stanta: Averag A cheetah is crouched 20 m to the east of an observer (Fig. 2.6). At time ¢ = 0 the cheetah begins to run due east toward an antelope that is 50 m to the east of the observer. During the first 2.0 s of the attack, the cheetah’s coordinate x varies with time according to the equation x = 20 m + (5.0 m/s*)t?. (a) Find the cheetah’s displacement between t) = 1.0 sand f, = 2.0 s. (b) Find its average velocity during that interval. (c) Find its instantaneous velocity at t) = 1.0 s by taking Ar = 0.1 , then 0.01 s, then 0.001 s. (d) Derive an expression for the cheetah’s instantaneous velocity as a function of time, and use it to find v, at = 1.0 sand ¢ = 2.0 s. Ea Average acceleration An astronaut has left an orbiting spacecraft to test a new personal maneuvering unit, As she moves along a straight line, her partner on the spacecraft measures her velocity every 2.0's, starting at time t= 10 t A 10s 0.8 m/s 90s 0.4 m/s 30s 1.2 m/s 110s ~1.0 mls 5.0s 1.6 m/s 13.0s =1.6 m/s 70s 1.2 m/s 150s —0.8 m/s Find the average x-acceleration, and state whether the speed of the astronaut increases or decreases over each of these 2.0-s time intervals: (a) f) = 1.05 to tf) = 3.0 s;(b)f) = 5.0 stot = 7.0 s; (©) ty = 9.0 s to ty = 11.0 s;(d) 4) = 13.0 stoty = 15.0 s.Ey Average and instantaneous accelerations Suppose the x-velocity v, of the car in Fig. 2.11 at any time 1 is given by the equation v, = 60 m/s + (0.50 m/s*)t? (a) Find the change in x-velocity of the car in the time interval 1) = 10s to tf) = 3.0 s. (b) Find the average x-acceleration in this time interval. (c) Find the instantaneous x-acceleration at time 1, = 1.0 s by taking Af to be first 0.1 s, then 0.01 s, then 0.001 s. () Derive an expression for the instantaneous x-acceleration as a function of time, and use it to find a att = 1.0 sand t = 3.0 s. Cee a Constant-acceleration calculations A motorcyclist heading east through a small town accelerates at a constant 4.0 m/s? after he leaves the city limits (Fig. 2.20). At time f = 0 he is 5.0 m east of the city-limits signpost, moving east at 15 m/s. (a) Find his position and velocity at t= 2.0 s. (b) Where is he when his velocity is 25 m/s? \ — Eau Two bodies with different accelerations - ‘A motorist traveling with a constant speed of 15 m/s (about | 34 mi/h) passes a school-crossing corner, where the speed limit is 10 m/s (about 22 mi/h). Just as the motorist passes the school- crossing sign, a police officer on a motorcycle stopped there starts in pursuit with a constant acceleration of 3.0 m/s” (Fig. 2.21a). (a) | How much time elapses before the officer passes the motorist? (b) | What is the officer’s speed at that time? (c) At that time, what dis-, tance has each vehicle traveled? :A one-curo coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls freely from rest. What are its position and velocity after 1.0 s, 2.0 s, and 3.0 s? ‘You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball leaves your hand at a point even with the roof railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s; the ball is then in free fall. On its way back down, it just misses the railing. Find (a) the ball’s posi- tion and velocity 1.00 s and 4.00 s after leaving your hand; (b) the ball’s velocity when it is 5.00 m above the railing; (c) the maxi- mum height reached; (d) the ball’s acceleration when it is at its maximum height. Ea EZ Two solutions or one? At what time after being released has the ball in Example 2.7 fallen 5.00 m below the roof railing? EEE Motion with changing acceleration Sally is driving along a straight highway in her 1965 Mustang. At = 0, when she is moving at 10 m/s in the positive x-direction, she passes a signpost at x = 50 m. Her x-acceleration as a func- tion of time is a, = 2.0 m/s? — (0.10 m/s*)t (a) Find her x-velocity v, and position x as functions of time. (b) When is her x-velocity greatest? (c) What is that maximum aeyelocity? (d) Where is the car when it reaches that maximum x-velocity?