1427purl ME GATE 1987-1994

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1427purl ME GATE 1987-1994

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10. W 12. GATE Mechanical Engineering (Previous Years Solved Papers 1987-1994) Engineering Mechanics ... Strength of Materials... Theory of Machines Machine Design Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines Heat Transfer Thermodynamics «0 Power Plant Engineering... IC Engines... Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering .... MADE EASY Roa 17-20 21-28 29-42 wu 43-52, .. 53 - 60 .. 61-68 69-73 74-78 79-94 95-97UNIT | CONTENTS 1, Translation and Rotation 2 2. Plane Motion 3Translation and Rotation 1.1 Asione of mass m at the end of a string of length 1 is whirled in a vertical circle at a constant speed. The tension is the string will be maximum when the stone is (@) at the top of the circle (b) half way down from the top (©) quarter way down from the top (@) atthe bottom of the circle [1994 : 1 Mark] 7 EXEXEEH transtation and Rotation 14 @) ESERIES Translation and Rotation 11 @) Considering dynamic equilibrium mv = t \ 1, = mg mv r Thorofore, T,> T, Maximum tension will be circle the bottom of the2 | 2.1. Aand Bate the end points of a diameter of a disc roling along a straightline with a counter clockwise angular velocity as shown in the figure. Referring to the velocity vectors Vand Vj, shown in the figure \ “ah ——_ (@) U, and ty are both correct (b) V, is incorrect but Vz is correct (©) U, and Yp are bothincorrect (a), is correct but ¥ is incorrect [1990 : 1 Mark] 2.2. Instantaneous centre of a body rolling without sliding on a stationary curved surface lies (@) atthe point of contact (b) onthe common normal atthe point of contact EXE Plane Motion 21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (0) 21 Plane Motion (c) onthe common tangent at the point of contact (d) al the centre of curvature of the stationary surface [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.3 The oylinder shown below rolls without slipping Toward which of the following points is the acceleration of the point of contact A on the cylinder directed? (a) Themass centre (©) The geometric centre (¢) The point Pas marked (@) None of the above [1998 : 1 Mark] 22 (a) Because for rolling without sliding, contact point has zero velocity. a Instantaneous centre of rotation: In general, the motion of a link in a mechanism is neither pure translational nor pure rotational. It is the combination of translational and rotational whieh we say general motion. But foralink at any instant, it can be assumed to be in perfect rotation with respect to a point in the space known as instantaneous centre of rotation4 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 23 (b) Acceleration of the point of contact A acts towards geometric centre.UNIT. Strength of Materials Il ie) ES) 1 Simple Stress-Strain and ElasticConstants 6 2. Shear Force and Bending Moment 8 3. Bending and Shear Stress in Beams 9 4, Torsion in Shafts 12 5. Principal Stresses and Strains 13 6. Theory of Column 15 7. Springs 161 / 1.1. The three-dimensional state of stress at a pointis Simple Stress-Strain and Elastic Constants En t t given by 30 10 -10 Ja 2 10. 0 20 | MiNi woo 4 | -10 20 0 P The shear stress onthe x-face in y-lirection atthe @ hah=F same point is then equal to (@) zero MNjm?——(b) 10 MN? @) %- p- © 1OMNin?——(@) 20MINIne (eB? ee [1990 : 2 Marks] © 7-.. n- 4.2. Below figure shows a rig bar hinged at A and (e+) (eB) supported in a horizontal position by two vertical 1. Pa_ Pat tical steel wi weight @ h=>3—sy b= 33 identical stee! wires. Neglect the weight of the yea Pe) beam, The tension T, and T, induced inthese wires by a vertical load P applied as shown are [1994 : 2 Marks] oon EEXEEIIGH simple stress-Strain and Elastic Constants 11 © 12) [EEEEREXEE Simple stress-strain and Elastic Constants uw The free body diagram is 30 10 -10 hn r ms o=|10 0 2 A -10 2 0 ; P Sty he Ryis the reaction force at A Ty GT Let the rigid bar attains equilibrium at an angle tx ty | Shear stress on the x-face in y-direction is represented by ¢,, Hence on comparing above two matrices ty = 10MNim? 12) 8 from horizontal position, Original postion Displaced _ postion Al, = change in length of stee! wire carrying tension 7 ‘Al, = change in length of steel wire carrying tension T, PL AEMADEEASY | Strength of Materials Bh gk AE 1" AE Aly _ Ay tano= === or BL _ by TL rt ey or AE a AE ‘Atequilibrium summation of all moments about, Point A will be zero. EM, = T,b + Ta-PI=0 = FI Ty + Ty b. (2n}o+Ta fl2.1 For a simply supported beam on two end supports, the bending moment is maximum (@) usually on the supports (b) always at mid span (©) where there is no shear force (A) where the deflection is maximum [1989 : 1 Mark] 2.2 Ablock ot steel is loaded by a tangential force on its top surface while the bottom surface is held rigidly. The deformation of the block is due to . [EEEEEIEE shear Force and Bending Moment 21 (©) 22 () 23 (a) [ESE Shear Force and Ben 21 Bending moment is maximum where shear force is zero. 22 Iftangential force is applied, then both shear and bbending takes place. Forong blocks we generally neglect the effect of shear. For short blocks we generally neglect the effect of bending 2.