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AGPHBooks

agph_books
AGPHBooks Dr
.SachinJ.Shast
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@agph_books Mr.RamdasTudu
www. .
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 Foundation Of
Library And
Information Science

By
Dr. Sachin J. Shastri
Mr. Ramdas Tudu
Dr. Vijay A. Dakhole
Dr. Subhash W. Dhote

2023

i
 Foundation Of Library And
Information Science
Published By: AGPH Books
(AG Publishing House)
Bhopal, M.P. India
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
Website: www.agphbooks.com
Contact: +91-7089366889

Copyright © 2023 @ Authors

Author Proof: Dr. Sachin J. Shastri, Mr. Ramdas Tudu, Dr.
Vijay A. Dakhole and Dr. Subhash W. Dhote.
Layout & Cover: AGPH Books

ISBN: 978-81-19338-30-6

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, without permission of the author. Any person
who does any unauthorized act in relation to this
Publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damage.
[The responsibility for the facts stated, conclusion
reaches, etc., is entirely that of the author. The
publisher is not responsible for them, whatsoever]

ii
 About Author

Dr. Sachin J. Shastri M. A. (Economics), M. L. I. Sc., M. Phil.

(Library and Information Science), Ph. D. (Library and
Information Science, is presently working as a Full Time
Librarian at V. K. Krishna Menon College of Commerce and
Economics and Shared Shankar Dighe College of Science,
Bhandup -(East), Mumbai-42, Maharashtra (INDIA). He has
more than 24 years’ work experience in the field of
academics and education. He has been awarded Ph. D. in
September 2016 by the Savitribai Phule Pune University. He
had worked in 01 Research Projects funded by University of
Mumbai. He was also a member of Board of Studies in
Library and Information Science, Faculty of
Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Mumbai from 2017
to 2022. Worked in various academic committees in his
college as well as University Bodies. Presently he is also a
IQAC Coordinator in his college. He is a member of
Translation work committee at Yashwant Rao Chavan
Maharashtra Open University (YCMOU).

Mr. Ramdas Tudu I have completed Master of Library and

Information Science and Master of Philosophy in Library
and Information Science from Maharaja Sriram Chandra
Bhanj deo University(Formerly North Orissa University). I
am proud Trainee of Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, I have successfully completed Training from
Central Library, IIT Kharagpur. I qualified National

iii
Eligibility Test (NET) for Asst. Professor conducted by
University Grant Commission. I am continuing as Ph.D
Research Scholar in Gangadhar Meher University,
Sambalpur. I have been attending different
seminar/conference and workshop from time to time. I have
more than 2years of professional experience in Library.
Currently working as Jr.Librarian at Rourkela College,
Rourkela, and Odisha, India.

Dr. Vijay A. Dakhole M.Com, M.L.I.Sc, and Ph. D in

Library Science and has 23 years of professional experience.
Presently working as Librarian Shivaji Science College
Nagpur. Presented paper at Thailand (2014), Srilanka (2015)
UAE Dubai (2015), Singapore (2017) & Thailand (2018). He
Has Presented more than 24 research paper in seminar/
conferences at various National & International level
Published 12 Papers in International Journals. He has 1 book
published. He Has Completed one UGC Sponsored Minor
Research Project on "Study of Development of college
Libraries in Bhandara and Gondia district (M.S)India,
Impact of College Administration" He has been invited on
various selection committees by the University as a subject
expert. He is the life member of professional organization
viz. MUCLA, NUCLA, NUTA. Young Teachers Association
and working on various NGOs.

Dr. Subhash W. Dhote, M.L.I.Sc, M.Phil., Ph.D. in Library

Science and has 23 years of professional experience.
Presently working as College Librarian at Hazratbaba
Tajuddin Arts and Commerce College, New Subhedar

iv
Layout, Nagpur. He has presented more than 14 research
Paper in seminars / conference at various National and
International level. Published 8 papers in International
Journals. He has attended 89 workshops, Seminars,
Conferences, Symposiums. He has been undertaken 12
important Training. He has attended / organized 16 NSS
Camp. He has been invited on various selection committees
by the University as a subject expert. He has granted
recognition as a Guide/Supervisor for Ph.D. in the subject
Library and Information Science under the faculty of Inter-
Disciplinary Studies. He is the life member of professional
organization viz. MUCLA, NUCLA, NUTA, Young
Teachers Association and working on various NGOs.

v
 Preface

Libraries serve a valuable societal purpose by making a

wide range of resources accessible to the general
population. As community hubs for learning and
information, they connect people to resources throughout
the country and across the world. All aspects of life in
contemporary civilizations are institutionalized. Therefore,
the institution might be considered a by-product of society.
It was designed to serve as a vehicle for conveying the social
processes it carries out and the strategies it employs to do
so. Knowledge, competency, and socialization are all
fostered in today's society due to the efforts of schools,
colleges, and universities. A society's actions are created or
governed by its institutions, which include both official and
informal norms and regulations. As centers of learning,
libraries provide access to a world of information and
culture. However, the old methods of storing and sharing
data are ineffective today. The library and its contents may
be instantly shared due to modern technology. It's not a
secret to the users. They have greater standards than in the
past for precision and promptness in service. Libraries are
finding it difficult to evolve in response to the changing
needs of its patrons. It's also possible that library staff and
administration lack the knowledge and confidence to make
effective use of new and current technology. The library is
a community hub. All of a society's members may look to
institutions to coordinate their daily lives. Therefore, library

vi
might be seen as the creator of the social institution. It was
designed to serve as a vehicle for articulating its social
dynamics and transportation systems.

vii
 Table of Content

CHAPTER-1: Library as social and cultural institution.... 1

1.1. Introduction: .............................................................. 1
1.2. Five Laws of Library Science: ................................ 16
1.3. Role of Library in formal and informal education:
................................................................................... 17
1.4. Classification of Libraries:...................................... 19
1.5. Features of Library: ................................................. 24

1.6. Functions of Library: .............................................. 28

1.7. Needs of library: ...................................................... 30

1.8. Purpose of library:................................................... 31

CHAPTER-2: National and International Library
Association/Organizations: .................................................. 34
2.1. IASLIC: ..................................................................... 35
2.2. IFLA: ......................................................................... 39
2.3. FID: ............................................................................ 42

2.4. UNESCO................................................................... 45
2.5. Information on library science and literacy:........ 50

2.6. Information Communication technology: ........... 66

CHAPTER-3: Perspectives of Information Science ......... 74
3.1. Library Science: ....................................................... 75

viii
 3.2. Documentation and Information science meaning:
................................................................................... 78
3.3. Scope and evolution:............................................... 81
3.4. Information Science as Discipline: ........................ 89

CHAPTER-4: Laws of Library Science ............................... 92

4.1. Five Laws of Library Science: ................................ 92

4.2. Library Legislation: ............................................... 109

4.3. Library legislation in India: ................................. 114

4.4. Library Acts: .......................................................... 120
4.5. Plagiarism:.............................................................. 156
CHAPTER-5: Computer Application in Library System ....
.................................................................. 168

5.1. Introduction: .......................................................... 168

5.2. Hardware Aspects:................................................ 172
5.3. Firmware Aspects: ................................................ 176

5.4. DBMS Software: .................................................... 177

5.5. Digital Initiative:.................................................... 184

5.6. Multimedia:............................................................ 189

5.7. Statistical Applications In computer: ................. 192

ix
 CHAPTER Library as social and
1 cultural institution

1.1. Introduction

The library as a social institution with the enviable role of

providing access to information for people of all levels of
education and experience. A library's primary goal is to
serve as a place where information may be found and
accessed by anybody.

A library must preserve it for future generations. The

library has emerged as a central institution in the
contemporary social order, serving as both a repository of
knowledge and a conduit for its dissemination. It facilitates
the widespread distribution of books as well as visual
resources and encourages their extensive usage. Libraries
exist to serve their communities.

As literacy rates and the number of books published

increased, public libraries sprung up in many countries.
Public libraries in every nation provide biographies of
notable former rulers. Public libraries are an example of a
social good that has been fostered by monarchs, the affluent,
and philanthropists.

There is one notable a typical country. India. Emperors,

wealthy merchants, and ancient Indian intellectuals all

1
contributed financially to the founding of India’s first
libraries. Scholars and academic pursuits had the backing of
emperors and monarchs. Even by the sixth century A.D.,
libraries had already grown to a very sophisticated level.
The world-renowned Nalanda University in Bihar, India,
was home to a beautiful library with priceless manuscripts
spanning every subject imaginable. Scholars only were
allowed in the library.

Taxila and Vikramashilla were two more ancient

institutions with impressive libraries.

Ujjain was the place where the muses were nurtured and
where India's social and cultural legacy was irrevocably
shaped, hence the word vikramadiyta is often connected
with that city.

Society has built a wide range of institutions. An individual

may join society via these mechanisms. Each organization
serves a certain social function. The library is an institution
of society designed to serve the needs of the community as
a whole.

In the library, people have access to books and other papers

that may teach them something new, help them discover
hidden artistic abilities, increase their intelligence, instill
morals and academic discipline, entertain them, and so on.

Help push cultural development in the neighborhood

forward. Using free time productively and satiating a need
for amusement. The library is a resource for academic and
informal learning, as well as for continuing education
throughout one's life.

2
As literacy rates and the number of books published
increased, public libraries sprung up in many countries.
Public libraries in every nation provide biographies of
notable former rulers.

India is an exception among countries where monarchs, rich

individuals, and philanthropists have all contributed to the
growth of public libraries. In ancient India, libraries were
founded mostly due to the financial support of rulers,
wealthy businessmen, and academics.

In a society, information and knowledge are potent tools

that may greatly contribute to people's standard of living.
Knowledge growth and information distribution are
consequently vital components of every developed system,
making it necessary to provide people with knowledge and
information for the progress of society. People may have
access to a wealth of resources and free knowledge in public
libraries.

We are undoubtedly moving forward due to the fact that

education is the transfer of civilisation. Each new generation
must work for and earn the right to call themselves
civilized. A century without transmission would be the end
of civilisation and our reversion to caveman ways.

The dissemination of information is important to the spread

of civilisation. This means that the collecting, organization,
preservation, and transmission of knowledge is regarded as
one of the greatest achievements of any highly developed
civilisation.

3
As a result, the library or its modern analogs are the most
effective at meeting the different needs of today's
customers. The public library is open to people of all ages,
races, religions, and sexes. It might be useful for those that
are unable or unable to proficiently read or write.

1.1.1. Social Institution

Institutions in today's cultures coordinate every aspect of

human life. Thus, society produces social institutions. Its
social processes are expressed via it, and it serves as a
medium for doing so by using methods designed for that
purpose.

All of a society's actions in a contemporary society are

organized through several organizations. As a consequence,
societies create social institutions. It was designed to be a
vehicle for communicating the group's social dynamics.

A social institution must care about how individuals fit into

the larger whole of a society. The urge for social interaction
among humans is the driving force for their pattern. Faith
and solidarity, for instance, are the purview of religious
organizations.

Knowledge, expertise, and socialization are all bolstered by

the efforts of the nation's schools, colleges, and universities.
The rules and regulations that control the way a society
operates, whether official or informal, are the building
blocks of its institutions.

Society has built a wide range of institutions. These societal

structures make it possible for an individual to join the

4
group. Each organization serves a certain social function. A
library is a community hub that serves as a one-stop-shop
for all of society's informational requirements.

The library is a place where people may read books and

other papers that teach them something new, inspire them
creatively, instill in them a sense of morality and the
importance of education, entertain them, and so on.

Therefore, the library and its contemporary equivalents are

the most successful in addressing the varied demands of
modern society's consumers. Everyone, regardless of age,
race, religion, or gender, is welcome to use the services of a
public library.

The library is an institution of society with the enviable role

of providing access to information for people of all levels of
education and experience. The primary goal of any library
should be the preservation and accessibility of previously
acquired information.

A library also has the task of preserving it for future

generations. The library is now an important element of the
contemporary social order and a vital agent for spreading
knowledge.

It facilitates the widespread distribution of novels and other

visual resources and encourages their extensive usage.
Libraries exist to serve their communities.

As literacy rates and the number of books published

increased, public libraries sprung up in many countries.

5
Every nation's public library system includes biographies of
its illustrious former presidents. The public library system
in India has not benefited from the efforts of monarchs,
affluent individuals, or philanthropists.

In ancient India, libraries were founded mostly due to the

financial support of rulers, wealthy businessmen, and
academics. Scholars and academic pursuits had the backing
of emperors and monarchs. Even as early as the sixth
century A.D., there is proof of well-established libraries.

The world-renowned Nalanda University in Bihar, India,

has a beautiful library housing a vast treasury of ancient
manuscripts spanning every subject imaginable. Scholars
only were allowed in the library.

Taxila and Vikramashilla were two more ancient

institutions with impressive libraries.

As the belief goes, Ujjain is the one who fostered the muses
& left an indelible mark on India's social and cultural past,
hence the word vikrmadiyta is linked with the city.

There was no victory for the public library system. Only a

select few monsters, temples, and kings maintained private
libraries full of rare books and manuscripts. Very few
people had access to libraries. Public libraries were few
since book kings tended to fund them privately.

The former Imperial Library is today's National Library.

The British government also legislated the publication of
books, which may have aided in the growth of certain

6
libraries' book collections. Independence had to occur
before the initial public library Law could be passed.

There has been a phenomenal expansion of libraries since

independence, especially in the fields of academia and the
humanities. India has several problems to solve when it first
gained its freedom.

Eighty-eight percent of the population lived in rural areas,

where practically everyone was illiterate. The mass media
and transportation were subpar. Public libraries in India
have come a long way since the country's independence, but
there are still many areas where they can improve.

Reading literature is one of the most sociable things a

cultured guy can do.

Reading may help individuals gain knowledge, pleasure,

and a larger perspective, all of which can motivate them to
work toward bettering their own lives. Reading widely and
freely expands the intellect. It's an excellent learning tool
and aids in character formation.

If reading is to serve as a means toward the development of

a rich, integrated, and sound personality and a
comprehensive understanding, it must be a complex
activity involving four dimensions: an awareness of words,
an understanding of meaning, a thoughtful reaction, and
integration.

Public libraries are defined by the International Federation

of Library Associations and the United Nations

7
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural institution (UNESCO)
as "an organization established, supported, and funded by
the community," which might be at the local, regional, or
national level.

Every member of the community have free and equal access

to its collections, services, and programs regardless of their
age, gender, race, nationality, religion, language, ability,
income, employment status, or level of education.

Information and understanding are potent tools in every

culture, and they may significantly enhance people's lives.
Knowledge growth and information distribution are
consequently vital components of every developed system,
making it necessary to provide access to knowledge as well
as data for the progress of society. People may have access
to a wealth of resources and free knowledge in public
libraries.

If learning is the means through which civilization is passed

on, then our advancement is undeniable. Each new
generation must work hard to acquire and get access to the
benefits of civilization. If the signal were to be lost for a
century, civilization as they know it would collapse, and
they would revert to a primitive state.

The dissemination of information is important to the spread

of civilization. As a result, the accumulation, classification,
preservation, and transmission of knowledge is seen as the
crowning accomplishment of any civilized society. The
ancient world excelled at this, and as a consequence, the old

8
world's geniuses benefited. Our ability to pass on our
history to future generations has never been stronger.

There is still wide variation in the quality of public libraries

within and between the different states in India. Public
library systems vary in terms of infrastructure, amenities,
and trends from state to state due to differences in size,
population, and literacy rate.

In our nation, Town Libraries are those located inside

Municipal Towns, whereas Rural Libraries are those located
outside of Municipal Towns. Again, in some states, rural
libraries are a part the public library system, while in others,
they fall within the purview of the Adult Education or
Public Relations division.

Helped Library Systems in library strength, size, and

location in urban vs rural areas were used to classify
libraries in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Kerala. Some
metropolitan public library systems, including those in
Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore, have very well-developed
infrastructures, but rural libraries are severely lacking.

Public library systems in southern states, especially Tamil

Nadu, the state of Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, are
quite well-developed. It's hard to pin down what precisely
a public library is when there's no standardization. While a
central library is unnecessary for rural residents, urban
libraries need an additional formal organizational
framework and technology-based service model.

There are many obstacles to overcome before a real public

9
library strategy can be formulated in India, despite the fact
that the country's public library growth has the potential to
revolutionize the way public libraries are managed and
used. The library is a cultural institution with a significant
role and significance in society because of the social services
it serves.

The field of national library science has historically been

dominated by the so-called resource-based approach. A
library's primary collection is its collection of documents.
Books and other papers housed in a library provided the
foundation for its operations due to their quantity,
organization, renewability, and condition. What kind of
illuminating (educational) activity with library patrons was
done depended on the budget.

Each library's objective and the public work it performs will

vary from one location to the next depending on the
circumstances. Individual libraries are adaptable
institutions that must modify their operations in response
to shifts in their service areas, national library trends,
technological advances in industry, and local government
initiatives. Differentiation, integration, concentration, and
diversification are some of the newer library marketing
tactics that have emerged since the turn of the millennium.

Need of Library as Social Institution

Nowadays, information plays an important role in the

intricate political, economic, and social systems in which we
live. In order to fully enjoy their democratic rights,
individuals need access to reliable information.

10
The ability to make changes and advances in society is made
possible by data. Decision-makers are always on the
lookout for new information. Executives, farmers,
manufacturing employees, and anyone in the contemporary
day who are introducing a new product, plugging the field,
or constructing a skyscraper need knowledge of the current
status of resources and an understanding of the potential
outcomes of their endeavors.

Information is needed to better equip researchers,

educators, students, administrators, industrial and
commercial managers, entrepreneurs, farmers, and factory
employees, among others, to do their jobs successfully.

In today's advanced societies, institutions coordinate every

aspect of human life. The society at large expects the
institution to deal with the aforementioned problems. The
aforementioned organization should be a driving force for
societal betterment in the widest and most concrete manner.

With the possible exception of libraries, no other social

organization is suitable to handle such a weighty responsi-
bility. Knowledge and data contained in documents are
collected, processed, organized, and disseminated through
libraries and comparable organizations. Libraries and other
organizations that handle and oversee knowledge and
information are immensely valuable to society since
knowledge and information are important for human
progress.

1. Investigating library as an institution allows us to

11
 trace the development of civilizations across time.
Its emergence has not been a solitary social
phenomena. It developed because of human need
and in accordance with society' demands; in other
words, libraries change as society does. Location,
population served, demand, collection, funding,
librarian prestige, and official views toward the
library all mirror the societal development of the
past and present. The library's development may be
seen through the lenses of education, society,
economy, and technology.
2. The library holdings of several nations are indicative
of their own cultures. These establishments have
language to thank for their existence. They are the
ones responsible for safeguarding and preserving
our cultural artifacts. The history of libraries is a
significant part of the narrative of humankind's
progress toward greater enlightenment. It is
comparable to the development of writing and
hence a part of human civilization's history. It's the
primary allegory through which modern society
made its conceptual breakthrough from barbarism
to civilization.
3. The history of the individuals who use libraries is
inextricably entangled with the history of libraries
themselves. There is no use in having a library just
to have a library. Its purpose, range of services, and
variety of offerings are all shaped by the
requirements of its customers. An extension of

12
 memory that makes sense. It stores all of
humankind's knowledge, both written and spoken.
Mankind has archived his legacy in a wide variety
of data storage formats for the benefit of future
generations.

1.1.2. Information Society

All institutions dealing with data, information, and culture

in the information society need to be rethought and
reassessed. So that everyone may participate fully in
contemporary society, become decent citizens, and realize
their full potential, extra emphasis is placed on literacy,
adult formal schooling, lifelong education, information
distribution, and other facets of education.

Societal duties while enhancing their foundational

understanding of and practice in their chosen profession.
These days, libraries serve primarily as information centers.
These days, it encompasses much more than just books:
CDs, DVDs, the internet, and cooperative groups of similar
institutions exchanging knowledge. There are four vantage
points from which to see the shift. Insist for a change:

1. The transition from just-in-time to just-in-kind is a

major change.
2. Shifts in how libraries are organized, with the
emergence of new types of facilities like data
centers, data banks, data consolidation and
evaluation centers, learning resource centers,
documentation centers, clearinghouses, information
analysis centers, referral centers, and so on.

13
 3. Alterations to the scope and kind of services offered,
such as the addition of CAS, SDI, consultant,
literature search, information broker, and
information gatekeeper options.
4. The introduction of digests, emails, and other
comparable informational products.

In an information society, members work together to fulfill

shared objectives and requirements. It’s a collection of
individuals united by a shared set of circumstances and
traits, such as a shared history or culture, a sense of
community, and so on.

Relational dynamics among individuals who share a shared

culture and set of institutions characterize this term. A
society is a collection of individuals who share common
economic, social, or industrial institutions and who may or
might not be of different races or ethnicities. In today's
world, information and knowledge serve as the driving
force, the primary instrument, and the primary direction of
change.

Libraries rank high among the nation's most significant

cultural institutions because of the crucial social roles they
play. The field of national library science has historically
been dominated by the so-called resource-based approach.

The library's collection of papers serves as its primary

resource. Books and other papers housed in a library
provided the foundation for its operations due to their
quantity, organization, renewability, and condition. The

14
money' distribution dictated the nature of the library's
illuminating (educational) activity with its patrons.

There are three fundamental roles that libraries should

play:

1. Communicative (ensuring communication among

the document and the user, both being in a
particular time and space continuum, that is the
company of access to specific papers on the basis of
different forms and methods of organization and
provision for information services);
2. Cumulative (collecting in one place documents that
are different in form and content, created at different
times, locations, and by different authors);
3. Memorial (saving the agglomeration of knowledge
associated with a specific event or person in a
particular place and time)

Since their inception, libraries have served a crucial role in

society, and this role remains unchanged today. Without
any of these, the library would cease to function as a
community hub. These features are inherently present in
library of all shapes and sizes, across all nations and
continents, and are unaffected by global shifts.

However, the completeness of assets, storage periods, the

number of users, and the conditions of their service have
their own unique features, therefore libraries of different
sorts perform these tasks in different ways.

Any library is, above all, an organization with cultural

15
mission. It is the institution that enables users to get access
not only to books and information, but to cultural national
values, allowing one to be personally involved in their
creation, discussing cultural processes, to show their
creative aspirations and abilities.

E.Iu. Genieva justified the legitimacy of such library activity

in the first half of the 2000s. Libraries position themselves as
an effective, proactive and professional sociocultural
institution, as a “playground” for the reconstruction of the
cultural environment, to hold creative and business
meetings, debates on current topics, concerts, educational
programs, quizzes, days of culture of various peoples and
other different events for the organization of free time
activities and social development of library users.

1.2. Five Laws of Library Science

S. R. Ranganathan put out a theory in 1931 called "The 5

Laws for Library Science," outlining the fundamentals of
library administration. The collection of guidelines for
effective library management is known as the "five laws of
library science."

Many librarians all across the globe consider them to be the

cornerstones of their professional ethos. The Five Laws for
Library Science were developed by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan in
1924. These rules were first articulated in a set of 1928
declarations. The first publication of these ideas was in
Ranganathan's 1931 classic, The Five ideas of Library
Science.

16
These laws are:

1. Books Are For Use

2. Every Reader His/her Book

3. Every Book Its Reader

4. Save the Time of the Reader

5. The Library Is A Growing Organism.

These are what might be called the "essential laws" of the

field of Library Science. These may be used for any issue
involving libraries, librarianship, or library services. These
regulations are like a pot that can hold seas. Before they
were articulated, Library Science did not have a guiding
ideology.

These statutes provided the intellectual underpinnings that

would ensure library science, the librarian profession, and
library usage will endure for the foreseeable future. These
regulations have brought a methodical, scientific
perspective to the field of library science. Although S.R.
Ranganathan created the five laws for library science before
widespread adoption of digital technologies, they are just as
applicable and useful today.

1.3. Role of Library in formal and informal

education

Learning and gaining knowledge are what one means when

talked about education. There are two primary categories of
education: the sort of education received in a structured

17
environment, like a school, and self-taught learning, often
known as informal education or learning gained from life
experience. Education is valuable because it provides
opportunities to acquire the knowledge and abilities
necessary to function well in society and the workplace.

Education refers to the overall framework for facilitating

formal instruction and study in settings such as classrooms
and universities. In today's world, children may start their
formal education at a young age and continue it until
graduate school.

Education is seen as a stake in a country's future prosperity

as well as a tool for effecting social change. When there are
significant changes in education, the economy responds
positively.

A good education is as necessary to a person's survival as

food and a safe place to live. Just as humans need food and
shelter to be alive and healthy, so too does the mind need
an appropriate education.

There are several channels via which knowledge may be

absorbed and spread. Even those with the fewest formal
educations may play an important role in spreading
information, presumably drawing on their own personal
experiences.

