electronic mail, electronic games and automated
office equipment.
 Uses of ICT
The three main uses of ICT include the following:
1. Communication
Information can be transmitted from one place to the other
with the use of ICT. For example sending and receiving e-mail
messages, making phone calls, audio and video conferencing,
sending and receiving fax messages, chatting and instant
messages etc.
2. Information Processing and Management
It can be used in storing, retrieving and manipulating data and
information, typing letters, notes and other documents,
keeping records of inventory, transmitting information etc.
3. Timing and Control
It can be used in manipulating and controlling equipment used
in aircraft, ships, oil rings, automated teller machines (ATMs),
and scientific research. It can also be used in monitoring and
reporting on the status of equipment etc.
 THE IMPACTS OF ICT IN SOCIETY
1. Faster communication speed
2. Lower communication cost
3. Reliable mode of communication
4. Effective sharing of information
5. Paperless environment
6. Borderless communication
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ICT
1. Social Problem
2. Health Problem
 ICT and Development of society
The impacts of ICT in society include:
(a) Education
ICT is been used in schools by students and teachers in
searching for knowledge and educative materials.
(b) Commerce
ICT has brought about the easiest way of buying and
selling goods on the internet which is called e-
commerce (Electronic Commerce). In e-commerce, the
prospective buyer will book or register for the needed
goods or services which will be delivered to them
within a stipulated time.
(c) Communication
ICT has been a major part of communication, the use
of the internet, and video conferencing; one can
communicate with other people outside one's country.
(d) Banking
ICT has made all banks go online i.e. having internet
access in their branches which makes their transactions
easier. The use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is
connected to the internet which pays money to
different bank customers.
(e) Manufacturing
ICT is used in almost all manufacturing companies e.g.
Textile industry, AutoCAD in engineering etc. this makes
it so simple for industries/factories to produce many
things within a few minutes or hours since everything
has been programmed.
(f) Libraries
Almost all libraries are now using information and
communication technology (ICT) one can log books in
and out.
MID TERM BREAK
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS
A computer is a general purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically. A computer is able
to take information (input), do some work on or
make changes to the information (process), to
make new information (output).

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
 HARDWARE SOFTWARE
(Physical parts of the (Instructions and
computer) procedures)
SYSTEM APPLICATION
SYSTEM UNIT PERIPHERALS SOFTWARE SOFTWARE
CPU Input device Operating Word processing
Motherboard Output devices system
Disk drivers Spreadsheet
Memory Translators
Graphics
Tools/utilities packages

Database
packages
Etc
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER HARDWARE
1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Memory Unit
4. Control Unit
5. Arithmetic and Logical Unit
The main things that comprise a computer
system unit are – the motherboard, CPU, GPU,
RAM, and Hard disk drive for the storage of all
the data.
Motherboard
A motherboard is a circuit board through
which all the different components of a computer
communicate and it keeps everything together.
The input and output devices are plugged into the
motherboard for function.
Input Unit
Computers respond to commands given to them in the
form of numbers, alphabets, images, etc. through input
units or devices like – keyboards, joysticks, etc. These
inputs are then processed and converted to computer
language.

Output Unit
This channel convey result of the command we provide
the computer with through the input device which is
called the output. The most used is the monitor since
we give commands using the keyboard and after the
processing, the result or outcome is displayed on the
monitor.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is called the brain of the computer
since no action can take place without its
permission and execution is the main processing
unit. It communicates with all the other
components of the computer and has three
components that help in the smooth functioning of
the CPU. The components of the CPU are:
Memory Unit
The information entered through the input devices is saved
in the memory of the CPU and then passed on to the other
parts. Similarly, when the output is ready it is saved in the
memory before the result is given to the user.
Control Unit
This unit controls the functioning component of the
computer. It collects the data entered, leads it on for
processing after the processing is done, receives the output,
and provides it to the user. So getting instructions, decoding
them, signaling the execution, and receiving the output is
done by the control center and hence it is called the center
of all processing actions that happen in the computer.
Arithmetic and Logical Unit
This unit does mathematical calculations, arithmetic
operations, comparison of data, and decision-making. It has
circuits that are built for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and other calculations.
 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Another vital component of the computer is
GPU. The Graphics Processing Unit or the video
card helps generate high-end visuals like the ones
in video games. Good graphics like these are also
helpful for people who have to execute their work
through images like 3D modelers and others who
use resource-intensive software. It generally
communicates directly with the monitor.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is the most commonly referred to a
component in a computer. The RAM is also known
as the volatile memory since it gets erased every
time the computer restarts. It stores the data
regarding the programs which are frequently
accessed programs and processed. It helps
programs to start up and close quickly. It being
slower has made it more obsolete these days.
 STORAGE UNIT
The computers need to store all their data
and they have either a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or a
Solid State Drive (SDD) for this purpose. Hard disk
drives are disks that store data and this data is read
by a mechanical arm. Solid-State drives are like SIM
cards in mobile phones. They have no moving parts
and are faster than hard drives. There is no need
for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical
location on the drive and therefore this takes no
time at all.
SUMMARY
THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
Learning Intentions:
1. Define Information Processing
2. Outline the procedure for information
processing.
THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
Information processing is the acquisition,
recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination
of information.
It refers to the manipulation of digitized information
by computers and other digital electronic equipment
known as Information Technology (IT).
Information processing systems include business
software, operating systems, computers, networks
and mainframe. A computer information processor
processes information to produce understandable
results.
This processing includes the acquisition of
information, recording, assembling, retrieval or
dissemination of information. For example, in
printing a text file, an information processor works
to translate and format the digital information for
printed form.
PROCEDURE FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING
1. Collation of information
2. Organization of information
3. Analysis of information
4. Interpretation of information
Collation of Information: This is to gather
information together, examine it carefully, and
compare it with other information to find any
differences. It is the assembling of written
information into a standard order. Collation differs
from classification. Classification is concerned with
arranging information into logical categories.
Information can be gathered through the following:

1. internal ii. external

i. Internal information: Is gotten within an
organization e.g about production performance,
sales performance, standard operating procedures
and manufacturing systems etc.
ii. External Information: The information gotten
from outside the organization e.g information
about customers and markets.
Organization of information: it refers to the
standard protocols by which information is
arranged. Data can be organized in various ways.
The processes of organizing data include both
electronic and non-electronic forms.
 Ways of Organizing Information
1. Category: Using similarity and relatedness to classify
information.

2. Time: We can categorize information using time or when time

based sequence is important to the information.

3. Location: It is another way of organizing information most

especially when information relates to a geographical place.

4. Alphabet: Alphabet can also be used in sorting information. It is

the arrangement of information in an alphabetical order.

5. Continuum: This is used when comparing things across a

common measure; highest to lowest. Best to worst. First to last
etc.