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment (@) shear only (b) bending only (6) shear & bending (A) torsion [1992 : 1 Mark] concentrated load Pacts on a simply supported beam of span L at a distance L/S trom the left support, The bending moment at the point of application of the load is given by PL 2PL az (Ole PL 2PL oF @ > [1993 : 1 Mark] - (@) yr ds 2p T= pandt=5 Atpoint of application PPL _2PL BM 33° 9Bending and Shear Stress 8.1. A 6 meter long supported wooden beam of rectangular section 10 cm x 20 om deep is strengthened by mild steel plates 0.5m x 106m wide at the top and bottom fibre over the entire length. Find the minimum supportable uniformly distributed load considering failures in steel and wood due to flexure. Weakening of wood due to screws and weakening of the steel plates due to drilled holes may be ignored Permissible tensile stress for steel = 156.8 Nimm? Permissible tensile stress for wood = 14.89 Nimm? Young's modulus of mild steel = 1.96 x 10° Nimm? Young's modulus of wood = 0.117 x 108 Nimm? 100 mm n Sse D 1489 . g n sm f [1987 : 2 Marks] 8.2 Atapered cantilever beam of constant thickness. is loaded as shown in the sketch below. The bending stress will be a 3.3 34 in Beams (a) maximum near the fixed end (2) man at x= 2 2 (©) maximum at x= 5L (@) uniform throughout the length [1988 : 2 Marks] Which one of the following diagrams shows correctly the distribution of transverse shear stress across the depth h of a rectangular beam subjected to varying bending moment along its length? (b) () [1990 : 1 Mark] A circular rod of diameter d and length 3d is subjected to a compressive force Facting at the top point as shown below. Calculate the stress at the bottom most supports point A b+ 9 ——4_ [1993 : 2 Marks] .10 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [JJ | MADE EASY EEE Bending and Shear Stress in Beams 3.1(4.81) 3.2 (d) 3.3 (b) 3.4 {a) Bending and Shear Stress in Beams 3.1 Sol. 5 5x10 156BX14.5 10 odin Modular ratio, 105 E,_ 1.96x 10° wi? : m= =16.75 AE = M= 21.65 x 108 E, 0.117% 10° 8 Equivalent steel area of timber beam 8x 21.65% 10° w= Geooojr = 481 Nim Equivalent width = Gee = 8.97 mm = 4.81 kNim Hence equivalent beam willbe Boze —100mm—* | P Sim 1 iE i 3 ie et b " a0 Sm i t 100%210? 94.03% 200? Mls na 12 12 7” aia = 145% 108mm! a Now if permissible stress in stee! pe 2 ~ dle = 156.8MPa and onf Stress in timber will be oe ore 186.8 eur, = AEE xtoox te = 8.915 MPa pa of Which is less than maximum permissible stress It permissible stress is wood 14.8MPa Stress in stee! 14.89 = 99 21081875 = 261.88 Nimm® Which is greater than maximum permissible stress hence maximum stress in steel should be limited to 156.8 MPa, From bending equation Mis roy As o (bending stress) is independent of x, the beam is of uniform strength 33 (b) Tension a Comers Transverse shear stress is minimum at top and bottom edges and its value is maximum at neutral axis.MADEEASY | Strength of Materials jou 34 6) In the question The given load is equal to a moment and a force at Gto the stress Fe (Tensile) Mey Axial stress, F Force F = foe ir rea Fg Bending stress, a (Compressive) o,-% ne woe where M= Fx dl2 where, Combined stress = 6, +6, AF, 18E _ WF “na? na? ~ nd?‘/ 4.1. The compound shaft shown is builtin at the two ends. It is subjected to a twisting moment T at the middie. Whatis the ratio of the reaction torques T, and T, at the ends? EEEEEISEN Torsion in shafts 41 @ 42 (© Torsion in Shafts a @) At the joints, Thy ye Bg 7 Gs 32 Tk xd 32 ha o - t, ~16 42 42 Torsion in Shafts Og Marks] Two shafts A and Bare made of the same material The diameter of shaft B is twice that of shalt A, The ratio of power which can be transmitted by shaft A to that of shalt B is (If maximum shear slress remains the same) 1 1 @ 5 © 3 1 1 Or O46 [1994 : 2 Marks] oon @ PoTo Putting torsion formula Flt J> a2 axed 5 xO ane? aie 16 Since material of both shafts are same, t will be same Pod Now, if dy = 2d, Ped Pr, 85.1. Acylindtical elastic body subjected to pure torsion about its axis develops (a) tensile stress in a direction 45° to the axis (b) no tensile or compressive stress. (©) maximum shear stross along the axis of the shatt (a) maximum shear stress at 45° to the axis [1989 : 1 Mark] 5.2. Anelastic body is subjected to a tensile stress X ina particular direction and a compressive stress Yin its perpendicular direction. X and Y are unequal in magnitude. On the plane of maximum shear stress in the body there will be (a) nonormal stress (b) also the maximum normal stress EEEEIEEN Principal stresses and Strains 5.1 (a) 5.2 (a) 5.3 (b) EES Principal stresses and st 5a (a) State of stress for pure torsion can be shown as N — = 04 (0% +? Angle for principal planes, 2r, tan 29 = = 2 Principal Stresses and Strains (6) the minimum normal stress (d) both normal stress and shear stress [1989 : 1 Mark] 5.3. Ata point ina stressed body the state of stress on two planes 45° apart is as shown below Determine the two principal stresses in MPa. one fe enre sa tue Sura (a) 8.242, 0.658 (©) 9.242, 0.758 (b) 9.242,0.758 (a) 8.242,0.758 [1993 : Marks) 28 = 90° or 8 = 45° or 136° So, at @= 