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Process Management

microprocessor notes

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ballu2711nov
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6 views

Process Management

microprocessor notes

Uploaded by

ballu2711nov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Process Management

Program vs Process: A process is a program in execution. For example, when we write a program
in C or C++ and compile it, the compiler creates binary code. The original code and binary code
are both programs. When we actually run the binary code, it becomes a process.
A process is an 'active' entity as opposed to the program which is considered to be a 'passive'
entity.

Asmentioned earlier, a process is a program in execution. The status


Of the current activity of a process is represented by the value of the program
Counter and the contents of the processor’s registers. The memory layout of a
Process is typically divided into multiple sections, and is shown in Figure
These sections include:
• Text section—the executable code
• Data section—global variables
• Heap section—memory that is dynamically allocated during program run
Time
• Stack section—temporary data storage when invoking functions (such as
Function parameters, return addresses, and local variables)
Attributes or Characteristics of a Process: A process has the following attributes.

1. Process Id: A unique identifier assigned by the operating system


2. Process State: Can be ready, running, etc.
3. CPU registers: Like the Program Counter (CPU registers must be saved and
restored when a process is swapped in and out of CPU)
4. Accounts information: A mount of CPU used for process execution, time limits, execution ID etc
5. I/O status information: For example, devices allocated to the process,
open files, etc
6. CPU scheduling information: For example, Priority (Different processes
may have different priorities, for example
a shorter process assigned high priority
in the shortest job first scheduling)

All of the above attributes of a process are also known as the context of the process. Every
process has its own Process Control Block i.e each process will have a unique PCB. All of the
above attributes are part of the PCB.

NOTE : A process control block PCB) is a data structure used by computer operating systems to store all
the information about a process.

States of Process: A process is in one of the following states:

1. New: Newly Created Process (or) being-created process.

2. Ready: After creation process moves to Ready state, i.e. the


process is ready for execution.

3. Run: Currently running process in CPU (only one process at


a time can be under execution in a single processor).

4. Wait (or Block): When a process requests I/O access.

5. Complete (or Terminated): The process completed its execution.

6. Suspended Ready: When the ready queue becomes full, some processes
are moved to suspended ready state

7. Suspended Block: When waiting queue becomes full.

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