Knowledge and information like this is also regularly

taught in families, but a significant increase in human
understanding calls for well-stocked libraries at every
institution of higher learning.

18
In its broadest meaning, education encompasses everything
that shapes a person's cognition, identity, or skill set.
Technically speaking, education is how a society passes on
its information, values, and norms from a generation to the
next.

• Education is defined as the means through which

learning is facilitated by instruction, which is
provided by a teacher or tutor.
• Teaching is the process through which knowledge is
transferred from teacher to student.
• The term "learner" is used to describe the recipient
of instruction with the goal of imparting a new body
of information or set of skills.

1.4. Classification of Libraries

Everyone in the human race engages in the practice of

categorizing things. Classification is a tool that’s used by
everyone.

The Latin word "Classis," meaning "Grouping," is the

historical ancestor of the English word "Classification."
Classification is the process of putting things into categories
based on their likeness, and it is crucial to the development
of the group known as classifying.

By doing so, the user is able to better categorize their content

and find what they're looking for faster. Classification is the
human capacity to identify relationships between things
based on their similarities and differences.

19
One of the earliest and most influential ways to categorize
and organize information is via classification. Books,
newspapers, magazines, theses, periodicals, and more can
all find a home in it because to its widespread usage in
libraries and information centers.

It's a method for categorizing books in a library by their

topic, class number, or author. In order to facilitate user
access to library items, libraries use a system of notation
known as library classification. It groups books on relevant
topics together and divides them from those on
unconnected ones.

Classification in libraries is the process of organizing books

and other library items on shelves, as well as catalog and
index entries, such that they are most easily accessible to
readers and anyone looking for specific information.

Books and other library materials (such as serials,

recordings of sound, movies, cartographic substances,
manuscripts, computer files, e-resources, etc.) are classified
by subject and positioned on the shelves or entries in a
catalogue, bibliography, and index in a logical, systematic,
and helpful order by assigning serial numbers and subject
headings.

The call number does double duty: it both locates the book
on the bookshelf and groups works on the same subject
together.

The three parts of a serial number are the class number,

which indicates the category, the book number, which

20
indicates the author, and the collection number, which
indicates the collections to which the item belongs.
Classification, in its most common form, entails the
systematic ordering of concepts and physical things.
However, in library categorization, individual focus on
papers, & the aim was to put them in the most useful and
long-lasting order possible.

Bibliographic classification systems, like knowledge

classification systems, typically arrange related and similar
entities in a tree-like hierarchy (for non-faceted systems;
faceted classification systems permit the assignment
multiple categories to an object, allowing the categories to
be ordered in multiple ways.

To do this, it requires a comprehensive system of

categorization that breaks down information into broad
categories that are then broken down into topics.

There are main classes, which are divided into classes,

which are further subdivided into sub-classes, classification
works in this manner because it divides and organizes ideas
into logically hierarchical groupings based on their shared
and unique properties.

The categorization schedules have been indented to show

the many levels of organization present. Notation is the set
of symbols (numbers, characters, or a mix of the two) used
to represent a topic, its categories, its subcategories, and its
subdivisions. This marking is useful for filing and shelving
purposes.

21
Classification allows for a systematic method of organizing
reference resources. By using the library's categorization
system, patrons may easily discover the resources they
need, as well as those of other libraries that have collected
works on similar or identical topics. One way that subjects
might find what one is looking for in a library is via the
usage of the library's categorization system. The other kind
is alphabetic indexing languages like topic headings lists
and thesauri.

Knowledge and library resources may be classified

according to their topic content, and subject headings can
be used to locate specific papers by referencing specific
vocabulary phrases. While a single document may have
several words assigned to it in a thesaurus or topic heading,
there is only room for one classification in the categorization
system.

A document's precise shelf position is determined by its

classification number in a library's categorization system.
Based on the topic headings, a serial number is assigned by
the cataloger.

There are thousands of volumes in every library, and they

all need to be organized so that readers can find what
they're looking for quickly and easily. However, each book's
subject matter is unique, so it became clear that a system
was needed to group similar topics together.

Subjects with comparable characteristics may be housed

closer together, those with weaker ties can be stored next to

22
them, and those with no ties at all can be maintained in a
separate area. A library categorization system is a method
for grouping books with similar themes together.

The library classification methods aid in the categorization

of books, or in pinpointing the precise location of a topic
among the thousands available. Because of the
overwhelming volume of books, libraries had to begin
classifying and cataloguing their collections.

It was determined that consumers mostly request books by

topic after testing out several lathers including color, size,
and accession number. As a result, many systems of
organization emerged. The basic goal of library
categorization is to provide a system through which books
may be stored and retrieved quickly and easily.

In general, the library classification has following

purposes:

• Assemble a library's books and other materials and

arrange them in a neat, logical manner;
• Collecting the books of the similar topic and placing
them all together saves the user from troubling to
find the book.
• Have literature on similar topics handy
• Locate a specific book on a topic by its serial number,
which is the library's unique identifier for each book;
• As all the books on a topic have the same class
number, anyone can easily count how many books
are there are by looking in one location.

23
 • Once the book is finished, placed the book back to
its place.
• It is the responsibility of the librarian to ensure that
newly acquired books are properly shelved among
the rest of the library's collection, since this is an
ongoing task for any library.
• Help the cataloguer locate topic headings for the
library catalogue, which is especially important
when a categorized catalogue is being utilized and
subject entries must be compiled.
• Library categorization might serve other reasons as
well. Museum items and online materials may be
organized using library categorization systems. It
may also be used to keep track of reference
questions and library circulation data.

1.5. Features of Library

Like a welcoming host, this library provides just the

appropriate amount of information for each guest to make
their unique claim.

The following points determine the actual features of

library:

(1) Selection of Books

The Secondary Education Commission claims that students'

natural and psychological interests, rather than teachers'
preferences, should serve as the deciding factor for
choosing required reading. A library's materials may be
categorized as:

24
 • Books for younger children:

Well illustrated and attractive books giving information on

fairy tales and fables etc.

• Books for older children:

o Books depicting stories of travels, explorations,

adventures discoveries and inventions.
o Biographies of great men and women.
o Suitable works of fiction, fun and hobbies.
o Parallel textbook.
o Source books.
o Dictionaries.

• Books for teachers:

The librarian should serve as convener of a faculty

committee consisting of members from all relevant
departments. The committee is responsible for developing
library policy, establishing regulations for library usage,
and allocating library finances so that all school
departments are treated fairly.

• Books for Adults:

To serve as a center of community service, the school library

should contain books for adults also.

(2) Library Room and Equipment:

A librarian who has a passion for both children and

literature should be on staff, and the space itself should be
inviting, with lots of comfy chairs, open shelves, lovely

25
artwork, flowers hanging from the ceiling, and a sunny
perspective. A library should be dedicated to the four tenets
of reading, lending, borrowing, and returning. It's
unacceptable to allow spitting, smoking, loud talking,
napping, or arguing.

(3) Librarian

Libraries would be more effective if they invested less

money on books while investing in a well-educated staff.
The following requirements should be met by each
prospective librarian:

• General educational.
• Professional, i.e. indexing and cataloguing.
• Pedagogical, i.e., adept in child psychology, familiar
with the present trends in the educational field,
sympathetic nature etc.

Library Rules

Among other rules, the following must be included:

• Library periods may be allotted.

• For the changing and distribution of books, a certain
time may be fixed.
• Each student may be asked to keep a diary wherein
name of the books read with date and comments be
entered.

(5) Cataloguing

It is common practice for libraries to let patrons to peruse

their catalogue and make their own selections. However, in

26
the standard catalogue, visitors won't find any kind of
introduction, invitation, or attitude of welcome. That library
alone exemplifies the quality of hospitality by inviting
visitors to partake in the literary feast it provides. That
readers create a library isn't the full truth, and the library
equally produces the readers. It is hospitality like this that
make a library huge, not its size.

(6) Encouraging the Students to Use the School Library:

1. The librarian should provide detailed guidance to

pupils on how to navigate the library's collection
and make the most of the resources it has to offer.
2. Educators should remind students on occasion that
one should make time for further reading.
3. The wide shelf concept should be used as much as
feasible so that pupils have easy access to reading
materials.
4. Students should be required to keep a reading log in
which they record the titles of books read together
with the dates on which they were read. Short
passages or quotes from literature that interest them
may also be requested. Short evaluations and
testimonials of the books' worth are also welcome.
5. Points might be recorded for voluntary reading time
in the monthly report.
6. Each class timetable should include a library period.
7. Every once in a while, have a book contest with
questions on the books, writers, and topics.
8. To get a lot of pupils to come to the library, it should

27
 be made more appealing than any other part of the
school.
9. The library should be decorated with the help of the
kids so that they feel as if it is their space.
10. The librarian should treat the pupils with great
compassion.
11. When students are out of school for extended
periods of time, the library should remain open.
12. The library's bulletin boards are the perfect place to
showcase colorful newspaper clippings and artwork
related to current events and themes.
13. There has to be a wide selection of books available
to appeal to a variety of interests and preferences.
14. The chairs and desks should be comfortable for the
kids.
15. The library itself should provide a catalogue of
books accessible for perusal.

1.6. Functions of Library

A library's status and value increase in proportion to the
quality of service it provides, but not the volume. The
country will not be able to preserve for future generations a
comprehensive collection of the nations recorded material
unless the nation's library is permitted to focus on the role.
Without a comprehensive collection of knowledge about
that location and its old ideas, a country's studies, research,
and development on all national issues would surely
decline in quality. A library is the sole place where people
from within and outside the country may go to get answers
to their questions about the country.

28
A national library that cannot provide its patrons with
access to the full range of documented national history is a
national embarrassment. A country like India, which has
both a large population and a large amount of recorded
information in many fields, should concentrate its library's
resources on assembling a unique collection on the country.
That is, a comprehensive compilation of both domestic and
international sources about the nation.

The demands of each communities determine the specific

roles that public libraries play. Some of the most important
roles that public libraries play are as follows:

1. They make it possible to get access to a wealth of

information: books, periodicals, publications, and
digital resources like eBooks, Audible, and online
databases are all available at no cost to library
patrons. This paves the way for individuals to
acquire knowledge across several fields and remain
current on many issues.
2. Libraries encourage individuals of every age to
continue their education by providing access to
materials and services that help them acquire new
knowledge and develop their passions. Things like
study groups, seminars, and workshops might fall
within this category.
3. Public libraries play an essential role in their
communities by offering meeting places for local
organizations, holding events and seminars, and
promoting dialogue on timely and relevant themes.

29
 4. Libraries are essential in fostering a love of reading
and learning, particularly among young people.
They provide story times, reading applications, and
other events designed to spark a lifelong interest in
books and learning.
5. Public libraries often hold specialized collections on
local history, ancestry, and other topics that
contribute to the preservation of a community's
cultural legacy, which brings us to point number
five.
6. Computers, the internet, and other technological
resources are crucial to contemporary life, and
library patrons have access to these tools.
7. Libraries are often regarded as inviting and
inclusive spaces where individuals of all walks of
life may come together to learn, grow, and
contribute to their communities.
8. To take the lead among the country's libraries. For
the sake of information sharing, it is important that
public libraries, academic libraries, and specialized
libraries all work together.

Public libraries are vital institutions because of the many

positive impacts they have on their communities, including
those related to education, literacy, community building,
and the preservation of cultural traditions.

1.7. Needs of library

Every person may benefit from using a library, whether

they are young children, college students, adults looking to

30
improve their employability, or those just want to relax and
enjoy a good book in their free time.

A library is like a warehouse for information. "Library" is

described as "a building or chamber containing an
assortment of books" in most dictionaries. The library helps
the community greatly. Local governments on the island
provide a sizable network of public libraries.

A library is a crucial institution for advancing human

knowledge. There are many of readers out there. However,
they are unable to do so due to the prohibitive cost of books.
Therefore, one may borrow priceless books by becoming an
employee of a library. A library member may check out two
titles at the same time and keep them for two weeks.

It’s clear that libraries play a crucial role in modern

civilization.

One can ponder the declining relevance and value of a

library in today's society in light of the proliferation of the
internet, which makes vast amounts of knowledge available
at the touch of a mouse.

However, it's important to remember that a library isn't

only a place to go to get knowledge; it's also a place to relax
and study. The serenity and intellectual air of the place
makes it easier to focus on one's studies or job.

1.8. Purpose of library

A library serves the following purposes, as will be shown:

31
 1. Libraries are for the lending of books

In fact, the oldest libraries started out like way, with a local
shop, museum, or other establishment giving out books
from its collection to help educate the community.
Librarians were developed because libraries need both
novel approaches to organizing and providing access to
their growing book holdings. 'The lending of books'
remains a major function provided by modern libraries.
However, as more and more tasks have been automated,
'librarians' have been freed up to focus on a wider range of
responsibilities, such as teaching or management.

2. Libraries are for educating people of all ages

Since reading raises everyone's IQ, it seems to reason that

libraries should serve a civic educational function. This
function is most obviously present in academic & school
libraries since their host institutions are primarily
educational.

Departments that oversee many libraries further establish

the educational function of public libraries. Libraries have
an important, if imperfect, role in education. People
sometimes conflate "education" with "courses," but
although many libraries provide courses of various kinds,
teaching is not at the heart of what libraries do.

3. Libraries are for preserving and/or promoting

community culture

Libraries provide an important cultural function, which is

recognized by the government. Libraries have challenges in

32
their cultural function because they must compete with
institutions such as museums, symphonies, archives, and
music halls that are more directly involved in cultural
development and provide services that contribute to that
growth rather than just storing cultural artifacts.

Libraries' cultural function is marginal at best, and it does

not reveal the institution's worth to the public.

4. Other roles

Libraries play an infinite number of functions since their

very existence is crucial for communities. The truth is that
the culture, geography, and organization of a community
have a profound impact on the library's mission. When it
comes to meeting the needs of their communities, libraries,
particularly public libraries, are more nimble and flexible
than other institutions like hospitals, colleges, and schools.

33
 National and
CHAPTER
International Library
Association/Organiz
2 ations

All of the aforementioned interlibrary groups work together

to provide a dynamic and adaptable framework for library
collaboration. Many library systems go from one structure
to another. Over time, some businesses thrive while others
fail. Library organizations, however, act as a constant
influence in favor of library collaboration, counteracting the
aforementioned trend.

All of the aforementioned interlibrary groups work together

to provide a dynamic and adaptable framework for library
collaboration. Throughout their history, several library
systems have morphed into other types of networks. Over
time, some businesses thrive while others fail. Library
organizations, however, act as a constant influence in favor
of library collaboration, counteracting the aforementioned
trend.

When referring to libraries, "association" refers to any group

of people or organizations working in or with libraries.
Library associations are made up of educated individuals
who work together to improve the public's perception of
librarians and the library field as a whole by, among other
things, promoting and advocating for library services and
members' rights.

34
Organizations at the federal, state, and regional levels
facilitate the development and adoption of guidelines that
promote cooperation and pooling of resources. Library
computer systems may be connected together due to
communications standards, and worldwide cataloging
standards and codes are also part of this framework.

Library associations are professional organizations formed

to bring together librarians who share common interests in
subjects, types of services, or other factors.

These groups may be found on the federal, state, and

municipal levels, and serve as a meeting ground for the
discussion and adoption of guidelines that promote pooling
of resources. Library computer systems may be connected
together due to communications standards, and worldwide
cataloguing codes and standards are also part of this
framework.

2.1. IASLIC

IASLIC stands for "Indian Association for Special Libraries

& Information Centers," which is the organization's full
name. With Dr. S. L. Hora's blessing, first IASLIC
Association was founded on September 3, 1955, in Calcutta.
Dr. Hora was chosen as the first president. Calcutta is home
to its administrative headquarters, where the Legislative
Council is officially based.

A collection of people who get together to accomplish a

certain goal is termed as an association. These entities might
exist at either the governmental or private sector levels.

35
The library is a prime example of the sector. Members of the
Library Association work in or are somehow connected to
the library industry.

• Historical Background

Numerous specialized libraries began to take shape in India

at the turn of the nineteenth century. At the turn of the
twentieth century, there was a growing recognition of the
need for special libraries throughout the nation to form an
organization to facilitate closer working relationships. In
1949, the Indian Library organization attempted to establish
a specialized library organization. It took some time to
really happen.

In 1955, a second effort was attempted. In a short circular

dated June 18, 1955, representatives from the Indian
Statistical Institute, the Anthropological Survey in the
nation of India, and the Geological Survey of the nation
(respectively, Shri J. Saha, Shri A. K. Mukherjee, and Shri G.
B. Ghosh) called for a gathering. Many Indian librarians
received a copy of it.

• Indian Museum

The late Dr. S. L. Hora, the Zoologist of worldwide renown

& at the time Director of the National Zoological Survey of
India, contributed substantially to the success of this
endeavor via his zeal and inspiration. There were many
people present at the gathering on June 25, 1955. Attending
the gathering were many librarians and archivists from far
and wide.

36
IASLIC, the International Association of Special Libraries,
was officially created. IASLIC's inaugural President was Dr.
Hora, and the organization's first Honorary General
Secretary was Mr. J. Saha. There has been a growing call
from library workers all around the nation to expand
IASLIC's operations into new areas of librarianship and
library science since the turn of the century.

Divide the library into sections such as Academic, Public,

Corporate, and Government. In order to maintain harmony,
it has also established a specialized division known as the
JOCLAI (Joint Council in Library Associations of India)
Section.

1. Objectives of IASLIC | IASLIC Objective

• To promote the orderly gathering and

dissemination of information.
• They’ll be making an attempt to better our library
and research resources.
• Methods of documentation in the shape of a library
for a specialized research facility.
• To serve as a clearinghouse for data across
disciplines including science and technology.
• Help with library instruction.
• Publish library materials.
• Strive for cooperation and coordination among
libraries.
• To put forth effort toward enhancing the
technological efficiency of staff in niche libraries and
data centers.

37
The Special Library and Information Centers Association of
India Organization of Indian Special Libraries &
Information Centers (IASLIC)

• Major Activities of IASLIC

The following major works are being done by it:

• The Indian Association of Special Libraries and

Information Centers (IASLIC) publishes on a regular
basis.
• It has regular meetings, such as conferences,
seminars, etc.
• They provide educational opportunities by hosting
training seminars for librarians in both Kolkata and
other cities throughout India.
• The text is a reprographics work since it has been
copied, translated, photocopied, and edited.
• In order to help businesspeople, he has been in
touch with government and other authorities on
occasion.
• IASLIC partners with the State Information Systems
for Science and Technology (NISSAT), and it has ties
to other international professional organizations like
the International Federation of Library Associations
(IFLA) and the International Federation for
Documentation (FID).

General, reputable, permanent, and lifelong organizations

all belong to the IASLIC. A Chairman, six Vice-Presidents,
a General Secretary, a the treasurer, 2 Joint Secretaries of
State, two Assistant Secretaries, a Librarian, plus twenty

38
Council members are elected for two-year terms by the
General Council. For many years, IASLIC has served as a
council of experts in its field. Efforts were made to boost its
prestige by expanding its membership to include scientists,
professors, administrators, etc.

2.2. IFLA

To speak for libraries and library organizations worldwide,

there exists the international association of Library
organizations and Institutions (IFLA). A proposal to
establish an international committee including members of
national library organizations was agreed at a 1926 congress
of libraries and booklovers in Prague. On 30 September
1927, at known as British Library Association meeting in
Edinburgh, Scotland, representatives from fifteen different
countries formed a global library & bibliographic
committee in response to this need.

In 1971, the Netherlands officially became the home of

IFLA. In 1976, the organization adopted the name the
International Federation for Library Associations and
Institutions. It is headquartered in The Hague, in The Royal
Libraries, the Netherlands' national library.

2.2.1. Aims and Objectives

The federation operates as a private, non-profit, and non-

governmental organization. The IFLA Governing Board
approved a new operating model in 2004. This model is
based on the Federation's governance arrangements, its
website, and its main office (Headquarter) in The Hague.

39
The society pillar, the academic pillar, and the members'
pillar make up the structure of the organization.

The Society Pillar examines the libraries' and information

services' effects on society, as well as the factors that shape
and limit their operational context in different parts of the
globe. Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of
Expression (FAIFE), Contract lifecycle management (CLM),
Blue Shield, as well as lobbying at the World Conference on
the Information Society, or World Summit on the
Information Society (WSIS).

The Professional Pillar focuses on topics addressed by the

Sections and Divisions, They are fundamental to our work
as professionals because they allow information services
and libraries to accomplish their missions and adapt to the
changing demands of their patrons.

Naturally, the Members Pillar is the heart of IFLA.

Conferences and publications are also part of the services
they provide to members, as well as the administration of
their IFLA membership. They need to collaborate in order
to make the IFLA more exciting for potential members and
more useful to current ones.

The aims of IFLA are to:

• Represent the needs of its members globally;

promote high standards in library and data service
supply and delivery;
• Raise public awareness of the importance of such
services.

40
IFLA's structure has been updated since its inception in
1951. The General Assembly of Members, made up of
Members' voting representatives, serves as the highest
governing body. Its yearly gathering coincides with the
annual conference. Within the parameters established by
Council, the Board of Directors is accountable for setting the
strategic and professional course of IFLA. At least twice
yearly, the Governing Board gets together, with one of those
gatherings occurring in conjunction with the International
Library and Internet Congress. The Governing Board has
delegated executive authority to the Executive Committee
to manage IFLA between Board sessions in accordance with
the policies adopted by the Board. The Professional
Committee is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the
several sections, core activities, and special interest groups
within IFLA that are in charge of professional activities,
policy, and programs.

The IFLA1 has over 1,500 members from 150 different

nations. Organization Participants and Institutional
Members are the two basic types of voting members in
IFLA. Honorary Presidents, honor fellows, and recipients of
the IFLA Medal are also part of the organization. Since its
inception, the organization's membership has grown to
include not just libraries but also library schools, other
relevant organizations, and individual associates.

The IFLA basic activities focus on problems that affect

1 https://www.ifla.org/history/

41
information services and libraries all around the globe. Core
activities' goals and initiatives are tied to the Federation's
Programmed, while the professional committee sets the
agenda for the divisions and sections.

2.3. FID

In 1895, Paul 34 Library Associations, Promotional

Agencies, and Systems Otlet and Henri La Fontaine
established what would become known as the International
Federation for Information and Documentation (the term
"Information" was added to the title in 1986, but the
acronym FID is continued).

To provide order and access for the bibliographic entries in

the global repertory was the primary goal at the time, and
that Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) was developed
and is used for this purpose. Although the Universal
Bibliographic Repertory project was a failure, the IIB's
contributions to the creation of FID and UDC were
significant. Which is still the primary method used to
organize data and knowledge throughout the globe

In the first stages. There weren't many events, and only

nations in Europe really got involved. When the
organization's headquarters moved to The Hague in 1938, it
changed its name to the International Federation for
Documentation to reflect its growing responsibility. Since
the end of World War II, its membership and scope of
operations have steadily grown to better reflect its global
nature.

42
In its core, FID is an academic and expert community. It's
not part of any government at all. There is a modest
permanent secretarial staff at the Hague headquarters:
There are two international members, one national member
from each of more than sixty nations, and a sizable number
of associate members. Membership dues are the main
source of income for the company. Funding comes from
book sales and a little UNESCO grant.

The Federation is run through a General Assembly made up

of both domestic and foreign representatives that convenes
every two years. The General Assembly's national delegates
elect a Council to carry out the body's policies. An Executive
Committee consisting of the President, the permanent
Secretary General, and other high-ranking personnel runs
the Federation.

Research on the Theoretical Basis of Information, Informat-

ics; Terminology, linguistics in The documentation,
Classification Research, and the Central Classification
Committee, which coordinated revision of Universal
Decimal Classification, are all supported by Technical
Committees and Task Forces within FID.

The study of customer requirements, social science

documentation, and information on a wide range of topics,
including but not limited to: broad system of placing an
order, information system and network design, education
and training

The FID conference occurs every two years in a new

43
location. The Congress usually centers on a broad topic. The
papers are published in a volume before the meeting.

Lots of people showed up for the Conference. It is also

uncommon for technical committees to have seminars in
conjunction with the biannual conference; the Regional
Commissions, FID/CAO, and FID/CLA also convene a
Congress and General Assembly every two years.

The International Indexing Bureau (IIB) released its

Universal Decimal Classification in 1905; it was an updated
version of the Dewey Decimal System. It wasn't until 1938
that the IIB became known as the Fédération Internationale
Documentation.

The present goals of the FID are to advance international

collaboration in the fields of physical scientific, social
science, and humanities information technology and
documentation management.

It focuses on issues related to the mechanical and electronic

organization, storage, retrieval, distribution, and
assessment of information. The FID is recognized as a
consultative body by a wide range of UN agencies.