45° a= , 306: +9,)+ 516, ~6,) 0820+: sin20 Sy eay = T8N9O=t Oo ~ 135° =F Hence, at 0 = 45°, we have maximum principal stress which is tensile in nature and magnitude oft. So, the correct option is (a). Method II: We can solve the same problem by using Mohr's circle method4) GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 53 (b) 8+0,)_ (8-9, + |" |eosa0" - asingor MPa _ 8+2, [2 2 6.27 5 = 544.282 9.242, +0.758 MPa yas61 Ifthe length of a column is doubled, the eritical load becomes (@) 1/2 of the original value (©) 1/4 of the original value (©) 1/8 of the original value (d) 1116 of the original value [1988 : 1 Mark] FEEEEEIEEE theory of column (b) 6.2 62 Theory of Column For the case of a slender column of length, and flexural rigidity E7 built in at its base and free at the top, the Euler's critical buckling load is aPEL 2n°EI fa @ “S () 2 2 WEL EL « @ oF OR [1994 : 1 Mark] ono (a) In this case, effective length = 21 Pe 2 p. WE _wEr (2? 4?7.1. The figure shows arrangements of springs. They have stiffness k, and k, as marked. Which of the Dkk iy +2k, 7.1 (a) 74 (d) (©) © (series arrangement) Springs (d) [1987 : 1 Mark} oonCONTENTS 1. Planar Mechanisms 18 2 GearandGearTrain 194.1. Instantaneous centre of a body rolling with sliding on a stationary curved surface lies (a) at the point of contact (b) onthe common normal at the point of contact, (0) onthe common tangent at the point of contact (d) at the center of curvature of the stationary surface [1992 : 2 Marks] [EEE Planar mechanisms 11) 1.20) EERE Planar Mechanisms 11 b) This is a case of roling wth sling on astationary curved surface, so instantaneous centre of the body wil ing on the common normal at the point of contact, it means line joining two extreme cases. > ‘Instantaneous centre of a body rolling without sliding on a stationary curved surface will lie at the point of contact surface. ‘Instantaneous centre of a body in case of pure sliding on a stationary curved surface al the point where itis centred at curved surface. Planar Mechanisms 1.2 The number of degrees of freedom of a five link plane mechanism with five revolute pairs as shown inthe figure is g © Sirs 2) @s 4 je (a4 [1993 : 2 Marks] 12 DOF = 3(N~1)=2j-h. Here, N= 5, j= 5. (no. of pairs having one degree of freedom) DOF = 3(5-1)-25 =12-10=2Gear and Gear Train 2.1. For full depth of involute spur gears, minimum number of teeth of pinion to avoid interference depends upon (@) pressure angle (©) circularpitch (b) speed ratio (A) pitch diameter [1988 : 1 Mark] Modern gear tooth profile is given involute shape because (@) this is a very easy curve for manufacturing (0) sliding does not takes place anywhere on meshing teeth involute is the only profile that gives conjugate action change in the centre distance does not change gear ratio [1989 1 Mark] 2.2 (co) (d) 2.3 For a pinion of 18 teeth, under cutting (increases/decreases) with (increase/ decrease) of pressure angle, [1991 : 1 Mark] [EEE Gear and Gear Train 21 (a) 22 (d) 28 (decreases, increases) [EEEEEIINEN Gear and Gear 23° Sol. Interference decreases with increase in pressure angie 24 ib) Method I: An 30 2.4. The sun gear in the figure is driven clockwise at 100 rpm. The ring gear is held stationary. For the number of teeth shown on the gears, the arm rotates at ing 607 ~~ (b) 20pm (@) 666.67 rpm [1993 : 2 Marks] In spur gears having involute teeth, the product of circular pitch and diametral pitch is [1994 : 1 Mark] (@) Orpm (©) 33.33 rpm 26 24 (bo) 25 Gear 7 2 3 No. ofteaih] 80 30) 20 inp oN =NxBO | —NxB0 x30 Speedot | postive sian! actise lant-dockuse (RPM) |" means | forinlomal_| for extemal gear meshing gear meshing Speed ater pee ney | emo, =nB0920, (etre) Given Ney=o (1) y=-N ‘Sun gear means “3” -Nx80x30 ox20 7 9 4N-N = 10020 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 25 Sol. Circular piteh: P= 2 y=-N=+201pm reular pte T Method Il: r Diametral pitch = = Relative velocity method: a D Given: T, = 20, T, = 30, Ta= 80 Circular pitch Diametral pitch Ng = 100 rpm (CW), Na =0, N, =? wD OT N, = 20rpm (CW)UNIT Static, Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories 22. Fatigue Strength and S-N Diagram 24 Bolted Riveted and Welded Joint 25 Bearings, Shafts and Keys 26 Gears 27 Brakes, Clutches and Ropes 28Static, Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories 1.1. Inthe design of shafts made of ductile materia's (@) 100MPa (b) 285 MPa, subjected to twisting moment and bending (©) 190MPa (d) Indetermine moment, the recommended theory of failure is [1992 : 1 Mark] (a) maximum principal stress theory 1.4 The outside diameter of ahollow shaft thal is twice (b) maximum principal strain theory its inside diameter the ratio of its torque carrying capacity o that of a solid shaft of the same material and the same outside diameter is (c). maximum shear stress theory (a) maximum strain energy theory [1988 : 1 Mark] (@) 186 (©) 3/4 1.2. Torque to weight ratio for a circular shaft (© 1 (@ 16 transmitting power is directly proportional to the [1993 : 1 Mark] (2) square root ofthe diameter 1.5 Two shafts A and Bare made of the same material (b) diameter The diameter of shaft B is twice that of shaft A. (6) square of the diameter The ratio of