BES 116

Fluid Mechanics
Quiz (1/4) 5 min.
Perform the following unit conversions:
6. 5 hp = _______ W
1. 1 Gg = _______ kg
7. 1 N = _______ kg
2. 1 month of January = _____ hr
8. 1 Bar = _______ kPa
3. 0.5 ha = _______ m

4. 1 kW = _____ J/s 9. 5 ̊̊̊̊̊̊C

̊̊̊ = ________ Kelvin

5. What is the standard atmospheric 10. 9.8 m/s^2 = ________ft/s^2

pressure in (pascal)?

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Common Basic Units

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
• It is a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in
motion, and with applications and devices in engineering using fluids.
• Fluid mechanics can be subdivided into two major areas:
1. Fluid statics - which deals with fluids at rest
2. Fluid dynamics - concerned with fluids in motion.

The term hydrodynamics is applied to the flow of liquids or to low-velocity

gas flows where the gas can be considered as being essentially
incompressible.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Hydraulics
• Hydraulics deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering
devices involving liquids, usually water or oil.

• Hydraulics deals with such problems as the flow of fluids through pipes
or in open channels, the design of storage dams, pumps, and water
turbines, and with other devices for the control or use of liquids, such as
nozzles, valves, jets, and flowmeters.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Application of Fluid Mechanics to ABE
• Irrigation Systems Design: Fluid mechanics is used to design efficient
irrigation systems that ensure water is distributed evenly across fields.
Understanding flow rates, pressure, and the behavior of water in pipes
and channels helps in optimizing water use and minimizing wastage.
• Crop Spraying: In precision agriculture, the application of pesticides
and fertilizers needs to be precise. Fluid mechanics is employed to
design and calibrate spraying equipment to ensure uniform coverage
and minimize drift.
• Soil Erosion Control: Knowledge of fluid mechanics is essential in
designing erosion control structures like silt fences, check dams, and
terraces. These structures are designed to slow down and control the
flow of water, preventing soil erosion.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• Post-Harvest Handling: Fluid mechanics is applied to design and optimize
systems for handling and processing agricultural products. This includes the
design of conveyors, pneumatic transport systems, and sorting equipment.
• Greenhouse Ventilation: In controlled environment agriculture, such as
greenhouses, fluid mechanics is used to design ventilation systems to
regulate temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Proper ventilation is
essential for plant health and growth.
• Livestock Housing: For biosystems engineering, designing ventilation
systems in livestock housing is critical for maintaining air quality and animal
comfort. Fluid mechanics helps in designing systems that control temperature,
humidity, and air circulation.
• Biological Waste Treatment: Fluid mechanics is used in the design of
systems for treating agricultural and livestock waste. Understanding how fluids
flow through treatment processes is important for efficient and environmentally
friendly waste management.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• Food Processing: In the food industry, fluid mechanics is applied to
design and optimize processes such as mixing, pumping, and heat
transfer. This is crucial for the production of food products like dairy,
beverages, and sauces.
• Aquaculture: Fluid mechanics plays a role in designing and managing
water flow in aquaculture systems, such as fish tanks and ponds. Proper
water circulation and aeration are essential for the health and growth of
aquatic organisms.
• Biological Transport Systems: In biosystems engineering, fluid
mechanics is used to model and analyze biological transport processes,
such as the movement of fluids in plants or animals. This knowledge can
aid in the development of medical devices and drug delivery systems.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• Bioprocessing: In biotechnology and bioprocessing, fluid mechanics is
applied to optimize bioreactor design and operation. This is critical for
the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and other bioproducts.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Fluid mechanics principles are
used to assess the environmental impact of agricultural and biosystems
engineering practices, such as water runoff and pollutant dispersion.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Debate: Is Grain/s a Fluid or a Solid Substance?

Position 1: Proponents of Fluid Classification

Position 2: Proponents of Solid Classification

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Matter
• Matter is the substance that makes up everything in the
physical universe.
• It is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Matter can exist in various states, primarily as solids, liquids,
and gases, but there are also other exotic states of matter like
plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
States of Matter:
• Solid: In a solid, particles are closely packed together and
have a fixed shape and volume.

• Liquid: In a liquid, particles are still close together, but they

can move past each other, giving liquids a fixed volume but
not a fixed shape.

• Gas: In a gas, particles are widely spaced and have no fixed

shape or volume. Gases fill the entire container they are in.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Classification of Fluids

University of Southeastern Philippines

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Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Newtonian Fluids:
• These are fluids that obey Newton's law of viscosity.
• In a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress (force per unit area) is
directly proportional to the velocity gradient (rate of change
of velocity with respect to distance) in the direction
perpendicular to the plane of shear.
• In other words, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid is constant,
and it flows in a linear and predictable manner.
• Common examples of Newtonian fluids include water, air,
and most oils.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton's law of
viscosity.
In these fluids, the relationship between shear
stress and velocity gradient is not linear, and the
viscosity can vary with shear rate, temperature,
pressure, or other factors.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Properties of Fluids

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Example. You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the
beach. It is 30 centimeters on each side, and so has a volume of
27,000 cm3. It is made of granite, which has a typical density of 2.8
g/cm3. Calculate the mass of the boulder.
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Example. You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the
beach. It is 30 centimeters on each side, and so has a volume of
27,000 cm3. It is made of granite, which has a typical density of 2.8
g/cm3.Calculate the specific volume?

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Consider two large, parallel plates at a small
distance y apart, the space between them
being filled with a fluid. Consider the upper
plate to be subject to a force F so as to move
with a constant velocity U. The fluid in contact
with the upper plate will adhere to it and will
move with the same velocity U while the fluid in
contact with the fixed plate will have a zero
velocity.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
For small values of U and y, the velocity gradient can be assumed to be a straight
line and F varies as A, U and y as:

where the constant of proportionality k is called the dynamic of

absolute viscosity denoted as μ.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Viscosity Measurement
Rotating-Drum Viscometer

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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Capillary Tube Viscometer

Where,
D is the inside diameter of the
tube,
v is the fluid velocity, and
L is the length of the tube between
points 1 and 2 where the pressure
difference is measured.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
SURFACE TENSION (SIGMA)
The membrane of "skin" that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to
the intermolecular cohesive forces, and is known as surface tension.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
 Capillarity
Capillary action – the ability of a liquid to flow in a narrow
space without the assistance of external forces like gravity.
Cohesion - the internal forces between adjacent molecules of a
fluid that cause them to stick together. These forces are also
known as intermolecular forces, which are responsible for the
surface tension of a liquid.

Adhesion – the attraction between molecules of a fluid and a solid

surface that it is in contact with. This is due to the intermolecular
forces that exist between the fluid and the solid surface.

40
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Capillary is important
when using tubes
smaller than about 3/8
inch (9.5 mm) in
diameter.
 For complete wetting, as with water on clean
glass, the angle 0 is 0°. Hence the formula
becomes

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Pressure Inside a Droplet of Liquid:

University of Southeastern Philippines

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Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Problem:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Sample Problem:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Problem:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
COMPRESSIBILITY, β
Compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility) is
the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in
pressure in a constant- temperature process.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, EB
The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid expresses the compressibility
of the fluid. It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the
corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Sample Problem 1:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Sample Problem 2:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Sample Problem:

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering