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Lecture B Optical Communications

Optical

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nermeen mohamed
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8 views

Lecture B Optical Communications

Optical

Uploaded by

nermeen mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics and Electrical Communications

Department

Optical Communications
Dr. Nermeen Mohamed
Lecturer at Electronics and Electrical
Communications Department, Tanta University
Lecture 2 Fiber modes
• Different wave patterns can propagate in a fiber optic. These patterns are
called modes
• Each mode can be realized with different wavelength

Modes: the allowed rays that can be incident on the core-cladding interface and can propagate
constructively

Order of modes

Low order modes

High order modes

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TE0 has one maximum, TE2 has 3, etc.

Propagation Mode

• single-mode
• multi-mode

Normalized frequency (V) show


the number of modes that a fiber
optic can support.

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Single-mode V = 2.405 Multi-mode

Fiber types

Cut off wavelength

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Single Mode Fiber: It carries light pulses along single path

Disadvantages
Advantages • Expensive to produce

• Less dispersion • Joining two fibers is difficult

• Less degradation • Launching of light into single mode is difficult

• Core diameter is about 10 μm

• Difference between the RI of core and cladding is small

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Multi-mode Optical Fiber:

Step index multimode type of fiber is best


suited for transmission over short distances, in
an endoscope, for instance.

Graded-index multimode fiber contains a core in which the refractive index decreases
gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding.

Modal dispersion Zigzag route


The pulse begins to spread out, thus losing its well-defined shape.
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Step index multimode:

NA = 𝑛1 2∆

2Π . 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
Normalized frequency V = Numerical aperture
λ

𝑉2
Number of modes M =
2
Π . 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
V = 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
λ

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Graded-Index Multimode Fibers:

Instead of zigzag fashion, light in the core


curves helically because of the graded
index, reducing its travel distance.

Advantages of multi-mode fiber

Single mode vs. multi-mode


• easier to install

• have larger cores that guide many modes simultaneously Normalized frequency

• can support 10 Gb/s transmission up to 550 meters Dispersion

Cost

Connections
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Graded-Index Multimode Fibers:

Π . 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
V = 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
λ

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑉2


Number of modes M = ( )
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 2 2

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Next lecture Agenda :
• Signal loss according to fiber cable

29/02/2024 Lecture (2)


29/02/2024 Lecture (2)

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