power which can be transmitted by (@) cubeofthe diameter [1991 : 1 Mark] shatt Ato that of shaft Bis 1.8. A large uniform plate containing a rivet hole is (@) 12 (b) 14 subjected to uniform uniaxial tension of 95 MPa. © 1 @ 16 The maximum stress in the plate is [1994 : 1 Mark] OF EEEEEIEE static, dynamic Loading and Failure Theories 11) 12 ) 6180 ©} 14 1.8) Static, Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories u 13 For ductile materials, maximum shear stress fensile load acting on the plate, theory is considered P= 95 x 100 x t= 9500tN =H Maximum stress in the plate, 3 - —P__ 9500 we ay max" (b-aht (100-50) 95001 = Fp 7 120 MPaMADEEASY | Machine Design 14 (a) For hollow shaft, ® 32 For solid shatt ® 1 36 Th, _ 15 T, 16 15 © Power = Txw For shat, Ty= Les 16 For shatt B, Ty = (2a)*t . Te = zg(20) Pa Tai Py Ty 82.1. A ductile material having an endurance limit of 196 N/mm? and the yield point at 294 N/mm? is stressed under variable load, The maximum and minimum stresses are 147 Nimm® and 49 Nimm?. Fatigue Strength and S-N Diagram (6) structural changes in the material (@) residual compression at the surface [1990 : 1 Mark] “Thelatigue stove concertvatonactorie 132 The 2:4 IN@ shaft with a transverse hole, as the hole to the shaft diameter rato... inerease/decrease), available factor of safety for this loading is ‘ ° ° (30 wits he torsional stress concentration factor 138 (0) 40 [1987 : 2 Marks] (increases/ decreases) [1991 : 1 Mark] 2.2 Suess concentrationinamachine componentot 28. Faligue strength of rod subjected to cyclic axial force is less than that of a rotating beam of the a ductile material is not so harmful as itis ina cathe mnstarn becoune same dimensions subjected to steady lateral force. (@) in ductie material local yielding may cfevioute [True / False] [1992 : 4 Mark] stress concentration 2.6 The yield strength of a steel shaft is twice its (©) ductile material has larger Young's material endurance limit. Which of the following torque (©) Poisson's ratios larger in ductile materials fluctuations represent the most critical situation (@ Modulus of rigidity is larger in ductile according to Soderberg criterion? materials [1989: 1 Mark] (@) -Tto+T (b) Ta to4+T 2.3. The process of shot peening increases the fatigue (©) Oto+T (d) + T2t04T life of steel springs mainly because it results in [1993 : 1 Mark] (@) surface hardening uonn (b) increased stiffness of the material EERIE Fatigue strength and S-N Diagram 21 (bh) 22 (@) 28 (a) 24 (Inctease, decrease) 2.5 (Tue) 26 (a) Fatigue Strength and S-N Diagram 21) asics, Consider Soderberg equation Shot pesning process uses small shots to 1 produce residual compression stress at surface. = Itimproves fatigue Ife of springs _ 147-4998 _joupa 24 Sol. 2 2 Increase, decrease 147449 _ 196 _ = =98MPa aaBISen 47.48 MPa Tue a 98 t 26 (a) 147.48 "294 ~ FOS t Sn or FOS =1.5 & ie 22 @) 1, is highest in case of (a). Local yielding reduces stross concentration effect.3 Bolted Riveted and Welded Joint 3.1. Weldments in fabricated steel beams are designed for (a) bending stresses at the flange (b) shear stresses in transverse plane (6) combination of bending and shear (d) none of these because in fabricated beams welds not to get stressed [1987 : 1 Mark] EES) Bolted Riveted and Welded Joint 31 Steel beams undergoes both bonding and shear loads. So, weldment for fabrication should be designed for combined loadingBearings, Shafts and Keys 4.1 The expected lite of a ball bearing subjected to a load of 9800 N and working at 1000 rpm is 3000 hours. What's the expected lfe of the same bbearing fora similar load of 4900 N and speed of 2000 rem? (@) Unchanged (©) 1500 hours (b) 12000 hours (2) 6000 hours [1987 : 1 Mark] 4.2 {the load on aball bearing is reduced to half, the life of the ball bearing will (@) increase 8 times (b) increase 4 times (©) increase 2times (d) notchange [1988 : 1 Mark] 4.3. Match the rolling element bearings with the most appropriate loading condition Bearing-type (@) Ball bearing (b) Roller beating () Needle bearing (a) Taper roller beating EEEEEIEEH Bearing, shafts and Keys 41) 42 @ 43 Bearing, Shafts and Keys 41 (b) L(P)* = Constant Cole 1000x60x3000 4900)? = "yao0x80xt,~ (sa00) 12000 hrs 42 (a) (a-q.b-ne-sd Loading condition (p) Tangential load (q) Radial load (9 Heavy radial load with impact (s) Light radial load with space limitation () Heavy radial and axial load (W) Fatigue load [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.4 Starting friction is low in (@) hydrostatic lubrication (b)_ hydrodynamic lubrication (©) mixed (or semi iui) lubrication (A) boundaty lubrication [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.5. Spherical roller bearings are normally used (a) forincreased radial load (b) forinereased thrust load (c) when there is less radial load (d) to compensate for angular misalignment [1992 : 1 Mark] 44 @) 45 (d) 43° Sol. a-g,b-,0-s,d— 4a (a) Due to thick fluid friction from the beginning5.1 Gears n order to test the efficiency of reducer gear train 1 kW input was given at the input end at a speed of 1440 rpm and at the output end the measured torque was 56.36 Nm. If the ratio of speed reduction in this unit is 10: 1, the efficiency is about (d) 96% fn 5.1 (b) 5.1 (b) Speed reduction = 10:1 Output speed 70 =144 rpm ‘= 849.88 W Output 849.88 % efficiency. Input 7000 00, = 84.9% = 85% [1989 : 2 Mark]6 / Brakes, Clutches and Ropes 6.1 Axial operation jaw clutches having selt-locking tooth profile (a) can be disengaged at any speed (b) canbe disengaged only when unloaded (6) canbe engaged only when unloaded (@) can work only with load [1987 : 1 Mark] EEEEIEEN brakes, clutches and Ropes 61 ©)UNIT Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines CONTEN 1. Fluid Statics 30 2. Fluid Kinematics 32, 3. Fluid Dynamics 36 4, Viscous, Turbulent Flow & Boundary Layer Theory 39. 