Intext Questions 1 Sol Sol Sol Ifa Wait A exists in 10% of the population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists In 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier? In a population of asexually reproducing species, the chances of appearance of new tals due to varations ate very low. And the trait which is already presen in the population is likly co be in higher percentage and would hhave been arisen earlier. Therefore, the trait B present in {60% ofthe population is the eraie which have arisen eatlier How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival? During reproduction, copying of DNA takes place, which is not 100% accurate, thereby causing variations. If these variations are favourable, they help the individuals to survive and pass these variations to their progeny. Depending upon the nature of variations, different individuals have different advantages, which promotes their survival like bacteria, which an withstand in heat and will survive better in a heat wave. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive? CBSE 2016 Mendel crossed a pure all pea plant (TT) with pure dwarf pea plane (t) and observed that all the progeny were hybrid all (T9, ic. only one of the traits was able to express itselfin the Fy-generation, which is the dominane trait. The other traicis called the recessive ait which femains suppressed, Ses (Fal paren) — | (wart paren Homezyoous | Homozygous 1 (athybrid a) Heterozyoous However, when he self-crossed plans of F,-generation, he observed that one-fourth of the plants were dwarf and theefourth were al Parents F generation Gametes Fegeneration 1T wo t Tall TH Dwart (Homozygous) (Heterozygous) (Homezygous) Sol. Sol. Sol. The expressed trait T for the tllness is dominant tri while the eat ® of dwarfness is recesive. Thus, Mendel, experiments show that tat may be dominant oF reese, How do Mende'’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently? CBSE 2016 Mendel performed a dihybrid cross between pure pea plants to show that traits are inherited independenty. He Selected a pea plant with round yellow (RRYY) and wrinkled green (eryy) seeds. Inthe F, progeny, it was found that all plants were round yellow. But in F; progeny, some plants were round yellow and some were wrinkled green. However, chere were some plants which showed new combinations. Some of them were round with green seeds, while others were wrinkled with yellow seeds. Thus, the round/wrinkled crait and srcen/yellow seed trait and independently inherited. ‘Aman with blood group ‘A’ married a woman with blood group ‘O' and their daughter has blood group ‘0’. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits blood group ‘A’ or ‘0’ is dominant? Why or why not? ‘The information is insufficient co tell whether the eit or 0" is dominant. We can find ou by assuming the following cases In ease I Let us assume that trait ‘A’ is dominant. Father may have INT o¢ 181° and mother 1°1°, In this ass 5096 of the progeny will have blood group ‘A’ and 50% of the progenies will have blood group ‘O” Incase IL Let us assume that ‘O”is dominant. In this as ‘we se that the child may have blood group ‘O.. Since, in both the assumptions, the child can have bood group ‘O”, so we cannot infer which tai is dominant. How is the sex of a child determined in human beings? A male germ cell which forms gametes carries one X and 0M Y-chromosome, while a female germ cell cats ™ X-chromosomes. ‘Therefor, sex of the child depends upon. what haps during ertlisation, (9. Ifa sperm carrying X-chromosome fertlises the 8 then, the child born will be a female (XX). (i Ifa sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises the 8 then, the child born will bea male (XY).Thus, che sperm (the male gamete) determines the sex of the child. xx xy (Femate) (ale) L 4 x Y. Gametes x XY_Offsprings (Female chic) (Male child) Exercises 1 A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. This suggests that the genetic makeup of the tall parent can be depicted as (@) Tww (b) TTww () TWW (¢) Tw Sol. (©) The genetic makeup of the tall parent can be depicted as TOWW, ww ttww Parent { 1 ™w Ww fw Gamotes Tw iW (ater nn (wart plan win Fy “generation Molt flower) wht flowers) 2A study found that the children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or why not? Sol. From this seudy, we cannot make any inference whether light ‘eye colour traits recessive or dominant, because as both the parents have light colour eye, all the children will definitely have light colour eye (though certain variations may occur). 3 Outline a project which aims to find the dominant colour coat in dogs. Sol, Inorder to finda dominant coat colour in dogs, homozygous black (BB) male dog and a homozygous white (bb) female dog are allowed to cross-breed in order to produce offsprings (F-generation). 8B bb 8 Bb BD 8b F progeny (Allblack) If all che offsprings in the F,-gencration are black, this concludes that black colour coat is dominant over white colour coat in dogs and if all the offsprings are white, the dominant colour will be whi 4 How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Sol. Equal genetic contribution of male and female parents in the progeny is ensured by the equal inheritance of chromosome from each parent Human possesses 23. pairs of chromosomes, of which 22 pairs are autosomes and I pair is the sex chromosomes. The two sex chromosomes in human are X and Y. Females have 2X chromosomes and males have a X and ¥ chromosome. During the process of fertilization, a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid ovum to produce a diploid zygote, Zygote receives equal amounc of genetic material from each parent and thus, retains the diploid nacute on fertilization,