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Environmental
Biotechnology
About the Authors
Bruce E. Rittmann, Ph.D., is Regents' Professor of Environmental
Engineering and Director of the Biodesign Swette Center for
Environmental Biotechnology at Arizona State University. He is the
recipient of the Clarke Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Water
Science and Technology and the Stockholm Water Prize. Dr. Rittmann
is a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers
and a Member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Second Edition
ISBN: 978-1-26-044161-1
MHID: 1-26-044161-X
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-044160-4,
MHID: 1-26-044160-1.
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marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe-
ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
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TERMSOFUSE
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Contents
Preface....................................................... xv
1 Moving Toward Sustainability. . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 1
1.1 Water Uses and Resources................................. 1
1.2 Wastewater's Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Sustainability............................................ 4
1.5 The Role of Environmental Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Organization of the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Basics of Microbiology. • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 9
2.1 The Microbial Cell........................................ 10
2.2 Microbial Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Pro.karyotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure and Function . . . . . 15
2.3.2 Phylogenic Lineages of Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.3 Phylogenic Lineages of Archaea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Eukarya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.1 Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.3 Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.4 Other Multicellular Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.6 Infectious Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 Biochemistry, Metabolism, Genetics, and Information Flow. . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Biochemistry............................................ 51
3.1.1 Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1.2 Enzyme Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.1.3 Regulating Enzyme Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 Energy Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.1 Electron and Energy Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.2 Energy and Electron Investments..................... 61
3.3 Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.1 Catabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3.2 Anabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.3.3 Metabolism and Trophic Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.4 Genetics and Information Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
y
Yi Contents
Hän kohteli Oleńkaa kuin ruhtinatarta, mutta teki sen sillä tavoin,
että taaskaan ei ollut helppoa päästä selville, tekikö hän sen
yksinomaan tytön takia vai johtuiko se hänen synnynnäisestä ja
tavaksi tulleesta kohteliaisuudestaan kauniimpaa sukupuolta
kohtaan.
Mikä neito olisi voinut vastustaa tätä ihanuutta, mikä hyve pitää
puoliaan tämmöistä lumousta vastaan?… Karttaa nuorta ruhtinasta
oli aivan mahdotonta, kun asui saman katon alla ja nautti hänen
kuninkaallista vieraanvaraisuuttaan. Sitäpaitsi Oleńka oli mielellään
lähtenyt Taurogiin, sillä hän ikävöi pois kolkosta Kiejdanysta, aivan
kuin ritarillinen Boguslawkin, joka hänen edessään teeskenteli
rakkautta hylättyyn kuninkaaseen ja isänmaahan, ikävöi pois julkisen
petturin, Janusz-ruhtinaan luota. Taurogissa olonsa alkuaikoina
Oleńka oli täynnä myötätuntoa nuorta ruhtinasta kohtaan, ja kun
hän pian huomasi, miten innokkaasti ruhtinas tavoitteli hänen
ystävyyttään, niin hän käytti vaikutusvaltaansa tehdäkseen ihmisille
hyvää.
Hänen sukunsa oli liian alhainen, jotta hänestä olisi voinut tulla
Radziwillin vaimo, liian ylhäinen, jotta hänestä olisi voinut tulla
tämän rakastajatar. Turhaan ruhtinas itse koetti saada hänet toiseen
käsitykseen, turhaan ruhtinas lemmenkiihkossaan osaksi laskelmia
tehden ja osaksi vilpittömästi toisti usein sen, mitä oli puhunut
heidän ensi kertaa tavatessaan Kiejdanyssa, nimittäin että Radziwillit
ovat useamman kuin yhden kerran menneet naimisiin tavallisen
aatelisneidon kanssa. Tuommoiset ajatukset eivät tarttuneet häneen,
samoin kuin vesi ei tartu joutsenen rintaan. Hän pysyi semmoisena
kuin oli, kiitollisena, ystävyyttä tuntevana, ihailevana; hän etsi
lohdutusta ajattelemalla sankaria, mutta sydän oli tyyni.
— Puhukaa!
Ruhtinas pysähtyi.
— Hyvä on!
— En tarvitse sukkeluuksianne!
— Hölmö!