5. Turbines and Pumps 4214 1.2 A circular plate 1 m in diameter is submerged vertically in water such its upper edge is 8 m below the free surface of water. The total hydrostatic, pressure force on one side of plate is (@) 6.7kKN (b) 65.4kN (©) 45.0kN (a) 77.0kN [1988 : 2 Marks] The cross-sectional area of ane limb of a U-tube ‘manometer (figure shown below) is macle 500 times larger than the other, so that the pressure difference between the two limbs can be determined by measuring fr on one limb of the manometer. The percentage error involved is. Inia level CEES Fluia statics 14 ) 12 © Fluid Statics u tb) Given data: d=1m 1.3 1.4 Fluid Statics (a) 1.0 (©) 0.2 (b) 05 (d) 0.05 [1990 : 2 Marks] Shown below are three cylindrical gates which restrain water in a 2-D channel. Which gate experiences the maximum vertical component, the minimum vertical component and the maximum horizontal component of the hydrostatic force? 0 (4) |G) [1993 : 1 Mark] Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium the necessary and sullicient condition is that the centre of gravity is located below the [1994 : 1 Mark] Surface area, Total hydrostatic pressure force, F= pghA = 1000x 9.81 x 8.5 x 0.785 = 65457.22 N ~ 65.45 KN * SEES Here, itis important to note that height Fis taken as the distance between free surface and the centre of gravity of plate, but the hydrostatic forceMADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines | 31 will act on the centre of pressure. And centre of | /13//Sll pressure fH" can be calcualted as: Maximum vertical component: In gate A, 7. loasir?6 bottom half of the gate has fluid with higher 12 Here, in this problem as plate is vertical. So, 8 = 90" 0 Method |: Volume drop in larger limb = Volume rise in smaller limb Ayah = Ah ah Alt ho” A, 500 Ah 1 sworor = Sh yxqo9 = =x 100= torr = Sx 100 = a5 0.2% Method II: Given that: A, = 500A, By volume conservation A,Ah = Ah 14 An Ab Pope Leh ane” S00A, ane 500 Actual pressure difference, AP acuai = PO(h+ AA) 1 = pah(1 poh * ww) ch error = BPactnt = SPressues x 199 APreasires pressure and also as we can see, bottom right and side fluid is not open to atmosphere is in gate B. So, maximum vertical component will be experienced by the gate A Minimum vertical component: In gate C, only left hand side bottom halt is exposed to fluid pressure and the top half parthas same condition for all the three gates. So minimum vertical component will be experienced by the gate C. Maximum horizontal component: As itis shown in figure, allthe three gates have same condition for the left portion of the gate and only gate C has no fluid on the right portion. So maximum horizontal component wil be experienced by gate ©. Sol. For stable equilibrium condition centre of gravity should be below metacentre.2 | 24 22 2.3 24 2.5 The velocity potential function for a source varies with the distance ras (@) tir (@ e (©) 1 (a) in [1987 : 1 Mark] A streamlined body is defined as a body about wich (@) The flows laminar (b) The flows along the streamlines (c) The flow separation is suppressed (a) The drag is zero [1987 : 1 Mark] The Newtonian fluid has the following velocity field Va xtyi + 2xy*Zj- ek The rate shear deformation ¢,, al the point -2, y= -1 and z= 2 for the given low is @ «6 (b)-2 (©) -12 (a [1988 : 2 Marks] The stream function in a two dimensional iow field is given by y = 22 — 2 The magnitude of the velocity at point (1, 1) is (@ 2 (©) a2 4 @s [1989 : 2 Marks} Shown below are three pipe sections through which water flows as shown, Option ato dbelow pertain tothe direction of the net force on the pipe section due to the flow of water. both +ve x and +ve yaxes both -ve x and +ve yaxes (©) 45° to both +ve x and -ve y axes (a) 45° to both -ve x and -ve yaxes Stale which of the options indicale the correct direction of force for pipe 1, pipe 2 and pipe 3 LF Je Pipe1 Pipe 2 Piso 3 [1993 : 1 Mark] 26 27 28 29 Fluid Kinematics A velocity field is given as Va ax°yi -6xyzk where x, y, Zare in mand Vin m/s. Determine if ()) Itrepresents an incompressible flow (i) The flows irrational (ii) The flow is steady [1998 : 2 Marks] Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are virtually identical for (@) Uniform flow (©) Steady flow (b) Flow of ideal fluids (d) Nonuniform flow [1994 : 1 Mark] Ina flow field the stream lines and equipotential lines (@) Are parallel (©) Cutat any angle (©) Are orthogonal every where in the field (d)_Cutorthogonal except al the stagnation points [1994 : 1 Mark] For a fluid elementin a two dimensional flow field (- yplane), if it will undergo: (@) Translation only (b) Translation and rotation (©) Translation and deformation (d)_ Deformation only [1994 1 Mark] 2.10 Existence of velocity potential implies that (@) Fluidis in continuum (0) Fluidis rotational (©) Fluids ideal (@) Fluidis compressible [1994 : 1 Mark] 2.11 Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential component of velocity about a blanks) (fill in the: [1994 : 1 Mark] .MADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines FEES Fluid kinematics 21 () 22 ©) 23 (@ 24 (0) 28 (d) 29 (c) 210 (bo) 211 ESE Fluid Kinematics 21 @) The radial velocity u, at any radius ris: oe uae 2nr where, q= Volume flow rate per unit depth The velocity component in polar co-ordinates in terms of velocity potential function are: tdo 2 rao ar where, u, = Radial direction velocity 1, = Tangential direction velocity So, @ varies with the distance ras Inr and qis constant. *SEEEST A source flow is the flow coming from a point and moving out radially in all direction of a plane at uniform rate. 22 Flow separation is suppressed by giving the profile of the body a streamlined shape, because () The streamlined shape has an elongated shape in the rear part to reduce the magnitude of the pressure gradient (i) The optimum contour fora streamlined body 's the one for which the wake zone is very narrow and form drag is minimum 2.5 (1-d,2-d,3-b) 26 (0) 27 () (Closed contour in flow field.) ao J ) (od Ne (2) (o) Gp=t2 Gyn 007 To (Option (c)) (¢) Pipes For equi-potential line 5 * dh =0 ~{ -udx = vdy= 0 ww Uy . ax Vv Ff a ° Hence, slope of equipotential line, For pipe-3 (Option (d)) (2) == (i) x Jy - constant ~ v 26 Sol. For equi-stream function line: (i)For anincompressible flow. dy=0 au av aw vdx-udy = 0 [stream line] Ou Oe OW dx oy az de dy 6xy + 0-6xy=0 voy Hence given velocity field represents an a ae incompressible flow. and aru (i) Flowis rotational Hence slope of equistream line, Vorticity, § = 2 x rotational component = 2 x w 4 5 wv v ox (28), nm = ® i oj ok From equation (i) and (ii), we get ja a a ay az (2) (2) ty 0-6 ar )paconsart” de ye censat b= ez +62] 62% - ie. E40 Since vorticity is not zero, so flow is rotational. Hence, stream lines and equipotential ines are (ii) For steady flow: orthogonal to each other except at the stagnation Since there is no component of velocity. points. (3) athey27? 2:10 (b) Velocity potential function (9) Velocity component in x, y and z direction areMADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines 2 y= ae ay az Flow always occurs in the ditection of decreasing a potential Velocity potential function exists only for itrotational flow. > SE As we know that laplace equation is given as: 29 | aH ar oy So, if velocity potential function satisties Laplace equation then it also satisfies continuity equation and hence flow is possible. 2.11 Sol. Closed contour in flow field 353.1. Amercury manometer is attached to a section of the pipe shown in the figure. Mercury levels are indicated when there is no water flowing through the pipe. When water starts flowing through the pipe continuously at constant rate in the direction of the arrow, the level of mercury at B [1987 : 2 Marks] 3.2. Water flows through a pipe of diameter 0.30 m, What would be the velocity V for the conditions shown in the figure below? [1988 : 2 Marks] 8.3. In ahand operated liquid sprayer (figure shown, bbelow) the liquid from the container rises to the top of the tube because of Container: Fluid Dynamics (@) Capillary effect (©) Suction produced by the air jot at the top end of tube (©) Suction produced by the piston during the backward stroke (d)_ Pumping of the air into the container [1990 : 1 Mark] 3.4 Ajet of water issues from a nozzle with a velocity 20 mis and it impinges normally on a flat plate moving away from itat 10 ms, The cross-sectional area of the jets 0.01 m?, and the density of water = 1000 kgim®, The force developed on the plate is, t us toms (@) “000N (©) 100N (@) 10N (a) 2000N [1990 : 2 Marks] 3.5 A fan in the duct shown below sucks air from the ambient and expels it as a jet at 1 mis to the ambient. Determine the gauge pressure at the point marked as A. Take the density of air as 1 kg/m? WW sm ao 8.6 Bernoulli's equation can be applied between any two points on a stream line for a rotational flow field, State : (T/F) [1994 : 1 Mark] 8.7. Inaventurimeter, the angle of the diverging section is more than that of converging section. State: (T/F) [1994 : 1 Mark]MADE EASY | XESS Fluid Dynamics 3.1 (Rises)3.2 (1.084) 3.3 (bl) 3.4 fa) Fluid Dynamics 31 Sol. Level of mercury at rises because when water starts flowing, pressure al arm B will be lower than that of A. Also we can find it by using Bernoulli's equation, that the pressure head at A will be more than thal of B. Hence level of mercury rises at Band lower at A. 32 Sol. {) vO gg) V Water if ( Wd) Manometric reading, x= 0.3m Specific gravity of manometer flu, Snare = 08 Density of manometer fluid, Prpano = 0.8 x 1000 kgim? = 800 kg/m? 200 he x[1-Pome] — asf [ Pope 4000 = 0.06 m of water Velocity of point 1, V= Jagh = J2x9.81x0.06 = 1.084 m/s “NESTE This problem is based on the pitot tube. Pitot tube: It is a device which is basically used to merasure the local velocities in the pipe flow. Here, velocity at point 1: (V= f2gh )is theoretical velocity. + For actual velocity multiply V by the C, (coetticient of velocity) + Value of C, for pitot tube is 0.97 to 0.99 Hence Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines | 37 3.5 (05) 3.6 (Tuc) 3.7 (False) sua = OV = Cyrf2gh = 0.97 x 1.084 = 1.05 m/s 33 (b) Jat of air produces suction at the top end ot the tube and due to which liquid rises in the container. 34 (a) u= tome i] V, = 20 mis, u= 10 mis, a= 0.01 me p = 1000kg/m® The force developed on the plate, F, = pa(Vj-u)? = 1000 x 0.01 (20-10% = 1000 N 35° Sol. Applying Bernoull’s equation between sections (1) [at suction] and A PLL Pa VR pg pg 2g Pra. VA eg 2g Py = Pambient Pa- Py = (Padeauge (douse VE Pg 2g (Pdeage = PSE == 0.5 NimGATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 36 Sol. True For energy conservation in rotational flow field Stream tne ae, In irrotational flow: C, = G, = C= C, So, Bernoulli's equation is valid because irotational flow is an assumption for Bernoull’s equation In rotational flows: C, # C,# C,# C, But, Bernoull’s equation can be applied in rotational fluid flows between the any two points which are on the same stream line because at same stream line itis constant. 37 Sol. False Inaventurimeter, he angle of the diverging section is less than that of converging section. ‘Converging ‘section Diverging section Venturimeter Angle of the converging section, a= 19°23" Angle of the diverging section. B= 5°07"44 42 43 44 45 Viscous, Turbulent Flow & Boundary Layer Theory In the case of turbulent flow of a fluid though a circular tube (as compared to the case of laminar flow at the same flow rate) the maximum velocity is , shear stress at the wall iS... and the pressure drop across a given length is The correct words for the blanks are, respectively (@) higher, higher, higher (b) higher, lower, lower (©) lower, higher, higher (A) lower, higher, lower [1987 : 2 Marks] The parameters which determines the friction factor for turaulent flow in a rough pipe are (@) Froude number and relative roughness (b) Froude number and Mach number (6) Reynolds number and relative roughness (d) Mach number and relative roughness [1988 : 1 Mark] The discharge in m?/s for laminar flow through a pipe of diameter 0.04 m having a centre line velocity of 1.5 mis is an an ® go ©) 3600 an an © Foo © F000 [1988 : 2 Marks] The predominant forces acting on an element of fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a Uniform parallel stream are (@) Viscous and pressure forces (b) Viscous and inertia forces (©) Viscous and body forces (d) Inertial and pressure forces [1990 : 1 Mark] Shown below are three tanks, tank 1 without an orifice tube and tanks 2 and 3 with orifice tubes as shown. Neglecting losses and assuming the diameter of orifice to be much less than that of the tank, write expressions for the exit velocity in each of the three tanks. Tank [1993 : 2 Marks] 4.6 Prandt!'s mixing length in turbulent flow signifies (@) the average distance perpendicular to the mean flow covered by the mixing particles (b) the ratio of mean free path to characteristic length of the flow field (c) the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency present in the flow field (@) the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.7. For afully developed flow through a pipe, the ratio of the maximum velocity to the average velocity is ___(fil in the blanks) [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.8 The necessary and sufficient condition which, brings about separation of boundary layer is ar ag 70 (TuslFalse) [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.9 As the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is induced in a cross flow past a circular cylinder the value of the drag coetticient drops. [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.10 Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V through a pipe of diameter d. Over a length of L 2 the head lossis given by “The trction factor. 29D {for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds number (Re) is (fill in the blanks) [1994 : 2 Marks]40 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY [EEEEIEEE Viscous, Turbulent Flow and Boundary Layer Theory 41) 42 (©) 43 (@) 44 (0) 48 (2gH. J2q(H+1). J20(H+D) 64 46 (2) 47 (2 48 (Tue) 4.9 (Tue) 4.40 (f= 55) Viscous, Turbulent Flow and Boundary Layer Theory al 43 (@) “Turbulent veloty d= 0.04m Centre line velocity i.