FID is an academic and expert community. It's not part of

any government at all. At the current headquarters in The
Hague, a small regular secretarial staff: National members,
two international members, and a sizable number of
associate members make up the organization's membership
base. Membership dues are the main source of income for
the company.

44
2.4. UNESCO

Since its inception in 1946, UNESCO has been focused on

information issues; in fact, it is unique among the United
Nations' specialized agencies in that it has specific and
significant programes dedicated to data each as a whole,
encompassing everything from archives and libraries to
data and information systems, as well as methods for
information and data management and application across a
wide range of fields.

The Federation is run by an assembly made up of both

domestic and foreign representatives that convenes every
two years. The responsibility for carrying out the decisions
made by the general assembly is given to a council made up
of representatives chosen at the national level. The
President, the permanent Secretary General, and other high-
ranking officials comprise an executive committee
responsible for running the Federation.

Technical committees or task forces help FID run smoothly.

These groups focus on things like research into the
theoretical underpinnings of information, informatics, ter-
minologies, and language in documentation, classification
studies, and the central classification committee's
coordinated revision of the universal decimal classification.

Documentation and information for the social sciences; user

needs analysis; educational and training programs;
information system design; and a comprehensive ordering
system. Committees have been formed to analyze data,

45
make plans, and carry them out in order to move the needle
on FID's technological programs.

FID has established the Regional Commission after Asia

along with the Pacific and the Regional Commission after
Latin America to look out for regional interests.

With the overarching goal of fostering, by cooperative

worldwide efforts, since its inception in 1946, the UN's
United Nations Educational, Scientific, or Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) has focused on information issues.
It is unique among the United Nations' specialized agencies
in that it runs large-scale, comprehensive programs focused
on information including everything to libraries and
archives for information and data systems. Indeed

UNESCO has taken some concrete steps in areas such as:

• Building up of public library systems.

• Establishing and enhancing a system of national
libraries. Enhancing academic library resources.
• The growth of bibliographic resources and software
• Support copyright laws,
• Introduce UNESCO book vouchers
• Get postal concessions for books,
• Remove customs obstacles
• Translate classics,
• Provide reading materials,
• Promote international interchange of publications,
• Undertake translation projects.

In particular, UNESCO has helped many poor nations build

46
national documentation centers, which is a significant
contribution to the area of documentation.
UNESCO has an outstanding track record of achievement
in each of these arenas. There are four main areas that
UNESCO focuses on when it comes to improving library,
documentation, and information activities:
1. Library and Archival Services where UNESCO has
made significant contributions to the fields of
documentation, library, and archive services. The
UNESCO library manifesto recast public libraries in
a positive light and expanded their mission.
Public libraries were a focus of UNESCO's efforts to
promote literacy and education in both
industrialized and developing nations. The United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) saw library and
instructional documentation services as crucial to
the success of schools everywhere and an excellent
way to encourage lifelong literacy. Dr. Mohammad
Nazim, Assistant Professor of DLIS at AMU Aligarh,
discusses the institution's specialized libraries.
To enhance library services in its member countries,
UNESCO has launched a number of initiatives,
including conferences, assistance missions, grants,
documents, and more. National the system (NATIS)
which paved the way for a rise of Science and
technology (S&T) and helped lay the foundation for
national, regional, or international cooperation with
regard to information services; UNESCO's role in

47
 the creation of scientific and technological
documentation centers assisted member countries
overcome problems with the data explosion.
2. Globalization of Information Resources where
Libraries and archives documentation, library, and
archive services at the national, regional, and global
levels have all benefited greatly from UNESCO's
efforts. It aided in the unencumbered dissemination
of records representing the fruits of human
intelligence. It has been able to do more because of
its periodic affiliations with international non-
governmental organizations as FID, IFLA, and ICA.
All throughout the globe, people have been holding
seminars, workshops, conferences, and courses.
Numerous publishing initiatives have UNESCO's
support or funding.
3. Education for the professions in emerging and poor
nations, a lack of skilled professional personnel has
long been a major issue. UNESCO made this issue a
top priority, which led to the formation of
associations of librarianship educators, the
provision of scholarships, and the establishment of
local training facilities and library schools.
4. Marketing for Books the absence of literature
written in local languages is a common issue in
many third world nations. In order to better
understand this issue, UNESCO has convened a
series of regional meetings, which have led to the
establishment of regional marketing centers

48
 attended by representatives from UNESCO's
member nations.

Since the relevance of the library association's function

within the profession is crucial to appreciating the degree of
its obligation to its members, it is necessary that this role be
recognized in the perspective of ones profession as a whole.
Considering just one facet of its function at a time

The library professional and make it appear like a different

interest club, like the Brownie or Girl Scouts, if it shied away
from its obligation to its members.

Associations use member services and programs to get and

retain members interested in and invested in the
organization's mission. A marketing and planning problem
is determining what mix of activities and services would
best achieve objectives and meet the demands of members.

There is no uniform mission or organizational framework

for library groups. Different libraries have different
structures, with some consisting entirely of volunteers and
others employing a significant number of paid workers.

Library & information sciences (LIS) is concerned with the

management of both physical libraries and digital
databases. Books and other resources are collected,
preserved, and organized as part of this "management."
Librarians aid the public in locating information by
inventing and building methods and producing resources
to aid in the search.

49
2.5. Information on library science and literacy

The study of library management is known as library

science. Public service, technical service, and administrative
work are all subfields within this larger profession.

Because librarians deal with both printed books and digital

resources, the field is sometimes referred to as "library and
information science" in academic settings.

Library science has traditionally included the study of

archives as well. This encompasses the moral principles that
guide the library industry and the company, the legal status
of libraries and their data resources, how people relate to
classification systems as well as technology, how people
acquire, evaluate, and apply information in and out of
libraries and across cultures, how people receive instruction
and training for careers within libraries, and much more.

Although there is some semantic difference between

"library science," "librarianship," and "library and
information science," there is no universally accepted
distinction between these words. Most people will hear the
acronym LIS, which stands for "Library and Information
Science".

However, most librarians see this as just a terminological

variant meant to highlight the subject's scientific and
technological underpinnings and its association with
information science. Information theory is the mathematical
study of information, which is not the same thing as library

50
and information science (LIS). Libraries and information
science were formerly two distinct disciplines, but LIS
brings them together.

When it comes to libraries, the collection, the company,

conservation, and dissemination of information resources,
as well as the political economics of information, library
science (also known as library studies or library and data
science) constitutes an interdisciplinary or interdisciplinary
field that applies to the procedures, perspectives, as well as
tools of management, technology, education, and other
areas.

Prof. Paul G. Zurkowski, president of the United States

Information Literacy Associations, coined the phrase
"information literacy" in 1974. When someone is
informationally literate, one know how to determine what
information they need, where to get it, how to assess its
quality, and how to disseminate that information to others.
For individuals to achieve their objectives in an effective,
efficient, creative, legal, ethical, and strategic manner, IL is
the only option.

The capacity to understand when information is required

and to access, analyze, and successfully utilize that
information is essential to what is known as "information
literacy" (Association of College & Research Libraries 2000).

Individuals are increasingly exposed to information in an

unfiltered manner, such as that provided by the media or
the internet, in addition to the traditional information

51
sources such as libraries, community centers, and
specialized groups and organizations. Learning throughout
life requires a solid foundation in information literacy. It's
something teachers and students deal with in every field
and at every educational level.

Information may be found in a wide variety of places and

mediums, including books, newspapers, magazines,
television, movies, the internet, library databases, and more.
The ability to employ these resources effectively and
critically depends on knowing when and why to use them.
Learning and being taught about many different kinds of
information forms and sources is central to IL.

"Information- and -Literacy" make up the whole term for

information competence. Literacy refers to the capacity to
read, write, and interpret while information is structured
data. The ability to read and write is a prerequisite for most
information literacy tasks. Therefore, the capacity to read,
write, and comprehend information is often understood to
be information literacy. Information literacy, on the other
hand, refers to the skills necessary to locate, analyze, and
use data in a digital context.

The nation's libraries are the keepers of its history and

literature. They are a window into a nation for people all
around the globe because they gather, preserve, and make
accessible a country's history for each of its citizens.

Legal deposit, cataloging and safeguarding, digitization

and digital services, dissemination of data and data mining,

52
the provision of shared central services (e.g. guidance,
bibliography, conservation, circulation, research services)
for authorized users as well as libraries upon their country's
territory, and the promotion of national libraries are all
topics that the National Libraries Section encourages
discussion on in order to help national libraries improve
their services.

International librarianship consists of activities carried out

among or between governmental or non-governmental
institutions, organizations, groups or individuals of two or
more nations, to promote, establish, develop, maintain and
evaluate library, documentation and allied services, and
librarianship and the library profession generally, in any
part of the rising cost of materials, operations and services
combined with Publication explosion and shrinking budget
force libraries to resource sharing and networking.

Academic assignments like research papers and group

presentations need information literacy abilities. For those
who make a living in the field of information science and
libraries (LIS), these skills are necessary.

LIS professionals put their knowledge to use by staying

abreast of the problems facing their country and casting
educated votes.

There is a common thread running through the

aforementioned descriptions and definitions of information
literacy, and the characteristics of information literate
professionals: an emphasis on the use of information in the

53
form of reflective thinking, analysis, interpretation,
synthesis, and the integration of new information with
existing knowledge. An information literate individual is
one who has mastered the skills necessary to continue
expanding their knowledge base.

There is no denying the pervasive impact of the Internet on

all facets of Indian society, including but not limited to the
classroom, the workplace, and personal relationships. New
skills and competences among LIS professionals are
necessary for them to properly transmit information to the
users as the usage of ICT (Information Communication
Technology) in education grows worldwide.

In the 21st century, the role of libraries is to activate a free

flow of information from the point of generation to point of
the utilization of information efficiently and effectively.

The public library serves as a community hub, where

people may easily access information on any topic. In order
to fulfill their mission of ensuring that all people have access
to and are able to make effective use of information,
knowledge societies depend on a constant evolution to
accommodate new forms of communication. It's a place
where people can come together to learn new things,
discuss ideas, and participate in the community.

To improve the quality of life in their communities, libraries

actively seek out new patrons and use active listening to
inform the development of services tailored to their specific
wants and requirements. Because of the public's faith in

54
them, libraries strive to actively maintain their communities
educated and informed.

Everyone, regardless of their gender, race, age, religion,

nationality, language, or socioeconomic situation, is
welcome to use the public library's resources and services.
Those users who are unable to utilize the standard services
and materials (e.g., members of a language minority,
persons with disabilities, individuals with low digital and
computer skills, people with low reading skills, or people in
hospitals or prisons) must be supplied with specialized
services and materials.

It's important that readers of all ages may access

appropriate content. All acceptable media and current
technology, not just the old standbys, must be included into
collections and services. The linguistic and cultural variety
of the community must be reflected, together with high
quality and relevance to local needs and situations.

Content should be relevant to the present moment, chart the

course of society's development, and honor the history of
human achievement and creativity.

No ideological, political, or religious censorship, or

commercial pressures, should be applied to collections or
services.

The Roles of Public Libraries

It is essential that public libraries prioritize their work in the

following areas: information, literacy, education, diversity,

55
civic engagement, and cultural preservation. In fulfilling
these essential roles, public libraries help bring about more
just, peaceful, and sustainable communities, all of which are
targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.

1. Giving people of all ages the chance to develop their

own creative skills and spark their curiosity,
imagination, empathy, and curiosity about the
world around them.
2. Fostering a lifelong love of reading by encouraging
children to read from an early age and reinforcing
the importance of reading throughout one's life are
all goals of a free and unrestricted public library
system.
3. Providing amenities to their communities locally
and remotely through technology.
4. Permitting access to data, collections, and programs
whenever possible.
5. Initiating, supporting, and participating in
knowledge activities and programs to build abilities
to read and write, as well as facilitating the growth
of information literacy, media literacy, and digital
literacy abilities for all people at all ages in the spirit
for equipping an informed, free society.
6. Providing sufficient information services for local
businesses, organizations, and interest groups.
7. Preserving and making available local as well as
Indigenous information, expertise, and history.
8. Creating a setting where members of the community
at large can participate actively in identifying

56
 materials that should be captured, preserved, and
shared in accordance with community wishes.
9. Encouraging cross-cultural understanding and
appreciation for cultural diversity.
10. Promoting cultural awareness and appreciation.

2.5.1. Characteristics of Book data

All reliable data should have the following qualities:

1. Subjectivity

Information is very subjective, since what one person

considers to be information may not be information to
another.

2. Relevance

When it comes to making decisions, information is only

useful if it is relevant.

3. Timeliness

It is crucial that information reaches the appropriate person

at the right time.

4. Accuracy

Information must be error-free since false data may lead to

bad choices and undermine trust.

5. Correct information format

For data to be helpful to a decision maker, it has to be

presented properly.

6. Completeness

If a decision maker has all the information they need to

57
make a good choice, so they have comprehensive
information.

7. Accessibility

If information is not easily available to decision makers in

the appropriate format at the appropriate time, it serves no
useful purpose.

2.5.2. Nature

Information scientists, computer scientists, communicators,

philosophers, and many others study the multifaceted and
fascinating nature of information. The essence of
information is the sharing of facts, figures, or
interpretations. Information gained new perspectives

Some essential natures, which are described below:

1. Information as a commodity

As data-driven business models proliferate and the

knowledge economy expands, information has become a
scarce resource in the digital age. Useful knowledge may be
used by businesses and people to obtain a competitive edge
and create economic value. However, issues of privacy, data
security, and digital inequality arise when information is
commodified.

2. Information as a basic source of data

Knowledge, insight, and significance may all be gained

through information, which is why it serves as a crucial data
source. Its primary functions are to inform, instruct, and

58
convey meaning and may take the form of text, pictures,
audio, or video. In today's digital era, information may be
quickly accessed, distributed, and used for a wide range of
applications. However, while employing information as a
data source, it is crucial to think about information quality,
correctness, and dependability.

3. Information as a message

One definition of information is "a message conveying

knowledge, data, or meaning." Speech, writing, pictures,
and signals are only some of the ways it may be sent or
received. The clarity, correctness, and relevancy of the data,
as well as the communication's context and audience, all
contribute to its efficacy as a message. The point of every
method of communication is to ensure that the recipient
gets the message.

4. Information as facts/observations/occurrences

The term "information" refers to any recorded, stored, and

conveyed fact, observation, or event. It's useful for
describing and explaining things that happen in the real
world. For the purpose of testing and validating ideas and
theories, scientists conduct experiments and conduct
observations. However, while utilizing information as a
foundation for comprehending the world, it is vital to
examine the quality and dependability of the data and the
setting in which it was gained.

5. Information as communication

Information may be thought of as a sort of communication

59
since it includes the giving and receiving of facts, figures, or
interpretations. Communication may be spoken, written,
visual, or signal, and it can be face-to-face, electronic, or via
the media. In order for information to be communicated
effectively, it must meet certain criteria, such as being easy
to understand, up-to-date, and applicable to the situation at
hand. The point of every method of communication is to
ensure that the recipient gets the message.

6. Information as power or energy

Information is like the fuel that gets an individual where

they need to go and helps them make choices when their
country's future is on the line.

7. Information as a resource

Information can be thought of as a resource in many

different contexts. Such as:

• Economic resource

Information is a valuable asset that may be put to use in the

business world to accomplish many goals, including
making money. In order to make educated choices
regarding product development, marketing tactics, and
other elements of business, companies often spend in
collecting and evaluating data about their consumers,
rivals, and market trends.

• Knowledge resource

Information is typically seen as a vital tool for gaining

60
knowledge in research and educational settings. Textbooks,
scholarly journals, and databases are kinds of information
resources that students and researchers rely on to get a more
in-depth grasp of a topic and build upon the findings of
previous scholars.

• Social resource

In social situations, knowledge may be useful for making

new friends and acquaintances. Sharing details about one's
life on a social networking platform, for instance, might
help one find and connect with individuals who share one's
interests and hobbies.

• Information as processed data

Sharing knowledge may help people develop stronger

bonds in social settings. One way in which individuals may
find and connect with others who share their interests and
experiences is via the use of social media platforms.

2.5.3. Uses of library information

1. Decision-making

Decision-making relies heavily on accurate and complete

information. Today's fast-paced environment calls for swift
and effective decision making. The ability to quickly and
easily access reliable information is crucial to the success of
enterprises and people alike.

2. Learning and Education

Education and training need access to relevant data. It is

61
important for both students and working professionals to
have access to up-to-date and reliable information in order
to stay abreast of developments in their respective
industries.

3. Innovation and Creativity

Innovation and creativity rely heavily on access to relevant

information. One method to innovate and provide fresh
value to clients is to keep up with the newest research and
developments in one's sector.

4. Communication

Effective communication necessitates the exchange of

information. Because of the interconnectedness of the globe
today, people and businesses from all walks of life need to
be able to effectively interact with one another. Having
access to knowledge may facilitate better communication
and understanding amongst people.

5. Personal Growth

Learning new things is essential to developing oneself. By

researching areas of personal interest, people may increase
their knowledge and expertise, discover other cultures, and
broaden their perspectives.

6. Safety and Security

Data is essential for protecting people and property. To

effectively detect dangers and avert damage, law
enforcement, government entities, and companies need
access to relevant information.

62
 7. Economic Development

Economic growth need access to information. To survive

and thrive in today's highly competitive business
environment, companies must have ready access to data
about market trends, customer behavior, and emerging
technology.

8. Health and Wellness

For optimal health and wellbeing, information is essential.

To make educated choices about the quality of their lives,
people need access to accurate and trustworthy
information.

9. Social and Cultural Development

The dissemination of knowledge is crucial to the progress

of society and culture. To foster understanding and foster
social cohesiveness, individuals and institutions must have
access to knowledge about other cultures, histories, and
customs.

2.5.4. Data, Information and Knowledge differences

1. Data

The meaning of data varies from industry to industry. Data

is essentially a collection of symbols and letters, the
meaning of which is revealed only when the data is placed
in a certain context. Gathering information requires making
measurements and keeping records. Machines often
perform data transmission, reception, and processing.

63
Because information is constructed from data, there is
frequently misunderstanding between the two. Moreover,
in the setting of the colloquial definition, data are viewed as
information since they are commonly understood as facts.
Computers are unrivaled in number crunching, but it is
only in recent years that they have been taught to apply
Machine Learning to interpret and draw conclusions from
this mountain of information.

2. Information

Integrating data into a context raises their complexity and

transforms them into information. The data furnishes
authoritative knowledge on subjects. For an instance a date
of birth is of extremely little use if it is not known to whom
it refers. Knowledge is represented through a network of
information and context, which may be further refined by
adding details such as a name.

3. Knowledge

To sum up, knowledge is all the data that’s about a subject

or an individual. Having this information allows one to
make smarter choices and find better solutions. As a result,
people's thoughts and behaviors are affected by what they
know. Information may also be used to help machines make
judgments. Practical experience is essential for knowledge
acquisition.

Key Differences between Data, Information and

Knowledge

• Data is a collection of symbols and letters;

64
 information is data that has been refined;
knowledge is information that has been put to
practical use. Data, when seen in isolation, may lack
context; information provides context, and
knowledge adds depth to data and information.

• Notably, data is unintelligible on its own, but

information results in comprehension, and
knowledge results in understanding. Without
proper organization, data is worthless; information
enhances representation; and knowledge heightens
awareness.

• One needs more than just data and information to

make accurate forecasts, but anybody with enough
expertise can make educated guesses based on what
their knowledge.

• Data is useless for making assertions, while

knowledge is data combined to create sense. The
capacity to put together facts and arrive at a
conclusion is a key benefit of knowledge.

• Information was a text which answers questions like

"who," "when," "what," and "where," whereas
knowledge is a text that answers questions like
"why" and "how."

• Data cannot be used as a foundation for inquiry

development. Finally, although data and
information may be readily shared, knowledge must
be learned and passed on to new recipients.

65
2.6. Information Communication technology

When one talk about "IT," it usually mean the web, mobile
networks, mobile devices, computer software, middleware,
which is video-conferencing, networking sites, and other
forms of media technology that allow users to obtain,
retrieve, store, send, and manipulate information in an
electronic form; however, the term "Information and
Communication Technologies" (ICTs) encompasses all of
these and more.

A library's access to high-quality information resources and

services, as well as its encouragement of academic research
in the nation, are crucial to the success of any educational
institution. Since library services are as vital to the
educational system as a whole, the success of any given
educational institution is inextricably linked to the quality
of its library collection and services.

Libraries are identified as having critical importance in the

report of the National Knowledge Commission. They play
a crucial role in supporting a knowledge-based economy.
There has been a dramatic shift in the role of academic
libraries. Since higher education must include libraries, so
too do universities.

The instructional missions of universities are supported by

their libraries in a variety of ways. A wide variety of
requirements, including those related to education,
research, publishing, and the preservation of ideas and
information, are met by the special collections. There have

66
been significant shifts in laboratory information system
(LIS) and related practices as a result of the advent of new
technologies, particularly electronic ones.

Convergence of media technologies, like audio-visual and

telephone networks, with computer networks, through a
unified cabling (which includes signals distribution and
management) or connection system, is frequently referred
to as "information and communication technologies" (ICTs).
Yet, there is no generally agreed-upon definition of ICTs
since the ideas, processes, and resources involved in
information and communication technologies are always
developing and changing.

The the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) Computer Society, for instance, uses the Skills
Foundation for the Age of Information (SFIA) to establish
professional qualifications for its ICT educational products.
It would be a mistake to discount the potential of ICT
techniques to close the digital gap and promote economic
and social progress in agriculture and related fields all over
the globe.

The transmission of worldwide open data for farming and

nutrition, which is necessary for the creation of effective
solutions to food security, nutrition, and sustainable
agriculture, might be greatly enhanced by expanding access
to ICT services among farmers.

Already, "various kinds of innovations are taking in within

the agriculture sector" due to the use of ICTs in fields like

67
commodity and shares market price analysis,
meteorological gathering, advisory services for farmers for
extension in agriculture, warning systems for catastrophe
control and prevention, banking services, product
traceability, statistical data collection, etc.

A library's access to high-quality information resources and

services, as well as its encouragement of academic research
in the nation, are crucial to the success of any educational
institution. Therefore, a school's library is crucial to its
overall success because of the far-reaching impact library
services have on education. Libraries are identified as
having critical importance in the report of the National
Knowledge Commission. They play a crucial role in
supporting a knowledge-based economy. there has been a
dramatic shift in the role of academic libraries. Since higher
education must includes libraries, so too do universities.
The instructional missions of universities are supported by
their libraries in a variety of ways. The unique collections
serve a wide range of purposes, including education,
research, publishing, and the preservation of ideas and
information. There have been significant shifts in LIS and
related practices as a result of the advent of new
technologies, particularly electronic ones.Technologies of
Information and Communication.

Conventional libraries have undergone a transformation

into digital libraries due to advancements in information
and communication technology. hybrid, digital, & virtual
libraries have replaced the traditional, limited-access library

68
of the past. Librarians' roles have evolved from those of
simple guardians concerned with preventing damage to
and theft of books to those of navigators and cybrarians
who promote exploration of the library's digital resources.

The availability of the right information at the right time

and in the right form is of utmost importance to users for
their knowledge and developmental activities. Develop-
ments in information and communication technology-ICT
have greatly changed the methods of information handling.
ICT may be any combination of tools and procedures that
facilitate the generation, acquisition, storage, organization,
retrieval, searching, viewing, updating and transmission of
information using electronic means. The tools used in ICT
include computer programs, databases, communication
networks, analysis and design methods, programming
languages, artificial intelligence, knowledge bases, etc. ICT
has long-standing influence in almost all areas of human
activity. Over the past two decades, libraries have become
increasingly aware of the revolutionary impact of
developments in information and communication
technology on their key functions. The application of ICT
facilitates easy and instantaneous access to information. It
provides opportunities for libraries and information centers
to widen the scope of their resources and services and to
increase their significance within the organization they
serve. The increasing availability of information in
machine-readable form allows much information needs to
be satisfied with the decreased involvement of library and
librarians.

69
The last few decades are the witnessed the increasing
impact and use of Information Communication Technology
for the functions & services of the library. Information
Communication Technology has become an integral part of
all the aspects of the library. A good and proper
implementation of ICT’s in library results into better
resource sharing and more effective services to the users.
According to the Indian Library Association Glossary “ICT
is the application of the computers & other technologies to
the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and
dissemination of information”. Libraries are expected to use
ICT to provide information more quickly. The 4th law of
library and information science “Save the time of
reader/staff” has great relevance in the context of use of ICT.
Considering the increased impact of ICT on libraries, UGC,
AICTE, NAAC, and NBA also developed the norms for the
use of ICT in the institute, college or university libraries. The
researcher tried to find out how the state university libraries
in Gujarat State implemented and use of ICT’s in their
routine activities and services also.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have

changed the library and information services globally.

