Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Dr SINDHU M R
Image Source: Denso
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Electric Vehicles with at least two modes of
Propulsion Systems

• Battery/ ICE
• Gasoline/Flywheel
• Diesel/Electric
• Fuel Cell/Battery

Image Source: NPTEL

Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Merits:
• Reduces Emission
• Improves Fuel Efficiency
• Increase in Vehicle Performance

Demerits:
• Increase in Vehicle Complexity
• Increase in Vehicle Cost
• Increase in Vehicle Weight
Hybrid Electric Drive Train
Image Source: insideevs.com
 History of hybrid vehicle
• 1890 - To extend the electric vehicle's range, Porsche added a gasoline engine that could recharge the
batteries, the first hybrid, the Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil .

• Early Hybrid Vehicles

• 1900 - Series hybrid - Porsche - A gasoline engine to power a generator which, in turn, drove motors.

• 1915 - Parallel Hybrid - Woods - Dual Power hybrid vehicle, an electric battery motor to power the
engine at low speeds (below 25km/h) and gasoline engine for low speeds up to its 55km/h

• 1918 - The Woods Dual Power was the first hybrid to go into mass production . However, the
evolution of the internal combustion engine left electric power a marginal technology
History of hybrid vehicle (Contd..)
• 1960 - Victor Wouk - numerous hybrid designs - “Godfather of the Hybrid”..
• 1978 -The Regenerative Braking System, was first designed and developed in 1978 by David Arthurs.

• Modern Period of Hybrid History

• 1990s -Automakers took a renewed interest in the hybrid, seeking a solution to dwindling energy supplies
and environmental concerns and created modern history of hybrid car
• 1997 -The Audi Duo was the first European hybrid car put into mass production.
• 2000 - The Honda Insight and Toyota Prius were two of the first mainstream Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• 2005 – A hybrid Ford Escape, the SUV, was released in 2005. Toyota and Ford essentially swapped patents
with one another

• Present Status of Hybrid Electric vehicle

• As well as cars, hybrid motorcycles, pickups, vans, and other road going vehicles available to the consumer
and the list is continually increasing.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle - Architecture

Auxiliary Power Unit(APU)

Energy Storage System (Battery)
Power Converter
Control System
Regenerative Braking (KERS)
Cooling Units/Thermal Management
Motor-Generator Unit
Power Split Device(PSD)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle – Architecture (contd..)

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Hybrid Vehicles - Topologies
• Series Hybrid (Chevrolet)
• Range Extender Vehicle (BMW i3)

• Parallel Hybrid
• 12V Micro Hybrid(Mahindra, Suzuki)
• 48V Mild Hybrid (Audi)

• Series Parallel Hybrid

• Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) (Toyota Prius)

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

• The electric motor acts as prime mover, and the

engine (APU) is used for charging the battery pack
• Generator may either charge the battery pack or runs
the electric motor that drives the wheels
• When battery SoC becomes less than the desired
value, APU turns on and begins recharging the battery.
• Perform best in stop – and –go- driving.
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Merits
• Minimum Emission
• Lesser Fuel Consumption

Demerits
• Electric Motor required is comparatively large
• Costlier
• Bigger battery pack for long range
Series Hybrid Drive Train
Series Hybrid – Range Extender Vehicle

• Regenerative Braking

• The electric motor switches to generator

mode

• Maintain the charge of lithium – ion

battery at a constant level
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

• Both the engine and electric motor drive the

wheels

• Battery is charged by switching the electric

motor as generator

• Battery is used to drive the wheels

• System cannot drive the wheels from the

electric motor while simultaneously charging
the battery
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Merits
• Minimal effort required for hybridisation
• Retro fitment is possible
• Longer driving range

Demerits
• More emission compared to series hybrid
• Packaging the system is more complex
• Smaller battery Pack leads to smaller electric
range
Parallel Hybrid Drive Train

K1,k2 constants determined by torque coupling

12V MicroHybrid
• Basic level of vehicle hybridisation
• When the vehicle idles, switches OFF the
engine
• Switches the engine ON, when started
• Burns less fuel, reduce pollution
• Vehicle start stop done by starter motor
• Lowest size of the battery
12V MicroHybrid
Merits:
• CO2 reduction will be 3 – 6 %
• Fuel Consumption reduction is by 3 – 6%
• Energy recovery

Demerits:
• Starter Motor
• Fuel saving potential not as high as a hybrid
• Some vehicle functions may not work if the stop time is too long
48V MildHybrid
• Superior to Microhybrid
• Lower cost than Full Hybrid
• Provides 40 -50% of benefit full hybrid vehicle
• Only 30% of cost hybridisation

Merits:
• CO2 reduction 7 – 9%
• Fuel consumption reduction 7 – 9%
• Energy recovery
48V Mild Hybrid
Demerits:
• Fuel saving potential not as high as a hybrid
• City driving pattern may lead to lesser fuel economy benefits

Compared to the 12 Volt, 48 Volt Mild Hybrids:

• Boost fuel efficiency upto 10 to 15%
• Deliver four times power without increasing engine size
• Reduce CO2 emission by 25%
• offers upto 25% more torque
• Provide upto 70% of overall fuel savings benefit
 Series – Parallel Hybrid Vehicle
• Combines the series hybrid with the parallel
hybrid to maximise the benefits of both
• Depending on the driving conditions, uses
• only the electric motor or
• the driving power from both the electric motor and
the engine
• in order to achieve the highest efficiency level

• Eg: Prius and the Estima Hybrid

Power Flow in Hybrid Vehicles
Plug in Hybrid Vehicle

• Hybrid Topology with Charging Mechanism

• Eg: An on board charge or external charger
• For Long range, ICE with Transmission system
• For Short range, Battery with Electric Motor
Modes of Operation of Hybrid Vehicle
• Engine Idle Stop/Start

• Electric Torque ASSISTANCE

• Regenerative Braking (Energy Recuperation)

• Electric Driving

• Battery Charging

• Coasting
Engine and Motor Modes of operation in Hybrids

• Usage ratio between engine and motor

• Series hybrid - engine and motor do about the same
amount of work
• Parallel hybrid - motor used only to provide
assistance during acceleration
• Series/parallel hybrid - Power directly to the wheels
and to the generator is continuously variable

Source: NPTEL
Characteristics of Hybrid Systems

1. Energy Loss Reduction

2. Energy Recovery and Reuse

3. Motor Assists IC Engine

4. Superior fuel efficiency and driving performance

Future Challenges for Hybrid Vehicles

• Fossil Fuel Cost

• Battery Cost
• Fuel Economy
• Which type of Hybrid
• Vehicle Weight
• Customer Anxiety
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