The term "information and communication technology"

(ICT) is used shorthand for the most cutting-edge and high-
priced forms of electronic communication. ICTs are a broad
category of products, programs, and services that facilitate
the creation, storage, processing, distribution, and exchange
of data. ICT, or information and communication

70
technology, refers to a wide range of tools and resources for
transmitting data and information. People use it for data
production, dissemination, collection, and management. IT
is "the application of created tools to facilitate the gathering,
generation, communication, recording, re-management,
and exploitation of information," as defined by Anyakoha
(1991). Everything that may be used to create, modify,
distribute, or otherwise work with data is considered part
of this category. The advent of ICT has influenced several
facets of modern life. According to Hawkridge (1983), the
information technology revolution has changed every facet
of society and the economy.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

required for Libraries

• As both information production and consumption have

increased rapidly, traditional ways of storing and
organizing data have become inadequate. The use of ICT is
essential in the modern world since the vast majority of data
and written materials are now accessible in a machine-
readable format.

• It's impossible for a library to acquire all the books and

papers that have ever been printed. Therefore, information
and communication technology (ICT) allows for simple
resource sharing.

Increased staff productivity and more cutting-edge services

for patrons are possible thanks to ICT's widespread usage
in today's libraries.

71
Libraries can now serve the largest possible number of
patrons in a short amount of time because to the widespread
usage of barcodes and RFID-based services.

• Due to the sheer volume of data available, doing a

literature search manually is an arduous, time-consuming
task; in contrast, relying on a computerized system for
storing and retrieving this data greatly improves both speed
and efficiency.

Interlibrary financing, translation, anticipatory services

(such as list preparation and annotation), abstract, bulletin
board, media summaries, job alerts, and other retrieval of
information services are now very time-consuming and
labor-intensive for libraries to deliver manually. However,
with the aid of ICT, the aforementioned library services may
be supplied in a fraction of the time.

The Effects of New Technologies on Library Settings:

Libraries as we know them have undergone radical

transformations as a result of the rapid development of
information and communication technologies. These shifts
have far-reaching effects on library administration,
collection development, service delivery, personnel
training, and user expectations. Notable effects on library
patrons, employees, and other stakeholders include:

As a result, libraries now stock not just books, but also

digital media such as CDs, DVDs, audio cassettes, online
journals, and databases. Electronic media are gradually
replacing paper as the primary medium for archival

72
archiving. When it comes to library automation, Indian
libraries may choose from a wide variety of commercial and
open-source software options, including Ventura,
California, LibSys, E-Granthalaya, Library Manager, SOUL,
etc. Various consortiums such as UGC-INFONET,
DELNET, INDEST, etc. are active in India. The Internet has
expanded people's ability to connect with one another and
find information anywhere in the world.

Effects on Library Employees: The roles, responsibilities,

and tasks of librarians have changed as a result of advances
in information and communication technology. Since the
survival of the management library depends on adapting to
new circumstances, librarians must acquire the necessary
ICT skills and become flexible enough to embrace new
challenges and meet the needs of library patrons.

The effect on library patrons is that they have round-the-

clock, anywhere-in-the-world access to the world's
knowledge from the comfort of their own PCs. In order to
make advantage of the information available in digital
formats, modern consumers need some familiarity with
technology. Users nowadays may get information from a
wide variety of platforms, including the Internet, for-profit
and non-profit information providers, and government
agencies. Therefore, the library isn't the only place where
people may find information.

73
 CHAPTER Perspectives of
3 Information Science

The authors argue that understanding the identity and

structure of a domain is just as crucial as solving its unique
issues. Knowledge organization (KO) and library and
information science (LIS) researchers should think about
whether their work belongs in the realm of computer
science or the social and humanities sciences failing to do so
might result in a splintered profession that makes little
contributions to either.

Knowledge management (KM) is a relatively new

discipline, with its foundations laid in the latter part of the
present century. According to the literature, however,
businesses were among the first sectors to recognize KM's
significance in the knowledge-based global economy.

The comparable benefits in the knowledge economy were

achieved via the management of relevant and strategically
updated information. Libraries, information centers,
government agencies, educational institutions, research
institutions, etc.

Are just few of the many modern institutions that routinely

use KM principles. "the practice of recording a company's
paired compatibility whenever it exists in data bases, in
hard format documents, or in the minds of people and

74
distributing it to whenever it can for professional
advantages in organization" (Kasten, 2012) adds further
significance to the library perspective.

Disciplines (and inter-disciplines) are groups that work

together to accomplish objectives and share resources such
academic publications, conferences, and other scholarly
gatherings.

Information science and library science is a hybrid of two

distinct disciplines:

(i) Library science

(ii) The science of information. The acronym scool of
library and information science (SLIS) refers to
libraries and information science programs. The
University of Pittsburgh's School of Library and
Information Science adopted the phrase
"information science" in 1964 making it the first
institution to do so.

In the decades that followed, several additional institutions

in the United States dedicated to library science expanded
their offerings to include information science. Many other
regions have also seen this change while some colleges
chose to follow suit. The increased use of electrical and
computer technology is largely responsible for this
rebranding.

3.1. Library Science

People who work in the field of information science and
librarianship (LIS) are often very fulfilled by their work and

75
motivated by a desire to make a difference in the world.
Librarians serve as intermediaries between readers and the
resources they need.

Information studies is another name for the academic field

known as library science. Data and object classification, as
well as the preservation of information and the spread of
literacy, are major concerns in this area of study, proves that
the area of study including the careful management of
libraries is everything from static, thereby refuting the
stereotype that librarians are trapped in the past.

Librarian and information professionals dedicate their

careers to:

• Create structures for storing and retrieving

information
• Make use of reader's advisory materials to inspire a
love of books and education in theirng kids.
• Assist researchers in tracking down archives and
other primary materials; direct those in need to
organizations that may help them during times of
crisis
• Assist medical professionals in locating vital health
records more promptly

Library science, the study of how libraries work and how

libraries are run. While libraries have been there since
prehistoric times, the study of libraries as a distinct
discipline did not arise until the second part of the
nineteenth century. As the 20th century's body of

76
knowledge exploded, it was absorbed into information
science

In the second decade of the nineteenth century, the Western

world saw a boom of books of all kinds, changing the
character of the librarian's job in profound ways; being well-
read became no more a sufficient attribute for the role. It
became quickly apparent that the librarian position
required particular training due to the requirement for a
system of quick and simple identification, as well as
excellent organizational and administrative abilities.

Melvil Dewey was an early pioneer in library instruction in

the United States, establishing the first library school in
1887. Western Association now grants accreditation to
graduate schools offering library science degrees in the
United States.

Libraries shifted their focus in the 20th century as new

technologies for collecting, cataloging, and retrieving
information made it possible for a wider range of
organizations and institutions, in addition to individuals, to
perform their own information searches independently of
libraries and librarians. Grad courses in librarianship and
data science merged in universities as a consequence.
Degrees up to and including the PhD are sometimes offered
via these types of schools. The specifics of enrolling and
what classes must be taken are different for each institution.

Studies in information science and librarianship (LIS) focus

on collecting information that preserves our collective

77
history, memory, and understanding. Archivists in the field
of library and information science (LIS) care for all kinds of
documents, including those created in analog and digital
formats.

Librarians and other experts in information are the

custodians of the knowledge contained in these resources;
it is their responsibility to acquire, catalog, archive, and
make them available to the public. They link individuals
together with the information they need to learn about
themselves, their communities, and the world at large.

Libraries promote universal, unrestricted access to

educational materials and teach people how to utilize them
to benefit themselves and the world at large.

Professionals in the library and information science (LIS)

field can be found in a wide variety of settings, including
public libraries, schools, colleges, universities, corporations,
law firms, hospitals, medical institutions, archives,
museums, galleries, non-profits, and businesses.

A Master's in Information Science or a closely related degree

is often required for entry-level positions in the LIS field.

3.2. Documentation and Information science

meaning

Library and Information Sciences Documentation is an

offshoot of the term "document," which refers to legal or
official writing. The term "document" refers to any written
or printed piece of paper that is used as proof of an event or

78
as part of an official record. Documentation has the sense of
information or processing of documents. By categorizing
and annotating words, images, etc., the act of
documentation makes the materials usable in a hierarchical
structure.

Documentation is a collection of information distributed in

written, electronic, or audible form, including but not
limited to books, websites, CDs, and audiotapes.
Documentarists are the trained professionals who study
and preserve historical records.

Information service is the most common name for this

industry. This industry may define documentation as the
process through which they collect, organize, and
disseminate records from every field of human endeavor.
Documentation is defined as "the process of amassing,
arranging, and disseminating information about the world's
knowledge."

3.2.1. Need for Documentation

1. For research work

Scientists recognized the need for a variety of papers to aid

in their study, which was funded by the government and
other prominent organizations in an effort to meet human
needs. Researchers may do more than just gather data; they
can also disseminate their findings to the public by writing
it all down. In response to these shifting needs, communal
research has been stressed over individual research and

79
behavioral research has taken precedence over fundamental
research.

2. Social need

Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, considered by many to be the "father

of the study of libraries in India," emphasized the need of
documenting for social reasons. While in the past research
was driven by individual curiosity, now it is driven by
pressing societal and economic issues. With a larger
population comes a greater need for documentation.

Currently, the documentation service is the foundation of

industrial productivity and research. The work of
researchers in one nation should complement that of
researchers in another, and this is impossible without
proper documentation.

3. Communication problems

There was no difficulty in disseminating knowledge when

the volume of literature and research works was less and
the amount of users was less, but this situation has changed
as both factors have risen. Since then, barriers to the free
flow of knowledge have emerged. By catering content
specifically to the needs of the reader, documentation
services assist break down barriers in communication.

4. Literary Explosion

Before the invention of the printing presses and widespread

use of electricity, the world's supply of written works was
very limited; but, with these developments, a literary

80
explosion ensued. Finding books with relevant subject
matter was a laborious process. Therefore, it became clear
that records needed to be kept. Documentation techniques
such as abstracting, indexing, photocopying, etc. were used
to this body of material in order to glean insights on the
subjects' requirements.

5. Economic difficulties

At the current rate of publication, no one nation or library

could ever hope to house all of the published research that
has ever been conducted.

6. Language barrier

These days, books may be found in over fifty different

languages throughout the globe, but few people can speak
beyond two or three. Obtaining the necessary resources will
be very challenging under these circumstances. It is possible
to prevent this issue by switching to a different
documentation system.

3.3. Scope and evolution

3.3.1. Scope

Understanding issues from the viewpoint of those affected

by them is essential to information science, as is the use of
relevant information and other technology. In a nutshell, it
focuses on fixing the system as a whole rather than fixing
faults with specific technologies. The idea that technology
"develops by itself, so that it fulfills its own possibility,
limited solely through the physical assets available and the

81
inventiveness of its developers" is called technological
determinism, and information science may be seen as a
reaction against this view. Therefore, it should be seen as a
separate system from the rest of society, one that influences
and eventually permeates every other system.

Scholars in the field of information science may be found in

many different academic fields, including but not limited to
the following: communication studies, computer studies,
law, library studies, and sociology. There is a group of
schools called the I-School Caucus, and many of them have
information-heavy focuses.

Some pressing problems in the field of information science

are:

• Human–computer interaction
• Groupware
• The semantic web
• Value-sensitive design
• Iterative design processes
• The ways people generate, use and find information.

The post-World-War-II innovations of the Shannon-Weaver

data theory model, Norbert Wiener's vision of the science in
cybernetics, and the fast advancements in the design and
manufacture of electronic computers are the antecedents to
the modern field of information science.

These developments suggested the beginning of a new

academic subfield in which several areas of study might be
brought together under the umbrella term "information."

82
Information science emerged as a distinct field of study or a
subfield of library science, information technology, and
engineering shortly after the Georgian Institute of
Innovation established the first official program in the field
in 1963.

Information science first focused on using emerging

computer technology of the 1960s to improve document
processing and management. Information phenomena such
as their generation, transmission, transformation, and the
development of broad concepts that clarify and foresee
information phenomena have all been studied through
modeling efforts. This includes the efficiency of data storage
and retrieval, methods of human-machine interaction, the
impact of form on the substance and comprehension of
information, and so on.

Many other subjects have adopted information science's

applied computer technology and, more recently, its
theoretical areas of study, each choosing a more descriptive
label for its subject domain.

As a result, there has been little progress in establishing data

science as a separate academic field, and there are very few
scientists who really practice it. Subjects concerned with
theory and technology tend to be absorbed by computer
science and engineering, whereas information systems are
often absorbed by management science. There are hundreds
of professional organizations dedicated to information-
related fields, where experts in the field may meet and
discuss new developments in the field.

83
3.3.2. Evolution

One definition of information science is the study of the

nature and behavior of data, the motivating factors that
govern the dissemination of knowledge, and the most
efficient means of gaining access to and making use of this
knowledge. Information science includes academic
disciplines concerned primarily with data acquisition,
organization, manipulation, storage, retrieval, and
dissemination.

Incorporating elements of computing, library science,

intellectual study, and even the social sciences, information
science is a broad multidisciplinary field. Problems are seen
through the eyes of those involved, and IT is deployed
accordingly.

As a result, it responds quickly to systemic difficulties, often

more quickly than human technology can. There has been a
lot of research done in the field of information science on
topics such as human-computer interaction, incremental
design processes, groupware, value-sensitive design, and
how people produce and utilize information. To avoid
confusion, it's important to note that information science is
distinct from information theory, library science, and any
other field related to libraries that uses the same principles
to be of information research.

1. The Early Beginning

The field of information science has its roots in everyday

human knowledge. Scholars analyzed data during the

84
Abyssinian Empire, when cultural repositories similar to
libraries and archives first appeared. Information science,
like with many other fields of community science, is often
dated to the eighteenth century. Institutionally, information
science may be traced back to 1665, when the Roya society
published "philosophical publications," which was then
considered the first scientific magazine.

In 1731, Benjamin Franklin founded the Philadelphia

Library Company, which became the first 'public' library
and swiftly expanded beyond its initial collection of
volumes. It grew into a facility for conducting scientific
experiments and for exhibiting the results of such
experiments to the general public. Alois Senefelder, a
German printer, created the lithography idea in 1796
coinciding with the rise of scientific organizations and the
publication of many scholarly periodicals.

2. Nineteenth-century

In this century, information science emerged in tandem

with computation and communication as something
distinct from the other social sciences along with other
disciplines. French inventor Joseph Marie introduced his
punched card technique for regulating the fabric interlacing
loom in 1801.A precursor to modern computers, Charles
Babbage's "difference engine" was developed in 1834, and
in 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first message by telegraph.

The Smithsonian Institution began collecting modern

scientific publications in 1865; the resulting "International

85
Catalogue of Scientific Papers" was published in 1902.In
1872, Lord Kelvin created an analog computer that could
forecast tides, and in 1875, Frank Baldwin was granted
exclusive possession of a practical computing apparatus
that could do four arithmetic operations at once

The Library of the Surgeon General, Army, issued the first

edition of "Index Medicus" in 1879, with John Shaw Billings
as its librarian attendant; the work quickly rose to
prominence as an extensive list of medical writing

3. The Documentation

The first theoretical foundations of modern information

science may be traced back to the emergence of European
documentation in the late nineteenth century. the field of
information science did not become widely utilised in
academia until after World War II. The filmmakers
emphasized how technology and process may be used in
real life to achieve certain social aims.

Henri La Fontaine and Paul Otlet, who founded the

International Academy of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895, are
widely regarded as the field's forefathers, according to
scholars in the fields of information and science
Immediately relevant to postwar hopes for a global
"information society," Lafontaine and Otlet both foresaw
future developments in operational procedures and
prophesied a global vision for information.

Both established several establishments concerned with

such matters as calibration, bibliographies, and

86
international collaboration, and also developed universal
decimal categorization. Otlet's description of a network of
interconnected computers predates the invention of the
Internet by many decades.

4. Twentieth-century

From 1950, as programmable devices for accessing, storing,

and retrieving information became more widely available,
there was a rise in interest in the field of information science.
The progress of the mainframe machine into the
microcomputer and minicomputer of the 1960s and 1970s
sped up the development of information science. These
devices could store and analyze vast quantities of
information and make it readily accessible.

The social sciences now include pre-professional courses for

fields like medicine and law. User-centric services and the
library of congress of medicine's labs were among the first
large-scale computing resources to be accessible through
personal computers.

Cybernetics, semantics, and other system theories such as

automata theory were widely disseminated. The
Information Science and Emerging Disciplines Conference
was conducted in Madrid in 1994 to address the expanding
literature of the field.

From that time up to date, many disciplines relating to

information science have been introduced in many fields
over the world. Since then, these disciplines were treated as

87
academic concepts but today these disciplines have
changed into branches of information in study cores. These
disciplines are mostly majoring in information-related
theories, information of sciences, and informatics which
establish a good Information Science.

• Modern change in Information Science

The development of technology (the Internet) has altered

the original concept of Information Science. As a result of
the internet's influence, social media has changed the nature
of the information landscape and given rise to new modes
of communication. Now more information can be shared
than ever before due to modern networking technologies.
Many individuals who are unable to get information via
more conventional channels now have access to it because
of the internet.

The proliferation of mobile phones and personal computers,

for instance, has facilitated the development of a wide range
of information literacy abilities. Additionally, it ensures
proper data archiving, processing, categorization, and
retrieval. The introduction of new forms of communication
like Twitter, WhatsApp, and so on raises the profile of the
people who are exposed to a piece of content. When
compared to conventional methods, the new ones allow for
rapid information dissemination, commenting, and
sharing.

Modern methods of information exchange are appealing

since these methods are seen to be "play nice" by the public
and benefit from the aforementioned social media

88
influences. Even if it helps both parties, it may broaden each
person's perspective on how social media works.

Modern social media can quickly disseminate information

across large geographic areas and throughout the globe.
Getting the proper bit of information while being misled
makes sharing photographs a straightforward method of
communication.

The word "information management" refers to the process

through which data is collected, transferred, stored, and
then retrieved at the user's request. Previously, it was a
hassle to maintain information since enormous files were
required and took up a lot of room. Information may now
be stored on a compact, portable device, which has
contributed to the overall simplicity of modern living.

3.4. Information Science as Discipline

Information science is the academic study of data storage

and transmission. Information science is the study of how
to collect, organize, store, retrieve, interpret, and use
information more effectively through the application of
concepts and methods from fields such as the science of
libraries, engineering and computer science, linguistics, and
psychology.

The post-World-War-II innovations of the Shannon-Weaver

theory of information model, Norbert Wiener's vision of the
science of computer science, and the fast advancements in
the design and manufacture of electronic computers are the
antecedents to the modern field of information science.

89
These developments suggested the beginning of a new
academic subfield in which several areas of study might be
brought together under the umbrella term "information."

Information science emerged as a distinct field of study or a

subfield of the fields of library science, technology, and
engineering shortly after the Georgian Institute of
Technology created the first formal program in the field in
1963.

Information science first focused on using emerging

computer technology of the 1960s to improve document
processing and management. Information phenomena such
as their generation, transmission, transformation, and the
development of broad concepts that clarify and foresee
information phenomena have all been studied through
modeling efforts. This includes the efficiency of information
storage as well as retrieval, methods of human-machine
interaction, the impact of form in the content and
understanding of information, and so on.

Many other subjects have adopted information science's

applied computer technology and, more recently, its
theoretical areas of study, each choosing a more descriptive
label for its subject domain. As a result, there has been little
progress in establishing data science as a separate academic
field, and there are very few scientists who really practice it.

Subjects concerned with theory and technology tend to be

absorbed by computer science and engineering, whereas
information systems are often absorbed by management
science. There are hundreds of professional organizations

90
dedicated to information-related fields, where experts in the
field may meet and discuss new developments in the field.

91
 CHAPTER Laws of Library
4 Science

4.1. Five Laws of Library Science

S. R. Ranganathan put out a theory in 1931 called "The 5

Laws for Library Science," outlining the fundamentals of
library administration. The collection of guidelines for
effective library management is known as the "five laws of
library science." They form the basis of the guiding
principles for many librarians across the globe. The Five
Laws for Library Science were created by Dr. S.R.
Ranganathan in 1924. These rules were first articulated in a
set of 1928 declarations. The first publication of these ideas
was in Ranganathan's 1931 classic, The Five ideas of Library
Science.

Here are the rules:

1. Books are for use

2. Every reader at his/her book

3. Every book its reader

4. Save the time of the reader

5. The Library is A growing organism.

These Library Science regulations are sometimes referred to

92
as the "fundamental laws" in the field. These may be used
to solve any issue in library studies, library work, or library
service. These regulations are like a container that can hold
an ocean. These articulated a philosophy for Library Science
that had been lacking until then. These statutes established
a theoretical framework that will ensure the survival for
library science, the librarian profession, and society at large.
The application of these rules to library science has brought
a more rigorous, scientific method to the field. The Five
Laws for Library Science, introduced by S.R. Ranganathan
before the rise of digital media, are as applicable now as
they were then.

• First Law: Books are for use

o Implications
▪ Open Access
▪ Location
▪ Library Hours
▪ Library Building and Furniture
▪ Book Selection Policy
▪ Library Techniques
▪ Publicity
▪ Library Staff
▪ Reference Service

• Second Law: Every reader his/her book

o Implications / Obligations
▪ Obligations of the State
▪ Obligations of the Library Authority

93
 ▪ Obligations of Library Staff
▪ Obligations of the Reader

• Third Law: Every book its reader

o Implications
▪ Open Access
▪ Book Selection
▪ Shelf Arrangement
▪ Easy Accessibility
▪ Cataloging
▪ Reference Service
▪ Publicity
▪ Extension Service

• Fourth Law: Save the time of the reader

o Implications
▪ Open Access
▪ Location
▪ Shelf Arrangement, Classification, and
Cataloging
▪ Stack-Room Guides
▪ Issue and Return
▪ Reference Service
▪ Documentation Service
▪ Library Staff

• Fifth Law: The library is a growing organism

o Implications
▪ Balanced Growth

94
 ▪ Casting Off the Old (Obsolete) and Preserving
Valuable Books
▪ Choice of a Classification Scheme
▪ Choice of a Catalog Code
▪ Modernization
▪ Staff
▪ Library Building - Provision for Future
▪ Safeguards.

1. First Law: Books Are For Use

A book may serve as an advisor, companion, and source of

wisdom. To share his ideas, a writer composes a book.
Therefore, the main goal of writing is to convey the concept
it contains. The books need to be used in order to do this.
Therefore, the first requirement requires that every effort be
made to guarantee that every book housed in the library be
borrowed and read.

First and foremost, "Books are meant for personal use"

emphasizes reading above archiving as the primary
purpose of books. Closed shelves were previously the norm
to prevent book theft, however this practice discouraged
reading and borrowing. It is against the fundamental rule of
library science that "books ought to be for use" that libraries
keep their collections locked away from patrons.

Library services are based on the first law. Dr. Ranganathan

saw that many books were chained up so that they couldn't
be stolen, and that the focus was more on keeping them safe
than reading them. He didn't disagree that archiving and

95
cataloging are useful, but he insisted that the ultimate goal
should be increased access.

There is no value in resources if it cannot be used. Dr.

Ranganathan shifted the field's emphasis back to the user
by highlighting the importance of practical concerns such as
a library's physical location, lending regulations, hours of
operation, days of operation, personnel quality, and
environmental factors such as temperature and lighting.

• Implications

Free and easy access to books increases their use. In this

setup, each individual customer has access to the book
selection process described above. If he is unable to locate
the book he is looking for, he is free to choose another from
the selection.

Situating a library in a convenient area is essential. The

library should be located close to the heart of the campus if
it serves the academic community. A public library, by
definition, should be located at the heart of its host
community.

The first legislation states that libraries must be open

lengthy hours and at times convenient for their customers.

A well-stocked library requires a welcoming physical space,

complete with comfortable seating, attractive shelving, and
bright, natural and artificial lighting.

It is recommended that readers' requirements be taken into

account while selecting books for purchase. Books should

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be aesthetically pleasing in a way that makes the reader
happy.

Techniques used in libraries categorizing and organizing

books correctly is crucial to increase their visibility and
accessibility.

The First Law mandates extensive advertising for all library

materials. Through services like Current Awareness Service
(CAS) has and Selective Distribution of Information
Services (SDI), a librarian may announce the library's
newest and most recent acquisitions.

In order for a library to live up to the first rule, its personnel

must be knowledgeable, kind, and invested in the success
of the library and its patrons. Customers are the readers,
after all. Some readers are timid and lack the knowledge to
make use of the library's many resources. Staff members
should assist such people in locating the needed book. It
will be beneficial to the library's users and readers alike.

The goal of a library's reference department is to pair each

patron with the most appropriate book for their needs at
any given moment. Without the reference librarian's
assistance, library patrons may not make full use of the
library's holdings. More people will read books as a result
of this individualized attention.

2. Second Law: Every Reader His / Her Book

"Every reader his/her book" is the second cardinal rule of

library science. The books in this legislation are presumably

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available to anybody who wants to utilize them. The Second
Law emphasized the openness of the library, where each
reader has the same opportunity to borrow the book that
piques his or her curiosity. The second statute established
duties and obligations on the part of the government, the
library board, the employees of the library, and the patrons
who use the library's resources. A library's services should
be available to people of all ages, backgrounds, and
socioeconomic levels.

According to this rule of law, all residents of a certain area

must have equal access to basic resources. Since Dr.
Ranganathan saw education as the cornerstone of library
usage, he believed that patrons of all socioeconomic
backgrounds should have access to library services.

Both libraries and library users had significant

responsibilities in exchange for these benefits. Librarians
should be well-versed in the communities served by them.
Libraries may attract a diverse audience of readers by
catering their collections to the varied interests of its patrons
and by actively promoting and publicizing their services.

According to the second rule of librarianship, "every reader

his/her book," librarians are not to pass judgment on the
reading preferences of their clients but rather to serve all of
them. Everyone should appreciate one another's unique
perspectives and preferences.

Ranganathan's second principle is still applicable to all

types of media, including the Internet, despite the fact that

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it may not be applicable to the preservation of knowledge
in the form of a physical item.

• Implications / Obligations

There is an obligation on the part of the state to ensure that

every reader has access to books, which is why phrases like
"Every reader, his/her book" and "Books for all" are so
common. The state owes its people a duty to ensure that
everyone gets a fair shot at learning to read. Ranganathan
has broken down state responsibilities into three categories.
Grants and a library cess (Ranganathan's preferred method
of funding) make up part of

(i) The financial component

(ii) Library law is enacted
(iii) Initiatives to guarantee "Books for All" are
coordinated.

The second legislation addresses the responsibilities of

library administration in hiring and collecting materials. A
library's budget is little. Knowing the needs of the audience
prior to book selection is, thus, very desirable. Similarly,
library management should choose people who are both
highly qualified and committed to the library's objective.

Librarians have a duty to work together and provide

excellent service. Only if the library staff acts as a link
between the readers and the books can everyone find
something to read. The employees of a library should
provide a helpful hand to each patron who visits the

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building. The second law calls for libraries to implement
user education programs.

The Second Law places some responsibility on the

shoulders of the readers as well. Discipline and compliance
with established norms are encouraged for readers. Avoid
damaging books by not highlighting important passages,
returning them late, etc. All of these actions have the effect
of discouraging other people from reading the books.

3. Third Law: Every Book Its Reader

According to the third rule, every book must have a reader.

The book itself is the focal point. According to this rule,
every book at a library should be read by someone. This
means that those who have access to books should make the
most of them.

This concept is connected to the second rule but puts the

emphasis on the object itself, arguing that every book in a
library is needed by at least one person. Dr. Ranganathan
claimed that the library has several options to help match
books with their intended readers. One approach required
establishing certain ground rules for using the collection,
the most important of which was the installation of open
shelves.

The third rule of library science states that "every book its
reader," which indicates that all books, regardless of their
potential readership, have a home in a library.

As a result, one need to take steps to make sure the third

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Law's need is met. Below there are highlighted several
points to keep in mind in this respect:

• Implications

One of the best methods to make sure as many people as

possible read a book is via open access. When a reader goes
to the shelves looking for a certain title, they may end up
picking up many others at random.

When choosing books, consider the library's patrons'

interests and needs as much as possible. A well-rounded
approach for choosing books may help reduce the impact of
the Third Law's challenges. The right novels will always
find their audience.

Bookshelves should be organized such that related topics

are shelved together to increase the visibility of individual
titles and the likelihood that readers will pick them up.

Readers should be able to quickly and easily access the

books they want to read. It has been shown that people tend
to utilize the books that are within easy reach. Shelves
should be no more than 6.5 feet high to provide easy access.

Even if books are neatly shelved in an organized fashion,

this won't help someone find what one is looking for if the
books haven't been properly cataloged. A great way to grab
the readers' interest is with a series entry or cross-reference
entry. The inclusion of analytical elements boosts the
marketability of a composite book.

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As part of their job, reference librarians help patrons
identify books one would be interested in reading by
providing information on those titles. The reference
librarian's job is to promote each title in the collection.

Publicity is a potent tool for luring people into the library,

which in turn raises the possibility that every book will be
read. New publications may be advertised to patrons in a
number of ways, including by putting them on display
outside the library's door, sending out an e-newsletter, and
tweeting about them from the library's official account.

Through its outreach services, the library has become a hub

for the community. The library hosts events such as
concerts, magic shows, exhibits, and celebrations of regional
and national holidays to achieve this goal. The library may
try to connect books with readers once people start showing
up to these events.

4. Fourth Law: Save The Time Of The Reader

The fourth rule of writing is "Don't waste the reader's time."

If someone is using the library, they must be quite busy.
Maintaining reader satisfaction is crucial, and this is best
accomplished by providing the desired service in as little
time as feasible.

This statute acknowledges the importance of libraries'

capacity to effectively address the requirements of its
patrons. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan argued that better library
administration may be achieved via the use of sound
business practices. They saw that there were tangible

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benefits of consolidating the library's holdings in one place.
In addition to good reference abilities, they said that
technical expertise in cataloging, cross-referencing,
ordering, accessioning, and the circulation of materials
would also be necessary for an outstanding team.

According to the fourth rule of library science, "save the

time of the user," all users should be able to swiftly and
easily access the information one needs.

• Implications

1. Open Access

Unnecessary delays occur when books are locked away

from public view. Because of free access, users may speed
through articles. Without open access, it is up to the reader
to choose books by doing a search of the library's catalog.
After doing a catalog search, the reader makes a request to
the library personnel for the desired book. The staff looks
for the requested book, and if they fail to do so, the reader
must look in the catalog once again. If readers are allowed
to walk to the shelves and look for their books on their own,
this issue disappears.

2. Location

The library's physical location is crucial. It has to be situated

in a central area, close to the people it serves. Location is
key, whether it's a public library in the heart of downtown
or a university library in the heart of campus. A library that
is conveniently positioned in the city is a great convenience
for its patrons.

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Libraries should use appropriate categorization methods
for shelf structure, classification, and cataloging. The shelf
location of books should be determined by their
categorization number.

Correcting shelves on a regular basis is also crucial. The

library's catalog should prioritize providing several access
points for its consumers in order to spare them time. It has
to include a section for analyzing composite books.

Libraries should have an effective system of stacking room

guides to help readers save time. Having a complete design
of the stacking room at the entry, detailing where the
various book racks and book types are located, might be
quite helpful.

Most readers prefer to read a book in the comfort of their

own homes, so be sure to include a return address. This
requires the library to lend the books for the customers. In
order to avoid making the user wait longer than necessary,
efficient methods of book circulation should be used.

A lot of time is lost by readers looking for relevant material,

according to the documentation service. In order to save the
reader's time, the library should provide either a full range
of documentation services or services such as SDI.

Staff at libraries should be helpful and kind. Bearing in

mind the intent of the Four Law, i.e. to preserve the time
and attention of the reader, the staff should aid the reader
in locating the desired content.

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 5. Fifth Law: The Library Is A Growing Organism

The fifth law states that "the library constitutes a growing

organism." A library is an institution of society that, like any
living thing, will continue to expand through time. A library
will expand its collection, its user base, and its workforce.
There are two distinct forms of biological development:
childlike growth and adult like development.

A new library may be compared to a developing kid since

both will change and develop over time. Once a service
library reaches the adult stage of its life cycle, further
expansion will consist mostly of buying new books to
replace the old ones, and attracting new customers to take
their place.

The emphasis of this legislation was on personal

development rather than external factors. Dr. Ranganathan
stated that library structures should expand to meet the
needs of their expanding user bases, collections, and
personnel. This necessitated making room for expansion in
the building itself, as well as in reading rooms, shelves, and
catalog space.

According to the fifth rule of library science, "the library is

a developing organism," a library should always be
evolving and adapting to meet the needs of its patrons. It's
important to keep the physical library and all of the books
up to date.

• Implications

The collection's growth should be well-balanced

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throughout all topic areas, taking into account the interests
and demands of all users.

Getting rid of the old (obsolete) & saving the valuable books
- make room for new books by getting rid of the old, useless
ones. However, libraries need to take precautions to protect
their collections.

The library needs to employ a categorization strategy that

can keep up with the flood of information in a reasonable
way.

Choosing a catalog code wisely- It is important to choose a

catalog code that can accommodate the many different
types of library resources that are now available and will
likely acquire in the future.

As part of the modernization process, libraries may need to

consider automating clerical tasks like bookkeeping,
circulation, cataloging, etc.

Personnel - As the library expands, the authorized number

of employees may soon be insufficient to meet demand. A
staff expansion should be considered at that time. If libraries
would accept any staffing norm, then libraries could hire
the necessary people.

Planning and constructing a library with future growth in

mind is essential. This includes making room for the library
to grow both laterally and vertically. The library should be
spacious enough to accommodate future needs as well as
those of the present.

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Theft of library materials, particularly in an open access
system, is a growing concern as library use grows. This calls
for a number of safety measures, including the installation
of a single exit/entry point, the grilling of all windows, and
the inspection of all readers at the exit.
4.1.1. Need for five laws of library
There is no historical precedent for an overarching
perspective on libraries prior to the establishment of library
science statutes. It seemed like nothing could be predicted
about what would happen next. Ranganathan's legislation
effectively addressed the issue. The basic requirements of
library science legislation are outlined here.

1. Give Pressure at the Subconscious Level to Work

Both the social and natural sciences may make use of

scientific methodology. The fundamental principles are the
same, but their status is different. In the scientific sciences,
there were hypotheses, and in the social sciences, there were
normative rules.

2. Helps Library Science to Become an Independent

Subject

By proposing the legislation, Ranganathan laid the

groundwork for further development in this area, which is
essential if the topic is to maintain its status quo.

3. Denote Library Practices

The most up-to-date compilation of library procedures from

the past, the present, and the future may be found in the
laws of library science.

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 4. Serve as a Higher Court

Any issue arising in the fields of library science, library

service, or library practice may be seen through the lens of
these laws.

4.1.2. Usefulness of the Five Laws

1. Act as Fundamental Law

The five principles of library science may be applied to any

issue in library science, library service, or library practice
since these are the foundational rules of the field of library
and information science. These five laws are the universally
accepted standards by which all libraries should abide.

2. Help in Deriving Canon, Principles and Postulates

Canons, concepts, and postulates relevant to many sub

disciplines of information science and library science may
be derived from these five laws of Library Science. These
guiding principles will continue to provide strength and
direction into the future.

3. Resolve Conflict Between Cannons

Conflicts that develop in the course of library operations

may be resolved with the use of the rules of library science.
The five laws are the supreme legal authority.

4. Guiding Rules

The laws of library science guide the staff in decision

making about what is right and what is wrong in a given

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situation. As such Ranganathan’s five laws of library
science have found universal acceptance as Pentagon of
Library Philosophy.

4.2. Library Legislation

"Act" shall mean the method of drafting a statute or other

piece of legislation. Legal requirements for the creation,
upkeep, services, functions, rights, and administration of a
library system at the federal, state, or local level are all
established by the Library Act.

Library law may govern the many parts of the public library
system. It’s a useful resource for coordinating the
establishment, growth, and upkeep of public libraries
across time. Those who feel it is their obligation to utilize
the library's resources may benefit from increased self-
awareness as a result. In 1850, the United Kingdom enacted
the world's first library legislation. The vast majority of
nations now require public library services be offered at no
cost to the patron.

4.2.1. Need for library legislation

A public library system is an essential component of a

democratic society. Maintaining a free society and a vibrant
culture calls for honest dialogue. People who utilize a public
library are expected to donate their time rather than money.
Then, the issue becomes, "Where will the money come
from?" Legislation is the only established method for
providing adequate public library service. Need for library
laws include:

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The expansion of public library systems throughout the
country benefits from this. A library fee is imposed to
ensure the long-term financial health of the public book. By
eliminating the need for government funding and relying
instead on memberships, donations, and private gifts, the
public library may be protected from political interference.
So that the library may expand in a healthy way and
maintain its constant, efficient, balanced, and coordinated
level of service.

To fix problems associated with property, construction, and

inheritance. For consolidated services including data
collection, analysis, and processing. Library law provides
funding for public libraries, but the specifics of such
funding are subject to the prevailing social, political, and
economic climate.

Funding for public libraries may be provided in two main

ways under library legislation. In this list, we have:

• The annual budget distribution out of all state funds,

including federal aid for infrastructure.
• The state government will match the amount
collected for the libraries.

4.2.2. Components of library legislation

Dr. S. R. Ranganathan recognized the following aspects of

public library legislation.

1. All terminology used in the library services and

technology act are defined here, and the Act's
abbreviated title is also provided.

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 2. Administration: It discusses the administration of
libraries that fall within the purview of the Act,
including questions such whoever will be in charge.
3. Library Group: A group of librarians and library
administrators will work together to constitute this
committee. Who all will attend these committees,
what these people will be responsible for, and what
rights and privileges the people will have should all
be laid out in the library act.

4. Money: The act should make it very clear:

• The rate of library cess / local extra tax or surcharge

• The goods on which tax will be imposed, such as
vehicles, land, and other properties
• The method of receiving the cess from the public
• The method of checking the money received
through cess
• Other sources of finance
• There should be a component in the library Act
itself to maintain all records of cess and other taxes.

Personnel categories, pay scales, terms of employment, and

total hours worked should all be covered by the Act. The
Act includes the mention of other relevant documents such
as statutes, rules, and regulations.

4.2.3. Characteristics of library legislation

Laws pertaining to libraries, in particular, should be brief

and comprehensive. It is possible to improve upon or alter
in the near or distant future. There can be no political

111
meddling or alterations. It needs to define the roles of the
federal, state, and regional levels of government.

It should mandate and provide free access to the usage of

public libraries. It should foster an environment where
libraries may flourish. It has to manage library operations
while respecting people's right to unfettered access to
knowledge and instruction. The reader's curiosity must be
piqued at every turn.

The community may get superior service at a cheaper cost

if certain tasks are given to specific kinds of libraries
depending on specialization. It has to take into account the
various kinds of libraries.

Media including but not limited to radio and television.

Policies, processes, and so forth are developed by elite
groups. The leader of a society has the tacit obligation to
provide the highest level of service to the populace. Given
the library's potential significance, it is incumbent upon
library staff to inform the public about library resources.

Legislation pertaining to libraries should be crafted with the

input of those in positions of power. Legislators need to be
pushed to approve library legislation, and the public can
help.

4.2.4. Role of different bodies in the process of

enacting library legislation

It is unacceptable to make the levy of the library cess a

condition for the adoption of library legislation. If not, it

112
risks losing the backing of ordinary people and other
sections of society. The responsibilities that various entities
may play in the process of implementing library law at the
state level

A) Library Association

Library organizations at the local, state, and national levels

may work together to craft a plan to influence public policy.
Through several channels, the organization may advocate
for library legislation. It's important to reach out to state
assembly members, especially concerned ministers, and
make a strong argument for library legislation. Indian
library law should provide all required supports and
guidelines.

b) Library Workers

Library workers have a responsibility to spread the word

about the value of libraries, both to the general people and
to the elite.

Workers should accomplish this initially via the

organization itself, and subsequently through other means
such as newspapers, radio, and television. Policies,
processes, and so forth are developed by elite groups

c) Library Leaders

The leader of a society has the tacit obligation to provide the

highest level of service to the populace. Given the library's
potential significance, it is incumbent upon library staff to
inform the public about library resources.

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d) People at Large and Elected Officials

Legislation pertaining to libraries should be crafted with the

input of those in positions of power. Legislators need to be
pushed to approve library legislation, and the public can
help.

4.3. Library legislation in India

The Brahmin of ancient India controlled access to

knowledge, leaving the average man dependent on the
teachings of gurus. There was no precedent for public
library law in ancient India since the general people was
used to studying via this oral practice.

Before India's independence, the country took many

important moves toward establishing library laws, which
may be summed up as follows:

The Press and Registration of Books Act was enacted by

British Indian legislators in 1867.

This law addressed the archiving and registration of

newspapers and books issued in India, as well as the control
of printing presses. It helped individual libraries get free
books and kept a nationwide database of rare and early
printed books updated and available.

The creation, growth, and upkeep of libraries are protected

by law. The laws are able to select workers, establish
policies, oversee operations, and direct service delivery.
Legislation is necessary for libraries for several reasons:

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 1. To establish an effective administrative and
oversight body with executive authority;
2. To establish a statewide, regional, and local library
system that is accessible to all residents (even those
living in outlying villages)
3. To secure stable, long-term funding for library
operations; and to prevent a decline in library
services.

Every book or paper needs to send a copy to the Indian

Secretary of State, a copy sent to the Lieutenant Governor in
Council, and a copy sent to the municipality in accordance
with this Act. The Imperial Library Act of 1902, the model
library act of 1930, and the literary encouragement funds act
of 1898. In 1930, Dr. S. R. Ranganathan presented a "Model
Library Act" he had authored to the All Asia Education
Conference in Banaras.

On behalf of the International Library Association (ILA), Dr.

S. R. Ranganathan authored "The Model Public Library Bill"
in 1942. Listed below are the landmark library act passed in
the decades after independence:

In 1948, the Indian government used the Imperial Archives

(Change of Name) Law to legally rebrand the Imperial
Library as the National Library of India.

• Library Legislation In India

The common people of ancient India were used to receiving

their education via this oral tradition, hence there was no
precedent for public library law.

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 a) Prior to Independence:

Some of the main milestones in creating library law may be

summarized from India's pre-independence history as
follows.

1. One Act for Regulating the Press and Book Trade

(1867), lawmakers of British India passed the Press
and Registration of Books Act. Copies all books and
newspapers produced in India were required to be
preserved and registered under this law. It also
regulated the printing industry and newspapers. It
helped individual libraries get free books and kept a
nationwide database of rare and early printed books
updated and available.
2. Every book and newspaper had to have a copy sent
to the Indian Secretary of State, a copy sent to the
Lieutenant Governor in Council, and a copy sent to
the municipality in accordance with this Act.
3. It was followed by the Imperial Library Act of 1902
4. Model Library Act of 1930.In 1930, Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan presented a "Model Library Act" he
had authored during the All Asia Educational
Conference in Banaras. The International Library
Association asked Dr. S. R. Ranganathan to write
"The Model Public Library Bill" in 1942.

b) After Independence

Following independence, the following were the most

important stages in establishing library legislation:

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 1. Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act (1948): In
1948, the Government of India approved the
Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act. As a
consequence of this law (in India), the Imperial
Library in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) was
renamed the National Library.
2. The Indian parliament established the Delivery of
Books and Newspapers Act in 1954 expanded its
scope to include serials.
3. In 1963, a group led by Dr. D. M. Sen drafted the
Model Library Act/Bill. By 1972, the Model Libraries
Act of 1930 had been updated. A different model
public library law was created in 1966 by the
Planning Commission's library legislation
subcommittee.

4.3.1. Need for library legislation

Public library services are essential to maintaining a

democratic society. Maintaining a democratic culture and a
free society calls for honest dialogue. Users of a public
library are expected to donate their time rather than money.
Legislation is the only proven method for improving public
library services. Laws protecting libraries are essential
because:

1. It helps pave the way for public libraries to be built

all around the nation.
2. The public library may be set on solid financial
ground by imposing a library tax.
3. To remove the public library's dependence on

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 government funding via memberships,
contributions, and private gifts.
4. To have a solid administrative structure that
guarantees a steady stream of library patrons and a
healthy trajectory of expansion.
5. To sort out things like property ownership,
construction, and family history.
6. To perform comparable activities in a centralized
location, such as data collecting and processing.
Library law provides funding for public libraries,
but the specifics of such funding are subject to the
prevailing social, political, and economic climate.

There are essentially two avenues for providing money for

public libraries via library law. The items in question are:

1. The portion of the state's yearly budget that comes

from the state's total funds, plus federal funding for
infrastructure.
2. Implementing a library cess and matching it with a
subsidy from the state government.

4.3.2. Components of library legislation

In his analysis regarding the Public Library Act, Dr. S. R.

Ranganathan emphasized the following points.

a) Preliminaries:

All terminology used in the Library Services and

Technology Act are defined here, and the Act's abbreviated
title is also provided.

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 b) Top Management

Questions of library administration, such as whoever will

run libraries that fall within the Act's purview, are
addressed. This is the second consideration.

c) Library Committee

The library's authorities (upper management) and

librarians will receive suggestions from a committee. The
library law should detail the composition, duties, powers,
and requirements of such bodies.

d) Finance

The Act should clearly state:

1. The rate for library cess / Local additional tax /

surcharge;
2. The items on which tax will be imposed, such as
automobiles, land, homes, and other properties;
3. The method of collecting the cess by the public;
4. The method of verifying the money obtained via
cess.
5. Outside funding;
6. A provision in the Library's Act to keep track of all
donations and expenditures The Act need to
additionally address matters related to personnel
selection, classification, compensation, terms of
employment, and duration of service.
7. The Act need to refer to the rules, regulations, and
bylaws

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4.3.3. Characteristics of library legislation
Legislation pertaining to libraries should be as
straightforward and broad as possible.

In addition, it has to be future-proof so that it may be

improved upon.

1. It must be free of political interference and changes

2. It must specify the local, state, and national
governments' respective responsibilities.
3. It must make public library use mandatory and free
for all.
4. It should create favorable conditions for the growth
of libraries.
5. It must coordinate and control library activities
while fully acknowledging the right of people to
have unrestricted access to information and
knowledge.
6. It must pique the reader's interest in every way.
7. Different tasks can be assigned to different types of
libraries based onspecialisation to ensure that the
community receives better service at a lower cost.
8. It must also consider the different types of
librariesention the laws, rules, and bylaws.

4.4. Library Acts

The word "act" is used to describe the process of drafting a
statute or piece of legislation. When discussing libraries, the
term "Library Act" refers to a federal, state, or local law that
mandates certain requirements for library systems and the
people who run them.

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Library law has the potential to govern a wide range of
library service components. It's a useful resource for
coordinating the establishment, growth, and upkeep of
public libraries across time. It may help persons who
consider it their own duty to make use of library resources
develop a sense of personal accountability.

In 1850, the United Kingdom enacted the world's first

library legislation. Public library amenities are mandated to
be offered free of charge in the vast majority of nations
nowadays.

To sum up, the Library Law is well-known for its provision

of a legal framework for the establishment of a centralized
or state-run library system, as well as its ongoing operation,
set of responsibilities, set of privileges, and mode of
administration.

On 14 August 1950, the Library Act became law for the first
time in Great Britain and a few other nations. In 1956,
Americans legislated a national library system.

Model Public Library Act

These are some of the characteristics of a good model book

act:

1. The Act has to provide guidelines for the

management of libraries.
2. The disclosure of library and departmental
subcontracting committees and membership lists. A
mechanism for the establishment of committees is
required.

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 3. The positions and duties of the reviewers and the
subcommittees should be specified.
4. Good financial resources should be made available
for library operations
5. There has to be funding set aside to allow for the
creation of new, independent libraries.
6. There should be a plan in place to keep the peace in
the stacks.
7. The library's services should be made available to
the public without charge.
8. Recognizing that different types of libraries serve
different demographics, and acting accordingly.
9. Those members of society (number nine) that are
unable to use the library for various reasons. Library
service for mankind should be guaranteed.
10. This should also include arranging the positions,
salaries, lengths of service, promotions.

4.4.1. Library Acts in India

The Madras Library Acts were initially drafted and

submitted for consideration by Madras Library Association
in 1933 and 1937, but were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1948,
the identical law was enacted within the Indian state of
Madras in independent India. Find out which Indian state
was the pioneer in enacting a library law.

Nineteen of India's states have enacted some kind of library

law thus far. The following is a list

1. Madras State Public Library Act 1948

2. Andhra Pradesh State Public Library Act 1960

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 3. Karnataka Public Library Act of 1965
4. Mahabharata Public Library Act of 1967
5. West Bengal Public Library Act of 1979
6. Manipur State Public Library Act 1988
7. Haryana State Public Library Act 1989
8. Goa State Public Library Act 1993
9. Mizoram State Public Library Act 1993
10. Puducherry State Public Library Act 1996
11. Gujrat State Public Library Act 2001
12. Odisha State Public Library Act 2001
13. Uttarakhand State Large Library Act of 2005
14. Rajasthan State Large Library Act of 2006
15. UP State Large Library Act of 2006
16. Lakshadweep State Large Library Act of 2007
17. Chhatisgarh State Large Library Act of 2009
18. Bihar State Public Library Act 2008
19. Arunachal State Large Library Act of 2009.

4.4.2. Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights (IPR) are rights given to people

to protect commercially valuable products of human
intellect, similar to the rights in the forms of physical
property are necessary to protect product or services from
being copied or stolen by others. IPR cover human intellect
creations, such as inventions, designs, trademarks or artistic
works, such as music, books, films, dances, sculptures or
photographs.

Just as the owners of automobiles, buildings, and businesses

have the right to prohibit the unlawful use or sale of their

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property, so have those who are intellectually or artistically
endowed to prevent the illegal utilization or sale of their
products. Intellectual property is any original idea, creation,
expression, trademark, or secret that is protected from
public disclosure.

Some examples of intellectual property rights include

trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and patents. When an
individual invents or creates anything, he or she is entitled
to a set of legal protections known as intellectual property
rights from the government. For a certain amount of time,
these protections ensure that no one else will be able to
profit from an idea or production that was originally
created by the inventor or his assignee. It ensures that the
owner of a copyright, trademark, or patent receives
compensation for his or her efforts.

To have one's moral and pecuniary interests deriving from

authorship of a scientific, literary, or creative contribution
protected is a fundamental human right, as specified in
Article 27 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Both the 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property and the 1886 Berne Convention for the
Protection for Literary and Artistic Works established the
legal recognition of the value of intellectual property. The
WIPO is responsible for overseeing both of these
conventions.

4.4.3. Rationale of Intellectual Property Rights

The traditional justification for the IP system is the fact that

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it recognizes and rewards inventiveness by providing legal
protection to its practitioners in accordance with a set of
international and national laws. In order to advance
economically, culturally, and socially, it is vital to give
incentives and funding for innovation and invention.

Knowledge and a diverse selection of high-quality products

and services benefit from intellectual property protection as
well. Intellectual property rights make products more
valuable to buyers by providing assurances about their
authenticity and quality. When integrated into a wider
policy framework, protection of intellectual property helps
to economic growth within both developed and developing
nations by encouraging creativity, tolerance, and progress
in the areas of culture and technology.

Trade agreements that protect intellectual property may be

powerful instruments in the fight against poverty.
Intellectual property theft has far-reaching negative
economic and societal consequences, thus fighting
counterfeiting and piracy should be everyone's top concern.
The advantages of the intellectual property system cannot
be realized unless governments, corporations, and
individuals all work together to protect it.

Therefore, IPR helps a country's economy expand through

fostering competitive industries and a thriving economy.
For over 15 years, there has been a rise in public discussion
and awareness of intellectual property rights (IPR). there
has been a growing interest in intellectual property law, one
that began with curiosity and some apprehension but has

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since evolved into a need-based compulsion and desire to
understand the new form. Trade liberalization has made
intellectual property rights increasingly vulnerable to
violation without providing enough compensation to
knowledge producers. Research and development, or R&D,
expenditures and the accompanying investments needed to
bring a new technology to market have increased
dramatically in recent years.

4.4.4. Types of Intellectual Property Rights

1. Patents

The goal of the patent system is to incentivize innovation

and the sharing of new knowledge with the public. A patent
might be thought of as an agreement between the public
and the creator.In exchange for exposing the idea to the
public, the patent grants the creator the sole right to stop
others from creating, using, and selling the invention that
was patented for a limited time.

The term "patent," which originally referred to papers

issued by the English monarch in the middle ages to award
a privilege, is now used interchangeably with the exclusive
right given to inventors. The length of time a patent is valid
for is entirely different from one nation to the next.
However, after this time period has passed, under all patent
regimes, individuals are allowed to exploit the innovation
in any way that fits.

Patents are beneficial because it allows companies to recoup

their R&D expenses during the time of exclusive rights,

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which in turn encourages creativity and investment in
inventions with patents and further research as rivals invent
alternatives to the patented inventions.

The public's curiosity is piqued by the short duration of a

patent, which promotes the speedy commercialization of
ideas and, in turn, their earlier availability to the public.
Patents make it easier for academic institutions to share data
and insights, reduce the likelihood of doing redundant
studies, and, most significantly, broaden the body of human
knowledge.

A patent grants the owner the exclusive right to

manufacture, use, and sell the patented invention for the
duration of the patent's term. The owner of the patent does
not have exclusive rights to produce, use, or sell the
patented innovation.In the event that a chemical compound
is also patented, the owner for a patent for a more efficient
way of making that compound would be prohibited from
selling the compound produced by that technique.

The rights associated with patents are limited to the

territory in which the patent was awarded. For instance, a
U.S. patent may only be used to stop infringing activity that
occurs inside the U.S. These rights are typically enforced via
a civil rather than criminal process in most nations. Thus, it
is the responsibility of the patent owner alone to ensure
compliance.

Infringement of a patent occurs when anybody, whether the

government, a company, or a person, makes, uses, or sells

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the patented innovation without authorization. Without
regard to whether or not the infringer intended to or was
aware of the patent, responsibility will attach to any such
act of infringement.

Injunctions, orders to surrender or destroy infringing items,

damages awarded to the patentee, and a share of the
infringer's profits are all possible remedies for patent
infringement.

Even after a patent has been granted, it may be challenged

on the grounds of invalidity, and this is often used as a
defense by the party accused of infringing on the
patent.Patents are sometimes contested on the grounds that
the claimed innovation was really created by someone else,
or that it was apparent to those versed in the art.

Patents for innovative products or processes that include an

inventive step and have industrial applicability . A
patentable innovation, therefore, is one that is both worthy
and practical, while also being unexpected.A practical use
for the invention is required for it to be patentable. The
ability to put theory into practice is so emphasized.

The patent system places a premium on practicality, which

is why it is so effective. This idea is universal, although the
language employed in national laws may vary; for instance,
in the United States, subject matter for patenting must be
"useful," while in the United Kingdom, it must be able to
have industrial application.

The novelty of an invention is established by ensuring that

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its core concepts do not overlap with or can be deduced
from those of prior art. This is sometimes referred to to as
the "novelty" standard. As a result, prior usage or prior
knowledge that isn't accessible to the general (for example,
because it has been held secret) does not invalidate a patent
application.

It's important that the innovation isn't too simple to be

apparent. As a result, no one can game the patent system by
securing legal protection for an obvious improvement on an
existing idea. Inventions are judged on whether or not they
would have been evident to a reasonable person working in
the relevant area at the point in time the idea was
developed.

2. Copyright

Copyright protects the author of a literary, dramatic,

choreographic, or sculptural work from any form of
unauthorized duplication for a set period of time. This
includes the right to get ready derivative pieces based upon
derived works centered upon the original piece of work, as
well as the right to perform or show the work in public.

No abstract or immaterial notion, principle, method of

operation, technique, system, or method of explanation or
embodiment is copyright protected. Instead, copyright only
applies to the author's unique implementation of a thought
process, notion, or other abstract idea into a material form.

Certain types of originality, especially those related to

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widespread dissemination, are protected by copyright law.
All works of authorship are entitled to copyright protection
the minute it is created. Its scope extends well beyond only
written publications to include radio and television
broadcasts, films shown in theaters, online databases, and
other electronic means of disseminating and retrieving
information. The field of copyright protects the interests of
those who create new works.

The TRIPS Agreement establishes a floor for the length of

time that intellectual property may be protected. The term
for a person is the author's lifetime + 50 years. For legal
entities, this period begins at the conclusion of the year as a
whole in which the invention was first published or, if no
publication was made, at the end if the calendar year in
which the invention was made (TRIPS Article 12).There is a
50-year period of protection for the artist and producer of a
recorded live performance, and a 20-year period of
protection for the broadcaster.The digital Millennium
Copyright Act (DMCA) recently passed in the United States
provides enhanced protection for intellectual works. In the
US, for instance, a single author's copyrighted work
produced or published after the first of January 1978, is
protected for the author's lifetime and an additional 70
years after death. The copyright for a work created on
commission, on the other hand, is valid for the shorter of
twelve decades from the date of production or 95 years from
the date of first publication.

Owners of copyrights do not have the right to restrict others

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form taking fair use of their work, even if one want to do so,
regardless of whether or not they get compensation for
doing so. Use of the piece of writing for the purposes of
critiques, comment, reporting on news, education,
scholarship, or research are all examples of fair use.
Determining whether an unlawful use is "fair use" involves
looking at the kind of work, the amount of work copied, and
the effect of reproduction on the work's market worth.

A piece of authorship that is fixed in a physical medium of

expression is eligible for copyright protection.

Works of authorship that fall within this definition may

include:

• Written works (including computer programs)

• Musical compositions and lyrics,
• Plays and dialogue,
• pantomimes and choreographies,
• Visual artworks (including paintings, drawings, and
sculptures),
• Moving images (including films) and sound
recordings all fall under this category.

A work has to be "fixed in a material form of expression" in

order to be protected under copyright laws. When an
artwork is embodied in a physical media that is stable and
long-lasting enough to allow for its continued perception,
reproduction, and communication, we say that the piece is
"fixed." It doesn't matter how the focus occurs.

Copyright registration is easy and cheap to do in most

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countries. Copyright protection exists from the moment an
expression of the work is fixed in some physical form, but
in certain countries, copyright registration also gives extra
significant advantages. However, the United States and a
few other WTO members still require foreign nationals to
register before taking legal action to prevent copyright
infringement and to recover expenses, including lawyers'
fees, associated with enforcement.The United States, for
instance, could need the services of the United States
Copyright Office. A copyright registration may also be
considered prima facie proof of the validity & ownership of
a copyright in certain jurisdictions.

The purpose of copyright legislation is to incentivize the

creation of new works by their respective writers,
musicians, artists, and designers by providing them with a
term of exclusive use of their creations. Authors, composers,
performers, artists, filmmakers, and owners of sound
records and motion pictures are all granted such exclusive
rights. The commercial exploitation is made possible by
licensing rights to publishers, film makers, and music
record manufacturers. The legislation also seeks to punish
anyone who illegally copy or profit from the work of others.
Copyright is not just one right, but a collection of related
legal protections for creative works. In addition to the right
to reproduce the work itself, the owner of copyright also has
the right to a number of "Neighboring Rights," which are
connected but distinct from copyright.

These include the ability to make derivative works, perform

them in public, and record and broadcast them. There are

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two types of rights included in the copyright bundle: (a)
economic rights that protect the author's financial interests,
and

That portion of the author's rights known as "moral rights,"

which protects the author's reputation, honor, and self-
worth.

Permission to publish, reproduce, modify, translate, and

transfer or license copyright are within the purview of the
economic rights. One's ethical liberties include the ability to
assert one's authorship over one's own work, to have that
authorship acknowledged whenever the piece of writing is
used, and to object to any use of a work that might bring the
author's reputation into disrepute.

The author has the right to decide who may or may not use
his or her work for commercial purposes, as well as whether
or not others may replicate his or her work. The Restricted
Acts comprise the following behaviors:

In several European nations, including France, Denmark,

and the United Kingdom, copyright protection is granted
immediately upon creation, with no registration required.
Not all works are eligible for copyright protection, but that
doesn't mean that it can't have other forms of legal
protection. Another interesting feature is that works may
technically fit within many genres. This is important to
grasp because it shows that material may have several
creators, each of whom must give their consent before it can
be reproduced.

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 3. Trademark

“A Trademark is any sign that individualizes the goods of a given

enterprise and distinguishes them from the goods of its
competitors.”

This definition has two parts, commonly known as the

trademark's separate functions, but which are in fact reliant
on one another and should always be considered as a unit.
The trademark's purpose is to identify the product's
manufacturer so that the buyer may buy with confidence.
This doesn't imply it needs to provide details about the
product's manufacturer or even its distributor to customers.
All that matters is that the customer has faith in the business
selling the goods under the trademark, even if that business
is unfamiliar to him.

In order for a trademark to serve its source-indicating

purpose, it must be able to differentiate the goods of one
company from those of others. This means that consumers
must be able to tell the products sold under a trademark
apart from those of competing companies.

This demonstrates that source indication cannot be treated

apart from the differentiating function. In fact, the
trademark's primary role as a means of differentiation
makes it possible to reduce the definition to "any visible
indication capable of identifying the products or services of
a company from those provided by different enterprises."

The primary functions of service marks and trademarks are

to "flag" the origin of the goods or services or to set them

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apart from those of competitors. These stand for the high
standards of the services and products they represent.
Service marks and trademarks often take the form of words,
but they may also take the form of symbols, logos, sounds,
shapes, or even non-functional product configurations that
are easily recognizable from those of competitors.

Trademarks have legal protection in almost every country,

whereas service marks enjoy legal protection in many but
not all. Use of a mark on a product or service may result in
legal protection for the mark in certain jurisdictions. To get
protection in foreign nations, the owner must first register
the brand with the relevant national trademark authority.

The TRIPS Agreement gives service marks the same legal

standing and protection as trademarks. Trademark
registration is not always necessary to provide trademark
protection, but WTO members still have an obligation to
safeguard recognizable brand names.

Since it is determined on a case-by-case basis whether or not

the trademark is well recognized in the relevant sector for
the good of the general public, companies may find it
advantageous to register well-known marks. Some nations
may require trademark registration with the trademark
office before protecting lesser-known companies.

The length of time a mark may be protected varies

significantly across jurisdictions. Registrations are valid for
certain time periods. However, registration may be
extended and so extend forever as long the marks are

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granted since the main objective of marks is to minimize
public misunderstanding, encourage competition, and
safeguard the owners' goodwill.

If consumers are likely to get confused as a result of the use

of a similar mark, the proprietor of the mark could stop its
use by others. Multi-factor analysis is the norm when
deciding if two marks are confusingly identical.

Trademarks and service mark laws, like all other forms of

intellectual property law, are enacted at the national level.
However, in other countries, the first individual to get
registered in that nation is granted the exclusive right to
utilize the mark in commerce. The registration of a
trademark provides conclusive proof of the trademark's
validity and the owner's sole license to use the trademark.

Its usage and ownership are public knowledge because to

its inclusion in the national registry of marks. The marks
must have been used in commerce before a registration is
issued in some countries, but in others registration may be
granted based on the applicant's intention of employing the
marks in the years to come. If one doesn’t keep up with the
mark, its owner might be attacked on the grounds that he or
she has abandoned the trademark.

For a trademark to be legally protected in the vast majority

of nations, it must be able to set its owner's products and
services apart from those of competitors. The "strength" of a
mark is what matters most when deciding whether it passes
this criteria.

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Generic terms are the weakest, followed by descriptive
terms, then suggestive terms, then arbitrary terms, and
finally imaginative terms. Words, symbols, and gadgets
with little ability to differentiate commodities since these
are common names used to determine the items themselves,
such as book, table, and chair, are at the lowest end of the
range. Generic words, as they are known, cannot be
trademarked because of this very reason.

Ancient civilizations previously used trademarks. There

have always been innovative businesspeople, even back
when most people either grew or gathered their own food
or sourced what the civilization needed from nearby
artisans rather than further afield. Artists in India have been
exporting their wares to Iran with engraved signatures for
at least three thousand years. Over 2,000 years ago,

Chinese manufacturers began selling products with their

marks in the waters of the Mediterranean region. Similarly,
there were once over a thousand distinct Roman ceramic
marks in circulation, among them the FORTIS brand that
was so renowned that it frequently was imitated and
counterfeited. During the prosperous Middle Ages,
merchants and manufacturers increasingly relied on
identifying marks to set their wares apart from those of
competitors.

However, their impact on the economy was remained quite

small. Trademarks first gained prominence throughout the
industrial revolution and now play a crucial role in today's
globalized, market-driven economy. As the market

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economy has developed and industrialization has spread,
customers have access to a wider selection of products
within each market segment. Although the variations in
quality, pricing, and other qualities may not always be
readily evident to the buyer, still do exist.

In order for customers to make an informed decision

between competing products, customers obviously want
direction. Therefore, the products must be specified. The
trademark is the very mechanism through which products
are given their market names.

Trademarks enable customers to make informed decisions

about the things purchased by providing them with
information about the relative quality of competing
offerings in the market. By rewarding companies for
consistently producing high-quality items, trademarks help
the economy grow.

4. Industrial Designs

To achieve an official or decorative appearance for items

that are mass-produced that, within the accessible cost
constraints, fulfills both the requirement for the product to
be appealing visually to prospective consumers and the
need for an item to carry out its intended purpose efficiently
is what is generally meant by the term "industrial design."

Industrial design, in the context of intellectual property law,

is the exclusive legal right provided by many nations via a
registration system to the creator of an industrial object or
product to prohibit others from commercially producing,

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selling, or using the design without the creator's permission.
Particularly in markets where several options exist for
customers to choose from, a product's aesthetic appeal is a
factor in which people ultimately choose from. If the items'
technical performance is comparable among manufactur-
ers, then the final decision will come down to the products'
aesthetic qualities and, of course, price.

Protecting manufacturers' unique selling points is a primary

goal of intellectual property law, and industrial designs
serve as an essential example. Having the industrial design
legally protected not only rewards the designer for their
work but also encourages businesses to put more money
into promoting the design process.1.6.5 Integrated Circuits:

Another field in the protection of intellectual property is

that of layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits.
The layout designs of integrated circuits are creations of the
human mind. These are usually the result of an enormous
investment, both in terms of the time of highly qualified
experts, and financially.

There is a continuing need for the creation of new layout-

designs which reduce the dimensions of existing integrated
circuits and simultaneously increase their functions. The
smaller an integrated circuit, the less the material needed
for its manufacture, and the smaller the space needed to
accommodate it.

Integrated circuits are utilized in a large range of products,

including articles of everyday use, such as watches,

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television sets, washing machines, automobiles, etc., as well
as sophisticated data processing equipment. Whereas the
creation of a new layout-design for an integrated circuit
involves an important investment, the copying of such a
layout-design may cost only a fraction of that investment.

Copying may be done by photographing each layer of an

integrated circuit and preparing masks for its production on
the basis of the photographs obtained. The possibility of
such copying is the main reason for the introduction of
legislation for the protection of layout-designs.

A Diplomatic Conference was held at Washington, D.C., in

1989, which adopted a Treaty on Intellectual Property in
Respect of Integrated Circuits (IPIC Treaty). The Treaty is
open to States Members of WIPO or the United Nations and
to intergovernmental organizations meeting certain criteria.

The Treaty has been incorporated by reference into the

TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO),
subject to the following modifications: the term of
protection is at least 10 (rather than eight) years from the
date of filing an application or of the first commercial
exploitation in the world,

but Members may provide a term of protection of 15 years

from the creation of the layout-design; the exclusive right of
the right-holder extends also to articles incorporating
integrated circuits in which a protected layout-design is
incorporated, in so far as it continues to contain an
unlawfully reproduced layout-design; the circumstances in

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which layout designs may be used without the consent of
right-holders are more restricted; certain acts engaged in
unknowingly will not constitute infringement.

5. Geographical Indications

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has

adopted the term "geographical indication" to designate the
topic of a fresh agreement for the worldwide protection of
trademarks and symbols that identify a definite geographic
location of a product. The phrase is being used here with the
broadest sense imaginable.

It includes all being means of protecting such names as well

as symbols, including appellations of origin and indications
of source, both of which suggest the qualities of a product
have due to its place of origin. Because geographical
indicators may include not just names, such the name of a
town, region, or nation ("direct geographical indications"),
but also symbols, this definition includes these as well.

It's possible that these symbols may be used to indicate a

product's country of origin without actually stating that
country. The Eiffel Tower, the Matterhorn, and the Tower
Bridge are all indirect geographical indicators for the cities
represented by them.

The phrase "geographical indication" is used in both the

TRIPS Agreement and the European Community Council
Regulation No. 2081/92 of July 14, 1992 on the safeguarding
of Geographical Information and Designations for Origin

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for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs. Both books use
this phrase to refer to items whose superior quality and
unique qualities may be traced back to their place of origin,
a strategy not dissimilar from the designation of origin
system of protection.

In other words, the definition of geographical indicator

utilized in those two legislative documents does not extend
to "mere" indications of source. However, the word is used
in its broadest sense in this presentation in an effort to
include all current measures of protection for geographical
indications. It is essential to differentiate geographical
indicators from trademarks when thinking about them as a
kind of unique sign utilized in commerce and, therefore, as
intellectual property.

Whereas a trademark designates a certain company as the

source of a particular good or service, a geographical
indicator designates a specific region in which one or more
companies manufacture the good or service in question.

Thus, there is no "owner" of a geographical designation in

the sense that no one person or enterprise might prevent
other people or enterprises from using a geographical
indication; rather, every business in the area that the
geographical designation refers has the right to make use of
said hint for the products coming in the said area, though
this may be contingent on meeting certain quality
requirements, such as those set forth by law.

6. Trade Secrets

Secret or otherwise non-public knowledge that offers the

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owner an advantage in the marketplace is known as a trade
secret. Legal protections do not exist for trade secrets. These
are made up of secret or private data that gives its owner an
edge in business. Because of this, such knowledge is very
valuable to both the owner and the owner's rivals. Trade
secrets are proprietary knowledge that cannot be disclosed
publicly or determined with reasonable effort. Rather, trade
secrets are confidential information that may be received
only via approved channels and only by those who have
earned the right to receive them. Due to the lack of statutory
protection, trade secrets may only be safeguarded by
contractual provisions or by alleging anti-competitive
practices.

As long as the knowledge is kept hidden or private by the

owner and is not independently gained by others, the
owner is entitled to trade secret protection. Formulas,
patterns, methods, programs, techniques, processes, or
collections of information that provide a company an edge
over its rivals are all examples of trade secrets. If someone
else discloses or uses individual private information
without their permission, might be liable for damages.

The trade secrets aren't subject to registration or creation by

law like other intellectual property. Instead, the threshold
for qualifying for trade secret protection is set by each
country's legal system. Trade Secrets are safeguarded under
Article 39(3) of the TRIPS Agreement. This provision
recognizes the special sensitivity of non-public test data
used in gaining regulatory clearance for pharmaceutical
items. These are some of the most typical considerations:

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The purported trade secret's secretary is the single most
essential consideration. If the allegedly confidential
material could have been acquired lawfully, then the claim
of secrecy would be without merit.

If that happens, the material may no longer be protected as

confidential. Even if the secret trade information has been
publicly released, courts in numerous nations may
nevertheless give protection if the person who owns it has
made reasonable efforts to safeguard the knowledge.

One example of a reasonable measure is requiring the

signing of a non-disclosure or confidentiality agreement by
any parties who come into contact with the information in
the course of routine business activities.

4.4.5. Characteristics of Various Intellectual Properties

The phrase "Intellectual Property" today encompasses a far

broader range of assets than only patents, trademarks, and
industrial designs. The following are some of the ways in
which IPR promotes technological progress:

• It establishes a procedure for dealing with cases of

infringement, piracy, and illegal usage.

• Since all kinds of IP are disclosed except in the case

of trade secrets, it gives a pool of knowledge to the
general public.

• There is a wide range of intellectual endeavors that

might qualify for IP protection, including

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 1. Patents

• Any form, surface pattern, or arrangement of colors

and lines that is applied to a product is considered
an industrial design.
• Trademarks pertain to any sign, title, or symbol
under which a product or service is sold and the
producer or supplier of that product or service is
identifiable in the marketplace. Anyone may
acquire, divest, or license a trademark. Except for
the reputation of the goods or service it represents,
a trademark has no value.
• Works of literature, music, theater, art, film, audio
recordings, and computer programs are all
examples of tangible expressions of ideas that are
protected by copyright.
• When a product's quality, image, or other attribute
can be traced back to its specific location, researchers
say that it has a "geographical indication."

An invention is granted a patent if it is found to be globally

unique, non-obvious, and has practical industrial or
commercial applications. Products and procedures alike
may qualify for patent protection. A patent's duration
under granted Indian Patent Act of 1970 was 14 years after
the date of filing, with the exception of pharmaceutical and
culinary procedures, for which the period was either 7 years
after the date of application or 5 years after the
commencement of the patent.

No pharmaceutical or nutritional product patents were

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issued. It is not necessary to register a copyright created in
one member nation of the Convention of Berne in order to
have it protected in all member countries. India has
excellent copyright laws that can hold their own against
those of any other nation.

However, nations that are not signatories to the Berne

Convention will not have access to copyright automatically.
This suggests that copyright is not, strictly speaking, a
territorial right. IPR may be donated, sold, or transferred
just like any other property.

Role of Undisclosed Information in Intellectual Property

Despite its importance to enterprises, R&D institutions, and

other organizations working with IPR, the topic of protect-
ing confidential information receives very little attention
from those involved in intellectual property law. Any
formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, approach,
technique, or process that is not publicly available is
considered a trade secret or private knowledge.

Humanity has always had mechanisms in place to prevent

sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands,
usually by keeping it within the intimate circle of family and
friends. In India, there are a variety of IPR laws that are in
various levels of implementation, but none that specifically
address the protection of private or proprietary
information.

During the 1950s to the 1980s, India and many other nations
were able to get by without implementing a strict system of

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intellectual property rights (IPR) because globalization and
internationalization were not very intensive. The chemical,
pharmaceutical, electrical, and information technology
sectors have all contributed to the worldwide increase in
R&D spending.

The time it takes to create a product and the likelihood of

being reconstructed by rivals are both reduced with this
method. Businesses eventually realized that protecting
technologies with just trade secrets wasn't enough. Without
standardized patent, trademark, copyright, etc. laws and
standards, it was hard to enjoy the rewards of invention.
Because of this, intellectual property rights (IPR) are now a
major part of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

• Rationale of Patent

A patent is an official acknowledgment of the inventive

form of intellectual property. There isn't even a prima-facie
assumption as to the legality of the patent awarded, but
patents are issued for patentable ideas that fulfill the
standards of originality and usefulness via the rigorous
examination and opposition processes stipulated by the
Indian Patents Act, 1970.

The majority of nations have their own systems in place to

safeguard IPR inside their borders. Especially in the case
with copyrights, the protection afforded to an inventor or
creator in one nation (say, India) or area (say, the European
Union) is not transferable to any other country or region. A
patent issued in India, for instance, would be ineffective in

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the United States. The primary goal of filing for a patent is
financial gain via monopoly (i.e., exclusive rights for the
person who invented it or his assignee).

If the patent attorney has accurately defined and asserted

the invention in the copyright specification produced, the
resulting patent will grant the owner of the patent an
exclusive market after the inventor has developed an
important innovation after taking into consideration the
alterations that the client has requested.

The holder of a patent has the option of selling or leasing his

patented invention to the public.

The following would not qualify as patents:

1. A pointless fabrication that asserts something that is

either common knowledge or in direct opposition to
natural law.
2. Inventions whose main or intended use endangers
public health or safety, or which violates the law or
morals Something found or figured out in the world
of science or mathematics
3. the mere discovery of any new property or new use
for a known substance;
4. a substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting
only in the aggregation of the properties of the
components thereof
5. the mere arrangement or re-arrangement or
duplication of a known device
6. the mere discovery of any new property or new use
for a known process, machine, or apparatus

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4.4.6. Right to Information Act

Library services seek to promote exposure to information.

In other terms, these are intended to include tools and
programs to answer the knowledge consumer need. The
services select systems and plan the information for this,
and provide users in preparation and on requests.

The Right to Information Act was enacted in 15 June 2005

by the Indian Parliament. The original Freedom of
Information Act, 2002, was revoked. This empowers people
to challenge what actions and measures are being made in
their name. Under the terms of the Right to Information Act,
any Indian person may request information from a public
body needed to reply promptly, or within thirty days.

The Act also requires that each public agency computerize

the records for universal dissemination and proactively
classify certain categories of material, and citizens require
no leverage to officially request details. According to Article
370 of the Indian constitution, the framework of the Right to
Knowledge (RTI) Act extends to India as a whole including
union territories

Libraries supported by the government or by voluntary

donations fall under RTI. If an Indian resident requests for
it, the libraries will also have critical material. According to
the Act, any person can request information about public or
government funding institution. Therefore libraries do not
go beyond that. Therefore, from its creation, it has given
knowledge to their patron / supporter without such actions
/ rules.

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In India Library Science Father "Mr. in 1930 Shiyali
Ramamrita Ranganathan proposed Five Laws of Library
Science outlining the rules of library system operation.
These laws offer guidelines to all library staff at the point of
decision taking for the good of the organization as well as
institution customers.

Access to awareness laws are applied in many pre-Access

to Information Act Indian nations. Tamil Nadu, Goa,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra , Madhya
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir
governments first adopted the RTI regulations.

RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND LAWS OF LIBRARY

SCIENCE

Library events and services are consumer based. The goal is

to provide the best facilities for the customers. The Five
Principles of Library Science, still valid in the modern
society of information, discusses the rights of the
consumers.

Ranganathan's Five Laws of Library Science are:

1. Reservations are available for booking.

2. Any user has a book of his / her own.

3. in book, the listener.

4. Save Electricity to the writing.

5. A library is an uplifting thing.

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One might think of us as a code of conduct for using a
library effectively. By following these rules, librarians may
help their patrons and the library as a whole.

To protect the people's right to knowledge, libraries,

particularly public libraries, play a crucial role both
information and cultural hubs. Libraries are well positioned
to be trusted sources of public knowledge and genuine
openness. The right to knowledge and library services
suffer when there is no national policy on libraries and
information that is really implemented.

Therefore, it is crucial to create a national policy on the

Public Library as well as Information System, including
lessons on the system's organization at the federal, state,
district, and panchayat/village levels, as well as its
networking, the standards for its resources and services, the
distribution of government and non-government
information materials on health, agriculture, and other
topics to village libraries, and the use of information and
communication technology (ICT) up to village library
levels.

The benefits of the act will only accrue to a select group of

people in urban and suburban areas unless district,
panchayat, and village libraries refresh their collections to
meet the requirements defined before and strategically
extend knowledge among the rural people.

Public libraries should combine the complete resources of

the government and country and make it accessible to all

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individuals in an objective and efficient manner in order to
guarantee every man's right to knowledge.

These needs cannot be met by solitary libraries whose reach

is restricted to single neighborhoods, counties, or states.
Every community should have a library, and that library
should be connected to a larger system and network so that
everyone, no matter where one lives, may access all of the
country's documents and information whenever and
whenever they need it.

Thus, the RTI Act requires legislation for public library

systems at both the state and national levels to extend their
services down to the village.

The only places individual can get information in the first

category are public libraries. For the RTI Act to work as
intended, it is necessary to have public information services
and libraries of a minimum quality and quantity available
in every village throughout the country.

Public village library should also serve as service centres for

the second category of information guaranteed to people
under the RTI Act.

The primary goals of a Right to Information Act are to

increase public participation in government, increase
government openness and accountability, reduce
corruption, and put our democratic system to work for the
people. It goes as saying that a well-informed citizen can
better monitor the government's tools and ensure that it

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serves the people's interests. The Act represents a major
advancement in the effort to educate the public about
government operations.

In compliance with the Act's requirements, NIC, in its role

as a Public Authority, appointed a Public Information
Officer (PIO) it an Appellate Authority (AA) in October
2005, and thereafter made the Proactive Disclosures
available to the public.

4.4.7. Objective of the Right to Information Act

The primary goals for the Right to Information Act are to

increase public participation in government, increase gov-
ernment openness and accountability, reduce corruption,
and put our democratic system to work for the people.

It comes as saying that a well-informed citizen can better

monitor the government's tools and ensure that it serves the
people's interests. The Act represents a major advancement
in the effort to educate the public about government
operations.

Obligations of public authorities.

1. Every public authority shall

• Keep all of its records properly cataloged and listed

in a mailer as well as the form that facilitates the
ability to obtain information under this Act, and,
within an acceptable period and subject to the
availability of resources, have all records which are
right to be computerized and linked through a

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 network throughout the nation on various platforms
so that accessibility to such documents is facilitated;
publish within 120 days of the enactment of this Act
a list of all the records it keeps that are subjected to
its acts.
o “The particulars of its organization, functions and
duties;
o The powers and duties of its officers and employees;
o The procedure followed in the decision-making
process, including channels of supervision and
accountability;
o The norms set by it for the discharge of its functions;
o The rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and
records, held by it or under its control or used by its
employees for discharging its functions;
o A statement of the categories of documents that are
held by it or under its control;
o The particulars of any arrangement that exists for
consultation with, or representation by, the
members of the public in relation to the formulation
of its policy or implementation thereof
o A statement of the boards, councils, committees and
other bodies consisting of two or more persons
constituted as its part or for the purpose of its
advice, and as to whether meetings of those boards,
councils, committees and other bodies are open to
the public, or the minutes of such meetings are
accessible for public;

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o A directory of its officers and employees;
o The monthly remuneration received by each of its
officers and employees, including the system of
compensation as provided in its regulations;
o The budget allocated to each of its agency,
indicating the particulars of all plans, proposed
expenditures and reports on disbursements made;
o The maimed of execution of subsidy programmers,
including the amounts allocated and the details of
beneficiaries of such programmers;
o Particulars of recipients of concessions, permits or
authorizations granted by it;
o Details in respect of the information, available to or
held by it, reduced in an electronic form;
o The particulars of facilities available to citizens for
obtaining information, including the working hours
of a library or reading room, if maintained for public
use;
o The names, designations and other particulars of the
public information officers;
o Such other information as may be prescribed; and
thereafter update these publications every year;
o Publish all relevant facts while formulating
important policies or announcing the decisions
which affect public.”
• Explain to impacted parties the reasoning behind
any administrative or quasi-judicial rulings it issues.
1. In order to reduce the need for people to use this
Act to get information, Section 2 requires that all

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 public authorities make a concerted effort to
disseminate as much information as possible to
the visible at regular intervals via various means
of communication, including the internet.
2. For purposes of this subsection, all relevant
information must be extensively distributed in a
manner that is readily available to the public.
3. The central Public Information Officer and State
Public Information Officer shall ensure that all
materials are disseminated in a way that is most
cost-effective, is written in the local language,
and uses the most efficient means of
communication possible in the target area.

Accessible without charge or for a fee covering the cost of

the medium or printing, as determined by the Public
Information Officer.

4.5. Plagiarism

The term "plagiarism" may be traced back to a variety of

different sources. The Latin term plagiarius, from which we
get the English word "plagiarism," implies "to abduct,
kidnap, seduce, or plunder," and "to ensnare children of
slaves in a plaga" (a net). "The Roman poet Martial (40-102
AD), highly protective of his own literary artwork, was the
initial person to apply the word plagiarius on a person who
stole his own words with false claims for authorship,"
writes Fleming.

As a result, the term plagiary entered literary use, and later

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the word plagiarism. Word theft spread like wildfire across
the literary community. Copyright law & the value placed
on original work were both revealed and advanced by the
contemporary idea of plagiarism. A plagiarist is "a literary
thief that wrongfully takes another's words or ideas," as
stated by More and Shelar.

The term first appeared in print in 1601 in Ben Jonson's "The

Poetaster." However, according to Vinod, "although Sir
William Shakespeare initially employed the word theft
verbatim, Oxford Dictionary assigns the credit to Ben
Jonson for utilizing the word in print."

Plagiarism is "presenting material or thoughts from a

different source as one of their own, with or before consent
from the original author," and it happens when someone
uses someone else's ideas or words without giving proper
credit to them. This definition encompasses the use of any
and all forms of published and unpublished content,
including but not limited to content generated in whole or
in part through the use of machine learning (except in cases
where the use of AI for evaluation has been authorized,
such as to accommodate a student with a disability).
Reusing one's own work without giving proper credit is
also considered plagiarism. Plagiarism, whether deliberate
or careless, is a serious violation of the rules governing
exams.

Not only is it important to provide credit where credit is due

when using someone else's words, code, picture, graph, etc.
Text and data from publications such as books and journals

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are just as fair game as those from lectures, theses, and
student essays that have not been published. Any
information, text, or images taken from a website must be
properly cited.

Learning and using the principles of excellent academic

behavior from the very beginning of their time at college is
the greatest method to prevent plagiarizing their work.
Avoiding duplication is not only about checking that their
citations are right or paraphrasing well enough that their
examiner won't catch on; rather, it's about using their
knowledge and talents to produce the best possible work.

There is a spectrum of plagiarism, from paraphrasing

without attribution to plagiarizing a whole work.

Here are the top five forms of plagiarism:

1. Plagiarism on a global scale involves passing off

another author's work as one's own in its entirety.
2. To plagiarize someone verbatim is to use exactly the
same words that an individual used.
3. To paraphrase someone else's ideas and pass them
off as their own is plagiarism.
4. Plagiarism through patchwork is when someone use
bits and pieces from many sources to construct a
new work.
5. Reusing one's own work is an example of self-
plagiarism.

4.5.1. Types of plagiarism

Except for global plagiarism, these types of plagiarism are

158
often accidental, resulting from failure to understand how
to properly quote, paraphrase, and cite their sources. If one
is concerned about accidental plagiarism, a plagiarism
checker can help.

1. Complete Plagiarism

Complete plagiarism occurs when a researcher submits a

paper or study that was authored by someone else but given
a different author's identity. The act is synonymous with
theft and intellectual property theft.

2. Source-based Plagiarism

Due to the variety of sources, plagiarism is possible.

Misleading citations occur, for instance, when a researcher
uses an erroneous or nonexistent source. When a researcher
utilizes secondary sources for data or information but
simply references the main source, this is also considered
plagiarism. The quantity of citations grows for both of these
reasons. Because of this, the total number of references has
grown.

Last but not least, plagiarizing may also take the form of
making up or falsifying data. Data fabrication refers to the
deliberate creation of fictitious data or study results,
whereas data falsification refers to the manipulation or
omission of actual data with the intent to mislead. This kind
of plagiarism may have serious repercussions, especially in
the field of medicine, since it might influence therapeutic
judgments in a negative way.

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 3. Direct Plagiarism

When a writer plagiarizes another's work word for word

without putting it in quote marks or giving proper credit,
people call it "direct" or "verbatim" plagiarism. Referencing
parts of a different work is the same as plagiarizing the
whole thing. This kind of plagiarism is very unethical and
should be met with severe disciplinary measures. Even if
cheating happens less often, academic dishonesty is taken
very seriously.

4. Self or Auto Plagiarism

In auto-plagiarism, the author copies large chunks of his or

her own work that was previously published without
giving proper credit to the original source. Therefore,
academics who have published their work are more prone
to commit this kind of plagiarism than writers. The gravity
of this violation is debatable since it depends on the material
that was stolen. However, many scholarly publications
have stringent requirements for the reusability of an
author's work. Manuscripts submitted to many publications
first undergo a check using plagiarism detection tools.

5. Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is the most typical kind of plagiarism. Plagiarism is

when someone else's writing is used, but with a few words
changed here and there and passed off as one's own.
Plagiarism happens when someone else uses their ideas
without giving their credit.

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 6. Inaccurate Authorship

There are two sources of erroneous or misleading

authorship credits:

1. When someone helps write a document but doesn't

receive credit for it is one example of ghostwriting.
2. The second kind occurs when someone receives
credit for a project to which they made no
substantive contributions. Plagiarism in this kind is
unethical and should be avoided at all costs in
scholarly work.

This kind of plagiarism may also occur when another

person makes significant modifications to a paper during
editing. In this scenario, it is suggested that the
contributions be thanked at the moment on publication,
regardless of whether or not it is credited as writers.

7. Mosaic Plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism, in which someone else's words or

phrases are woven throughout one's own work, may be
hard to spot. Plagiarism in this form is deliberate and
dishonest; it goes by the name "patchwork plagiarism."

8. Accidental Plagiarism

Plagiarism, whether deliberate or accidental, is always

unacceptable and usually has severe repercussions.
Accidental plagiarism, on the other hand, occurs when
someone plagiarizes without meaning to. Universities

161
should place a strong emphasis on teaching their students
how to avoid inadvertent plagiarism.

4.5.2. Tools to Check for Plagiarism

Plagiarism checkers are often used on content provided in

the books. These tools may help authors avoid
unintentional plagiarism. A plagiarism checker is one tool
that helps authors determine whether their paper has been
plagiarized from the internet. Try to search the term
"plagiarism checker" online, there are a number of resources
that may be used to assist people avoid plagiarizing another
person's work.

4.5.3. Tools for Citing Sources

In addition, there are a plethora of internet resources

available to authors who need assistance with proper
citation. Some websites, for instance, do the heavy lifting of
citation creation and compilation for authors; authors need
only enter the title, writer, publication date, and any other
pertinent information required by different style guides like
MLA, the American Psychological Association AP, and
Chicago. The writer may then simply copy and paste other
appropriately formatted citations from the websites into
their own work.

4.5.4. Consequences of Plagiarism

Depending on the circumstances, plagiarizing may lead to

a wide variety of outcomes. Plagiarism in higher education
may have serious repercussions, including those listed
below.

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 • Failing the assignment for the plagiarized work.
• Failing the class for the plagiarized work.
• Suspension from school
• Expulsion from school
• Damaged academic credibility

A writer's integrity is at stake when plagiarism is detected.

It can be simpler to get beyond an instance of inadvertent
plagiarism. However, one should verify their work twice to
prevent plagiarizing.

Plagiarism may have serious personal, academic,

occupational, and even ethical and legal repercussions.
Plagiarism is being identified at an alarming rate because to
the widespread availability and usage of plagiarism
detection tools. A person who has been falsely accused of
plagiarism is likely to be viewed with suspicion for the rest
of their lives. Lack of knowledge is never an acceptable
justification. Education, professionals, students, journalists,
writers, and others may all be plagiarists.

1. Destroyed Student Reputation

A student might be dismissed or punished for plagiarism

claims. The ethical violation may be noted on the student's
transcript, making it impossible for them to transfer from
their high school to another institution. Plagiarism is taken
extremely severely in schools and universities. Most schools
have academic honesty committees tasked with monitoring
student behavior. The first offense often results in
suspension at many institutions. For repeat offenses,
schools often remove students off campus.

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 2. Destroyed Professional Reputation

It is possible that the reputational harm caused by

plagiarism will persist throughout the professional life of a
successful businessperson, politician, or public personality.
The writer will almost certainly be asked to resign from
their current post, and even if they don't, they'll have a hard
time landing another decent employment in the future.
Depending on the gravity of the incident and the plagiarist's
prior reputation, the plagiarist's reputation might be
irreparably damaged, making further professional
advancement difficult.

3. Destroyed Academic Reputation

The academic community has heard a lot about the effects

of plagiarism. Academic careers can often derailed by even
one instance of plagiarism claims. A distinguished
academic career requires constant publishing. If a scholar
loses the capacity to publish, they will likely lose their job
and their reputation will be shattered.

4. Legal Repercussions

Plagiarism may have significant legal ramifications.

Copyright laws are strictly enforced. One must provide
proper credit while using the work of another. A plagiarist
may be sued for damages by the original author. It's
possible that certain forms of plagiarism are felonies
punishable by jail time. Plagiarism is especially problematic
for those who make their career writing, such journalists
and novelists. Constant vigilance is required of writers who

164
want to avoid making mistakes. Copyright rules and
methods for avoiding plagiarism are common knowledge
among writers. Plagiarism is a major ethical and legal
concern for writers.

5. Monetary Repercussions

Plagiarism by journalists, writers, public personalities, and

scholars has been the subject of several recent news stories
and publications. If the author successfully sues the
plagiarist, the writer may be awarded damages. Plagiarism
of any kind may result in monetary fines, whether the
plagiarist is a journalist working for a magazine,
newspaper, or other publication or a student.

6. Plagiarized Research

Research that has been plagiarized is particularly

disheartening. In the case of scientific studies with potential
medical applications, plagiarizing might have fatal results.
This is an especially despicable instance of plagiarism.

Plagiarism has far-reaching effects, and nobody is safe from

it. The legal and moral consequences of plagiarizing cannot
be ignored regardless of one's level of education or social
standing. Learn about plagiarism before starting any
writing endeavor. Learn the signs of plagiarism and the
steps individual may take to prevent it.

The guidelines are simple to grasp and implement. Check

the content for instances of plagiarism utilizing a reliable
online plagiarism checker of plagiarism detection program

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if individual have any doubts about whether or not proper
citations have been included. A person's reputation, career,
and legal standing might all suffer as a result of their
laziness or dishonesty.

4.5.5. Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism may be avoided even without the use of

software. Writers ought to utilize their own knowledge and
creativity when tasked with a project. To avoid the stressful
situation of having to rush through a project at the last
minute, writers should plan beforehand. Going to an
instructor or someone else for assistance is beneficial if a
writer is having trouble with an assignment since the
instructor may be able to explain the task and help the
writer generate new ideas. Instead than copying someone
else's work, trying hard is always the greatest option. It will
hurt its educational reputation and lead to a failing grade at
the very least.

Writers might also protect themselves from accusations of

plagiarism by paraphrasing the sources used by them.
Writers who come up with their own terms to convey
concepts are less likely to steal the work of others. In order
to avoid plagiarism, writers might use the following
methods:

1. Write down Everything

Keep note of what you write; Mark pages to help this

remember having read something useful. Inevitably come
across anything that might be helpful, jot it down, citing the

166
book, article, or website and, if necessary, the page number.
In this method, one can be sure that all of their references
have been included in their work's bibliography and are
easily retrievable.

2. Compare Ideas

When their undertake research for a paper, probably will

come across a number of contrasting points of view. Doing
so will provide students a larger context in which to record
relevant key points and a greater comprehension of the
issue from which to start formulating individual views. In
case one can consider competing arguments and ask
oneself, "Make sure agree with what this individual is
saying? Explain the logic behind it. Asking oneself, "What
do people think?" can help anyone begin constructing
original ideas rather than relying only on the opinions of
others.

3. Use Their Own Voice

Accepting and using one's own voice while writing is a

significant step toward preventing plagiarism. Spend time
learning about the arguments made throughout the
investigation. Subsequently feel confident and well-versed
in the concepts, one may take another step back and restate
them in own words. This will not only serve to learn more
about the topic, but it will also increase the standard of it.
However, commensurate with what seen earlier in, one
must still properly acknowledge these concepts.

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 CHAPTER Computer
Application in
5 Library System

5.1. Introduction

Computer are used in libraries all around the globe to

manage collections of books, journals, movies, and other
media, as well as to make available a wide variety of
electronic information resources. Many individuals are
excluded from the abundance of knowledge accessible to
others because of factors such as their age, gender,
socioeconomic status, or race. Public libraries have a long
tradition of offering free access to knowledge, and some of
them also include online resources and Internet connection.

Public libraries are increasingly stocking up on essential

hardware, software, and network connections due to
funding from governments across the globe or charitable
groups like the Gates Family Foundation in the US.

Computers manufactured in the decades between 1940 and

1950 were impractical for use in information and library
services due to their high cost, high complexity, and high
physical size. In contrast, development on library
applications began in earnest in the 1960s, as transistors
began replacing the original valves and codes were devised
to allow for the input, storage, and output of alphabetic
letters in addition to numbers.

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In 1963, the Library of Commons (LC) conducted a study on
automation. How to adequately "describe" a work of litera-
ture to a computer was a huge challenge. After significant
discussion, including input from British colleagues, MARC
(Machine Readable Cataloging) emerged and is now widely
used by libraries worldwide to store bibliographic entries.

Computers are used in libraries to streamline administra-

tive tasks including purchasing, cataloging, circulation, and
serials management. To locate books and other library
materials, students may use the library's online catalogue.

Some academic libraries have websites where the libraries

post and update their use of OPAC (Online Public Access
Catalogue) for patron use. Educators and students alike
may use this to conduct library-wide Internet-based
resource searches at their convenience. In addition to
borrowing books from the library, students may reserve
them, propose new titles, and renew them online.
Computers at libraries allow patrons to have access to
electronic journals and databases to which the institution
subscribes.

Reference services are becoming available online, with

many libraries allowing users to chat with a librarian in real
time regardless of their location. The FAQ sections of the
websites of many libraries allow patrons to find answers to
frequently asked questions (FAQs) at any time, from any
location.

For example, the LC's reading rooms in Washington, DC, no

169
longer just provide access to printed literature, but also to a
variety of digital resources for information. It is now
possible for anybody with Internet connection to explore
the riches of a library's collection thanks to the digitization
efforts of many libraries, particularly national libraries.

Past test papers, student works, pertinent images, college

yearbooks, and frequently used printed materials are all
good candidates for digitization in a school or university
library. In cases when it is essential, copyright permission
must be obtained.

Some specific concerns about the implementation of IT in

library regulation may influence the quality of resource
management.

First, it's difficult to maintain a comfortable temperature

and humidity level in the server room. When computers are
operating at full capacity, it produces heat. However, if the
temperature becomes too high, the performance of the
computer will suffer. Similarly, if humidity is not properly
regulated, the freezing of various components of computers
may harm them and render them unusable.

In addition, when humidity levels go too high, it may cause

a short in the circuits of some electrical components inside
the computers, which can lead to both hardware failure and
data corruption. Also, the management process involves a
constant turnover of personnel, making dust management
an absolute priority.

However, preventing static charge buildup should be

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prioritized. Long-running computers will generate static
electricity due to the high volume of people entering and
exiting the building. Managers frequently overlook the
need of ensuring a secure and stable environment for their
computers, which is why hardware failures and data loss
are so common.

Second, the shortcomings of computers themselves, such as

insufficient network security, are significant roadblocks.
The vulnerability of the library management system to virus
invasions or hacker assaults is a consequence of the
Internet's open nature.

Information Science & Management Engineering Volume

III: 288 (ISME 2015)

International Conference for Information System &

Management Engineering 288 goes off without a hitch,
despite the fact that sensitive information is being stolen
and lost. However, the efficient use of IT in library
administration is hampered by reasons such as the need for
constant software updates and the slow pace at which
antivirus programs are updated.

In a nutshell, the expansion of the internet has made many

things easier and faster for people, but it also presents some
new risks. Therefore, the use of computers in library
administration still need further investigation and study.

The use of computers not only helps advance

modernization, but also raises the degree of modernity and
intelligence at which library resources are managed. In

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addition, it boosts the library's usefulness and efficiency in
doing its task.

One primary benefit is that using computers to gather and

submit documents speeds up the process. The public may
acquire the knowledge one needs more quickly if an
individual ask questions & borrow books and other
resources from the library.

Using computer technology into library resource

management makes it more standardized, which in turn
decreases human mistakes in the workplace and results in
more accurate and complete materials and information.

Using computer information technology allows for the

pooling of resources and information. All books and
resources of all types are available to the public on the
Internet. On the one hand, it raises the use and effectiveness
of library materials and services.

On the other side, it helps libraries save time and energy by

eliminating the need to keep duplicate records of their
books and other resources. Computers are the pinnacle of
contemporary technology. Its implementation boosts
productivity, helps clients out, and enhances the quality of
service provided by libraries.

This allows the library to provide cutting-edge cultural,

scientific, and technological resources while also providing
enough spiritual sustenance to the local population.

5.2. Hardware Aspects

Library automation systems rely heavily on hardware

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components, which are essential for the proper operation
and functionality of a wide range of software and
technology. The following is a list of hardware items often
found in automated libraries:

1. Servers

Library automation systems rely on servers as their primary

data processing nodes. The systems run and maintain the
databases, apps, and library management software that
libraries rely on to function. The massive volume of
information and user requests inside the library system can
only be handled by the computer power & storage capacity
provided by servers.

2. Computers

Hardware like desktop or portable computers are crucial for

library automation. These workstations are used by library
employees for accessing and managing library
administration programs, cataloging instruments,
circulation structures, and other administrative tasks.
Libraries may also provide public access computers where
users may do research, peruse electronic collections, and
complete other self-service activities.

3. Barcode Scanners

Library books may be scanned using barcode readers to

collect bibliographic data. They help with circulating
actions, managing inventory, and cataloging by allowing
for rapid and precise identification of goods. Barcode

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scanners may be either portable or fitted into a larger
equipment, such as a self-checkout or library circulation
desk.

4. RFID Readers

The radio frequency identification (RFID) reader is a

hardware device used to read the signals sent by RFID tags
affixed to library books and other items. In the areas of
registration, departure, inventory management, and
security, these readers allow for quick and contactless
recognition and monitoring of objects. RFID readers
frequently find themselves built into automated check-out
terminals, warehouse management systems, and access
control points.

5. Self-Check Machines

Self-check machines are freestanding pieces of equipment

that let library users borrow and return books without
assistance from a human staff member. Tools like
touchscreen displays, barcode readers, and RFID readers
are all part of these automated systems. Self-check devices
improve circulation, lessen the need for staff, and give
customers more freedom.

6. Security Gates

In order to stop people from sneaking off with books,

several libraries have put security gates at the doors. They
are made up of radio frequency identification (RFID)
readers and electromagnetic sensors that look for RFID tags
or security strips in books and other library materials. An

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alarm will sound to notify personnel if an item is moved
through the system without a valid checkout.

7. Printers

In libraries, printers are used for more than just printing

books and magazines; they also produce receipts for
customers, overdue notices, and catalog entries. They play
a crucial role in connecting the library with its patrons and
giving them with access to the information one needs.

8. Networking Equipment

The library's LAN or Wi-Fi cannot be set up and kept

running without networking equipment including
switches, routers, and access points. These parts allow for
interoperability across various gadgets, facilitating
interaction with and access to libraries automation systems
and digital resources without any hitches.

9. Mobile Devices

Staff and consumers alike are increasingly turning to

smartphone and tablet apps to get access to library
resources on the go. Library services including searching
the catalog, a self-check and account management are made
more convenient and portable by these devices.

These pieces of hardware, in conjunction with other

programs and databases, make up a sophisticated library
automation system. Accessing, managing, and interacting
with the services and assets of a library are made possible
through these systems.

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5.3. Firmware Aspects

Firmware, often known as microcode or an embedded

program, is designed to optimize the performance of
hardware devices. Firmware stored in memory is essential
for the proper operation of electronic devices such as
cameras, cell phones, network credit cards, drives for
optical media, printers, routers and switches, scanners, and
tv remote controls.

A common way to describe firmware is as "software for

hardware." However, firmware is not the same as software.
Instructions for initialization, interfacing with other
gadgets, and handling standard input/output operations
are all provided by firmware. When a piece of software is
downloaded and installed into a computer, it may be used
for a variety of tasks, including communication and
entertainment.

Firmware updates are often released by hardware makers

to keep their products safe and media compliant. Android
and iOS devices, for instance, get regular firmware
upgrades that improve performance, provide new features,
and patch security flaws. Accepting offers for downloading
and installing the newest patch is the standard method for
updating the firmware on devices like gaming consoles and
TVs.

The library controller stores up to two versions of firmware.

This allows the library to continue normal operations,
running one version of firmware, while individual load and

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unpack an upgraded version. Since activating firmware
requires a reboot, this allows individual to upgrade
firmware at a convenient time for library users.

After activating the upgraded code, the library retains the

previous version of code, so that individual can revert
without having to download and unpack it again. However,
reverting to a previous version of code is not recommended,
individual should only do so when instructed to by Oracle
support. The Particle platform is used by hundreds of
developers, and libraries are an integral aspect of
developing projects on the platform. A Particle library, in its
most basic definition, is a collection of firmware code which
can be readily integrated into many Particle projects.

Using high-quality libraries to construct Internet-enabled

projects and apps may drastically cut down on the hassle,
effort, and expense of making a product for the Internet of
Things. Libraries also facilitate the incorporation and use of
preexisting third party libraries in the Particle ecosystem,
making it easier to maintain and use common code blocks.

5.4. DBMS Software

Data management and organization is the primary function

of a DBMS, or database management system. Users may
manage database access and security, as well as build,
change, and query databases.

Some key features of a DBMS include

1. A database management system (DBMS) includes

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 features for data modeling, the process through
which the database's structure and connections are
specified.
2. A database management system (DBMS) stores
information in a database and retrieves it when
requested; it may also provide many ways to do
searches and queries on the information.
3. Multiple users may access the database without
interfering with one another due to the concurrency
control techniques offered by a database
management system.
4. Constraints on data values and access restrictions
that limit who may access the data are two examples
of security and integrity constraints that can be
enforced with the help of a database management
system (DBMS).
5. In the case of a system failure, a DBMS will provide
features for backing up the data and restoring it.

Data management and organization is the primary function

of a DBMS, or database management system. Users may
manage database access and security, as well as build,
change, and query databases.

A database is a collection of connected information that is

organized into various structures (tables, views, schemas,
reports, etc.) to facilitate efficient data retrieval, insertion,
and deletion. Data regarding students, teachers,
administrators, and other campus personnel may all be
stored and retrieved efficiently in a university database.

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The four distinct varieties of data languages are:

• Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Data Control Language(DCL)
• Transactional Control Language (TCL).

A library database isn't enough on its own, however; it also

requires a suite of tools that allow for easy data entry,
editing, and retrieval. The term "library database
management system" (DBMS) is used to describe this suite
of applications.

There are three things to keep in mind while creating a

database management system:

1. Library patrons' requirements or software

applications
2. Database Management System for Libraries
3. The Library Catalogue System

The term "data maintenance" refers to the process of adding,

removing, modifying, and updating information stored in
digital formats such as binary and high-level files. In either
case, data must be converted into a binary form for storage
at both the point of origin and the point of
translation/delivery.

Data (whether it be text, photos, scientific and financial

information, etc.) is often altered at a somewhat higher level
in a manner appropriate to its contents. It also includes the
long-term storage, backup, and maintenance of all this
information.

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Library databases dissemination: if the campus is
adequately networked, the contents may be made available
on the Intranet with little investment from the library's end.
Borrowed external material may also be hosted more easily
using this method. When made available through the
Internet, however, access to these materials must be
controlled in some way, whether by login/password or IP
filtering: It has never been a problem for the library to put
its own materials online.

Beyond national bandwidth limits, the number of

anticipated simultaneous users and the quantity of
information to be stored are important factors in
determining the Internet infrastructure needed to host the
digital library. Videos of 1 Mbps may be seen in real time,
and 1 Gbit LAN technology is becoming commonplace. As
a result, content delivery issues shouldn't arise at
universities with a fully operational Intranet and lease line
connections from VSNL or other ISPs.

Information technology and the management of

information will be crucial in the future. The importance of
knowledge to a country's economic and social growth is
well-established. In recent years, knowledge has become
more valuable than any other material asset.

Information storage, generation, manipulation, and

transmission are given priority, thus the significance given
to the newly developing 'high tech' fields such as
telecommunications, computing, biotechnology, etc. Now,
let's take a quick look at the benefits that may be gained by

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becoming digital. The use of laptops in libraries has several
benefits.

A library's many services may always be improved upon for

the good of its patrons. As we've seen, the benefits of
computerization in libraries are many, but that doesn't
mean it'll fix all the issues plaguing them right now. The
reputation of the institution and the librarian will increase
if the librarian is able to enhance the current array of library
services.

The misuse of resources for individual benefit is the

primary issue. Therefore, it is important to focus on
protecting the premises itself, limiting who may enter, and
monitoring how the tools are used. Individuals in charge of
the computer operation ought to be primarily responsible to
track the usage of machines and applications to ensure the
system have not been hacked, since the ordinary campus
security staff is not entitled to an understanding of
computer technology.

The security team should be consulted on matters of access

control and building security. It's a frequent flaw that just
one worker opens the door, but numerous others use it to
sneak in. This is more of a management issue than a security
one. The solution is strict oversight and a zero-tolerance
policy for infractions. Libraries that have embraced
computerization have seen significant time savings in areas
such as storage, handling, processing, retrieval, etc.

Because of this, both library staff and patrons will benefit

181
from a significant reduction in the time it takes to acquire
and make materials available to them via the use of
computer networking.

Advantages of using a DBMS:

• Data organizing: A DBMS enables the organization

and storing of data in an organized way, facilitating
the retrieval and querying of data as required.
• Data integrity: a database management system
offers tools for implementing limitations on data
integrity, such as limits on data values and have
access controls that limit who may access the data.
• Multiple users should be able to access the database
without interfering with one another due to the
synchronization methods provided by a database
management system (DBMS).
• Data encryption and access management are only
two for instances of how a DBMS may keep their
information safe.
• Data backup and restoration capabilities are another
important feature of a database management
system.
• When working in a team, it may be helpful for
everyone to have access to the same information,
and a database management system (DBMS) makes
this possible.

Some of the features of a DBMS include:

• Users of a database management system (DBMS)

182
 may create data elements like tables, columns, and
connections between them.
• Manipulation of Data: Users of a DBMS may add,
modify, and remove information from the
database's contents, as well as access the
information via queries.
• To safeguard information and stop it from falling
into the wrong hands or being corrupted, a database
management system (DBMS) includes security
measures.
• Constraint enforcement using methods like specific
keys, secondary keys, and verification of constraints
are how a database management system (DBMS)
helps ensure data quality and consistency.
• In the event of losing information or corruption, a
DBMS will provide features for backing up the
database and restoring the data.
There are several types of DBMS, including:
1. In a relational database management system
(RDBMS), data is organized into rows and columns
in tables, and queries are written in a language
called Structured Query Language (SQL).
2. An Object-Oriented Database Management System
(OODBMS) treats data as objects that may be
accessed and modified via the use of object-oriented
languages.
3. NoSQL database management systems are database
management systems that don't rely on traditional
relational database tables to store information.

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5.5. Digital Initiative

Via bit stream and digital data, this immense treasury of

knowledge may be accessed with ease. The government has
started funding digital library initiatives because of the
many benefits of DLs, including the ability to store vast
amounts of data in a variety of formats, do precise searches
on that data, make that data available from several locations
at once, download that data instantly, contribute to that
data quickly, etc.

When it comes to archiving and retrieving data, digital

libraries including scientific resources like e-journals,
databases, and mission-specific information sources are
invaluable. The creation of digital archives of historically
significant printed works from the fields of art and culture
also plays an important part in keeping these traditions
alive. The media and entertainment material found in
digital libraries has already begun to permeate people's
daily lives.

Because of this crucial need, international groups emerged

to support digital libraries and uphold industry norms. The
DLI is the largest digital library in India on a national scale.
Initiated by the Carnegie Mellon University in the United
States, the Global Digital Library Project also includes China
and Egypt as international partners.

The Indian Ministry of Information Technology and

Communications funds and manages DLI under the
direction of the Indian Institute of Sciences in Bangalore.

184
The goal is to provide a platform for India's Digital Library
that would encourage innovation and provide universal,
open access to information. To get started on this goal, it has
been suggested to build a Digital Library with one million
books, mostly in Indian languages, and make them freely
accessible online.

This hub will also serve as a central repository for the data
and digital materials produced by India's many digital
library projects. In the early 1990s, digitization efforts were
initiated at several significant libraries across the globe. The
Cornell Institute for Digital Collection is carrying on the
work begun by the Cornell Digital Access Coalition in 1992.
At Yale University Open Books Project, which began in
1992, has digitized its collection of tiny filmed volumes of
19th and 20th century books. The National Science
Foundation (NSF) has been supporting the United States
Digital Library Initiative since its inception in 1994.

In the late 1990s, the United Kingdom began a series of

programs to create digital libraries. The British Library
played a significant role in the advancement and
digitization efforts in the United Kingdom. The public
library system in the United Kingdom has become an
integral part of the country's "National Grid for Learning"

Notable among Open University digital library efforts

include the Open University in Hong Kong (OUHK)
Electronic libraries and the United Kingdom's Open
University (UKOU) Library.

OUHK's instructors, staff, and students have 24/7 access to

185
the library's electronic resources, including e-books and
other reference materials. Students at the UK Open
University may use their login credentials to get access to a
variety of online resources. It also includes references to and
links to other open-access journals.

The Open University's Institute for Educational Technology

is home to the International Centre for distant Learning
(ICDL), which has a digital library with resources for distant
education. India is making progress as well. In India, many
efforts are being made to embrace digital technology.

With the proliferation of computers, the growth of the

internet, and the encouragement of the Indian government,
digital libraries were first introduced to India in the mid-
1990s. This idea gained traction in 1996 at the Society for
Information Science's Conference for Digital Libraries in
Bangalore. The digital library program in India is still in its
early stages, despite the fact that several libraries have
attempted attempts in this area before.

Most digital library projects were restricted in scope,

serving only as a means to subscribe to electronic journals,
scan papers, and upload them to an internal network.

While the Information Technology (IT) and ICTs are

currently only used by the most prestigious national
institutes like the Indian "Institutes for Technologies (IIT)”
Indian Schools of Management (IIM)," Indian Institutes of
Sciences (IIS), Research Institutes under the control of
National information for science and technology (NISSAT),

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and a few select Libraries in India, this situation urgently
needs to change.

Public libraries, including those in the government, have

started digitizing their holdings. However, as can be seen
from the efforts made so far, the entire potential for
information and communication technology for creating
digital libraries has not yet been tapped.

In India, the Digital Library India (DLI) is the largest digital

library initiative. The Carnegie Mellon University from the
United States started the Universal Library Project, and now
universities in China and Egypt are involved as well. DLI is
managed by the Indian Institute for Science in Bangalore
with support from the Indian government's Department of
Information Technology and Communications.

It is imperative that a foundation be laid in India's Digital

Library in order to foster creativity and make knowledge
available to everybody. It has been proposed that one
million books, primarily in Indian languages, be digitized
and made freely available online as a first step toward
achieving this objective. The information and digital
resources created by India's many electronic library
initiatives will be stored here.

In libraries, several different kinds of network protocols are

employed. Local area networks (LANs), which connect
computers in a certain geographic region, will be standard
issue. There may be a single LAN or several LANs. If there
are several LANs in operation or if a single building

187
contains multiple libraries that all belong to the same parent
organization, the libraries may connect to the campus and
backbone networks. The LAN serves as the network's brain,
communicating with other networks through the Internet.

The protocol that networks use and its function inside the
network should be understood well before continuing with
Network. It is helpful to have a standard operating
procedure in place for dealing with specific scenarios and
conveying certain demands. A protocol is a standard
procedure for coordinating the transfer of information
between computers.

The internet, however, is much too intricate to use just one

protocol. There is a long list of prerequisites for two
machines to establish communication. All of these processes
occur concurrently and rely on one another. Instead, the
success of one endeavor depends on the success of another.
These layered forms of communication and engagement are
characterized by their variety. In order for two devices to
exchange data with one another, many intermediate stages,
or "layers," must be carried out.

Networking protocols are now universally standardized.

To give it its proper title, "Open Systems Interconnect
Reference Model," or "OSI Reference Model" for short. In
this model, there are a total of seven levels of protocols. The
theoretical framework of the way various networking
operations are carried out is often referred to in discussions
of networking.

The importance of library cooperation should be

188
emphasized in the library and data services policy of every
country.

A national center should be chosen or established in each

country to oversee and organize library networking on a
national and regional scale.

The third way in which library professionals may network

is via the use of electronic discussion groups, which can be
initiated and monitored on a regional basis.

Public and academic libraries, in particular, need to

upgrade and modernize their services in response to the rise
and difficulties of the Information Society.

A national group or other agency should convene interested

parties to explore the prospect of developing a regional
consortium when a community of persons comes together.
This ought to act as inspiration for developing leaders in:

• Local licensing and procurement consortium

formation.
• Business engagement promotion.
• Openness culture development.
• Rulemaking are all activities that need to be
addressed.

5.6. Multimedia

Multimedia is any kind of material that combines more than

one media type. This is in contrast to types of media that
rely only on text-based or conventional computer displays,
such as printed or hand-produced information.

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Multimedia refers to any material that combines two or
more of the following: text, audio, still pictures, animation,
video, or interaction. Multimedia includes anything that
may be heard or seen, such as words in books, music, and
photographs.

"Multimedia" refers to the use of not only text, graphics, and

pictures, but also audio and moving visuals. A Multimedia
Program is one that makes use of a variety of different types
of media, including but not limited to text, graphics, photos,
sound/audio, animation, and video.

In a nutshell, one may say the following:

“Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer

controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and
moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other
media where every type of information can be represented,
stored, transmitted and processed digitally.”

• Multimedia in Library

Multimedia collections are being compiled by several major

libraries, such as the Library on Congress (LC), the British
Library, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), and
many more. Reference and instructional multimedia
materials are the most sought after in libraries. Database e-
books, software, and training boxes, entertainment, leisure,
etc., fall into this broader category as well. Multimedia
personal computers (MPCs) are available in large numbers
in the American Centre Library, the British Council
Libraries, and a select few other Delhi libraries.

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Advantages of Multimedia in Library Science:

1. Multimedia makes the application simple, exciting,

and wonderful, and it's also very user-friendly.
2. It improves how well we learn.
3. With the use of multimedia, individual may include
engaging noises and moving pictures.
4. Multimedia facilitates easy navigation and
browsing.
5. It allows for better networking and pooling of
resources.
6. It offers high-quality video, images, and tests.
7. The flexibility to explore and learn from multimedia
is the benefit it provides.
8. Multimedia may be used in many different ways to
generate a 3-D impression of an item.

Disadvantages of Multimedia in Library Science:

1. This is especially challenging for independent

record labels due to the high cost of producing
multimedia content.
2. Competent personnel are needed for media
production and administration.
3. It’s not easy to convert and store all of the
multimedia digital resources.
4. There was a need for specialized hardware and
software.
5. Insufficient search and pattern recognition tools
make it difficult to find what individual need.

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5.7. Statistical Applications In computer

Library The gathering, tabulation, presentation, and

development of a connection of data with social, economic,
natural, and other problems in order to reach
predetermined purposes constitute the science and art of
statistics.

Statistics play an important role in the operations of

governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the
contemporary period.

A department's or organization's success or failure may be

gauged by looking at its statistics. It reflects change as if in
a mirror.

An organizational or departmental plan for the future year.

The vast majority of statisticians' efforts are focused on
scientific inquiry.

5.7.1. Purpose Library Statistics

The use of statistics in the design and implementation of

human areas is widely recognized as a crucial mechanism.
The Library Director relies on Statistics for the following to
ensure smooth running of the Library.

1. Assemble the yearly report.

2. To evaluate how well various divisions are working.
3. The team will be forming a new division and
assessing its performance.
4. To compensate for the increase in the distribution of
library funds and employee profit.

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 5. Value/importance in demonstrating library success
to administration:

The importance of statistics is as follows:

1. It should reflect the quality of work done by the

library administration and staff.
2. Work is evaluated in different ways at various times
of the year.
3. It represents the library's rise and fall.
4. Only quantitative methods, such as statistics, are
used in the library's growth and long-term planning.
5. The library's patrons and holdings may be gleaned
by statistical analysis.
6. Annual reports should be based on statistics.
7. It streamlines the library's operations.
5.7.2. Kinds of Library Statistics
The library is divided into terms of functions and services.
Therefore, all departments should keep statistics on their
activities. Statistics can be generated for the following
departments. Statistics built into the library can be divided
into three classes.

1. Regarding technical departments

Technical departments can be divided into the following

parts:

• Acquisition Department

The Acquisitions Department of a library is responsible for

gathering books and other written materials from a wide
variety of publishers and other suppliers.

193
 o By Purchase
o By gift
o By exchange

Therefore, it is necessary to make a figure of how many

books were obtained through which medium.

• Classification:

This section keeps track of classification data, such as the

number of books that were categorized each day from
incoming textual materials and by which employee.

• Cataloging:

Information is generated such as the number of books listed

daily under this category, the number of entries made for
each book, who categorised the books, etc.

• Periodical Section:

Magazines in the library are also received in three ways:

o By purchase
o By gift and
o By the exchange.

It is monthly, quarterly, monthly, or yearly. It is necessary

to make statistics for the details of this income expenditure.

2. Statistics to service department

The departments that deal directly with the readers are the
service functioning departments. Any reduction or increase
in this section's output will be felt by the readers. The
following divisions fall under this umbrella.

194
 • Circulation section

This department makes the following functions related:

o Membership Related
o Reservation of books
o Delay is punitive
o Issue of books

• Reference Service and Documentation

Department it occurs

By which the researcher's interest can be estimated, the

statistics for this department are presented as follows.

o Number of books consulted

o Number of reference stations
3. Documentation Section

Since the Documentation Department offers a wide variety

of services to the library's readership in an effort to increase
research activity, it is essential that accurate records be
maintained.

4. Income-expenditure Statistics

There are usually two types of grants available in the library

through government and numbers.

o Recurrence
o Non-recurrence

Statistics are utilized for the data, so it is easy to see how

much money was brought into the library and how much
was spent on books, magazines, and other materials.

195
References
[1] Bates, M.J. and Maack, M.N. (eds.). (2010).
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences.
Vol. 1–7. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. Also
available as an electronic source.
[2] Library and Information Sciences is the name used
in the Dewey Decimal Classification for class 20
from the 18th edition (1971) to the 22nd edition
(2003)
[3] "Schrettinger, Martin (Ordensname Willibald)"
[Schrettinger, Martin (religious name Willibald)].
Deutsche Biographie (in German). Archived from
the original on April 15, 2021.
[4] "Dewey Resources". OCLC. 2014. Archived from the
original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved August 14,
2021.
[5] Harris, Michael H. (1995). History of Libraries in the
Western World. 4th ed. Lanham, Maryland 3 – "The
distinction between a library and an archive is
relatively modern". Scarecrow.
[6] "Accreditation Frequently Asked Questions:What is
the difference between the MLS, the MILS, the MLIS,
etc.?". American Library Association. 2017.
Archived from the original on October 20, 2020.
Retrieved August 14, 2021.
[7] Cossette, Andre (2009). Humanism and Libraries:
An Essay on the Philosophy of Librarianship.
Duluth, MN: Library Juice Press.

196
 [8] Tengström, E. (1993). Biblioteks – och
informationsvetenskapen – ett fler- eller tvar-
vetenskapligt område? Svensk
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