¢., maximum velocity, Ire = 1S MIS also U,,, = 2 times average velocity “A - for laminar flow through pipe Upae = 20 15 = 20 or a= 3 ms ‘As compared to laminar flow, 2 ‘+ Turbulont flow has lower maximum velocity Discharge: = Cross-sectional area of pipe x ‘+ Turbulont flow has higher shear stress. Average velocity * Turbulent flow has higher pressure drop. 42 (0 Friction factor for turbulent flow: = For smooth pipes, 0.3164 pe Re = 10° Fort (pt 45° Sol For rough pipes, 1 it velocity for tank 1: V= 2A R ¥ f= 200g(2)1 74 Exit velocity for tank 2: V= J2g(H#D) Exit velocily for tank 3: V= JBg(A=D) XESS “ow For fully developed turbulent flow, + In case of turbulent flow, friction factor (1) depends on Reynolds number and relative Shear sttess, <= pH’ roughness where and 7 = fluctuating component of velocity ‘* For smooth pipes, the friction factor (f) depends in the direction of x and y due to turbulence. only on Reynolds number But it is very difficult to determine u’ and V. So ‘* For rough pipes, the friction factor (f depends Prandtl represented a hypothesis known as Prandtl on elatve roughness mining length, J which isthe average distance «+ nturbulent tow, smooth pipe ancrough pipe verpendicular to then mean low covered by the shall have the same friction factor if the flow is mixing particle. in transition zone from smooth to rough pipe. , oe + here inthis problem only option (¢) matches weve Ny the results. paar sess c= 08 (22) shoarsons= 08MADEEASY | Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines ja 47 Sol. 49° Sol. For the fully developed laminar flow through @ Tue circular pipe, maximum velocity ‘Eien Average velocity 7 Ugg = * When Reynold's number, Re < 1, drag coefficient (C,) is inversely proportional to Vows ‘ tose = 2 Roynola's number ‘oo ‘+ When Reynold’s number increases from 1 to \ 2000, drag coefficient (C,) decreases and “ od shod reaches a minimum value of 0.95 at Reynold number, Fe = 2000, + Maximum velocity occur atthe axis of he pipe. * When Reynolds number increases from 2000 + Tho point where local velocity is equal to {0.3 x 10%, drag coetficient increases and averago volosty is givon by attains a maximum value of 1.2 at Reynola’s number, Fe = 3 x 104 Boom ‘+ When Reynold’s number increases from v2 3 x 104 to 3 x 108, the drag-coefficient decreases and al Reynolds number aaESU Re = 3x 108, C,=03 ‘+f Reynolds number increases beyond 8 x 10% True drag coefficient Cz increases and becomes Boundary layer separation is caused by adverse couel 07 preseure gracint (22> 9) and the condition ds 410 Sol. cof the soparation of boundary layer are: Friction factor, dp os Bo rat a of Fe torlaminar tow (i) (24) 0; tlowis on verge of seapration ay (§) <0 :flow is separated a05.1. Cavitation in a hydraulic reaction turbine is most likely to occur at the turbine (@) Entry (&) Exit (6) Stator exit (a) Rotor exit [1993 : 2 Marks] 5.2. Specitic speed of a Kaplan turbine ranges between (@) 30t060 (b) 6010 300 (6) 300 to 600 (a) 600to 1000 [1993 : 2 Marks] GEES Turbines and Pumps N. 51 @ 52 (@) 53 mia [ESRC Turbines and Pumps 51d) Cavitation phenomenon occurs due to the formation of localized low pressure area at rotor exit 52 (d) Classification of turbines based on value of specific speed: Turbine ‘Specific speed (MKS unit) Pelton turbine 10-35 (sings jet) Francis twbine 35-60 (mult jt) Kaplan and propeller | 60-300 turbine 300-1000 Turbines and Pumps 5.3. In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller W, discharge Qand change in total head H, through the machine, the specific speed for pump is (fil in the blanks) [1994 : 1 Mark] 53 Sol. Specific speed of pump, nv@ N= joeUNIT Heat Transfer VI ie) ES) 1. Conduction 44 2. Free and Forced Convection 46 3. Heat Transfer in Flow Over Plates and Pipes 47 4. Radiation 48 5. Heat Exchanger 50 6 Fins and Unsteady Heat Transfer 51 (Conduction and Convection)4.1. Thermal conductivity is lower for (@) wood (b) air (©) waterat 100°C (d) steam at 1 bar [1990 : 1 Mark] 1.2. Match the property with their units Property Units A. Bulk modulus 1.Wis B. Thermal conductivity 2. Nim? ©. Heat transfer coefficient 3, Nim? D. Heat low rate 4.W 5.Wimk 6. wim? Codes: ABCD @1265 (25 64 @2641 (15 3 2 [1991 : 2 Marks] 4.3. For a current carrying wire of 20 mm diameter exposed to air (h = 20 Wim?K), maximum heat dissipation occurs when thickness of insulation (0.5 Wimk) is EEE conduction 11 (b) 120 ) 130 14) 11 (b) atria aca Wood (wood tre) on ‘Air (20°C) 0.025 Water (100°C) 0.6804 ‘Steam (1 bar & 200°0)| o.0ss49 Note: Thermal conductivity of gases is lowest ‘among all materials. 13 @) Given data d= 20mm Conduction (@) 30mm (b) 25mm (2) 20mm (@) 15mm [1993 : 2 Marks] 1.4. Two insulating material of thermal conductivity k and 2kare available for lagging a pipe carrying a hot fluid. i the radial thickness of each material is same (@) Material with higher thermal conductivity should be used for inner layer and one with lower thermal conductivity for the outer (b) Material with lower thermal conductivity should ibe used for inner layer and one with higher thermal conductivity or the outer (c) It is immaterial in which sequence the insulating material are used (d) Its not possible to judge unless numerical values of dimensions are given [1994 : 1 Mark] . 20 Wimek k =0.5Wimk For maximum heat dissipation, Critical radius, k f= 5 foreylinder or wire 0. 5 = Gp 70.025 m = 25mm Thickness of insulation, 25-10 = 15mmMADEEASY | Heat Transfer | 45 14 (b) Method I: Gase-I: Lower thermal conductivity is used for inner layer. Po) where 1 og 5 log, 2+ logy & dnkl 9 r, * 2nx Kt 7, 1 b Z — _Jotog, 2 +109, ama co, +0044] 1 frog, (2) +109, 2|- og, (22 7] al 8 ed Case-ll: Higher thermal conductivity is used for inner layer Hence R,; >R;,, because ts & toe }>a (2) So, low heat transfer when material with lower thermal conductivity should be used for inner layer and one with higher thermal conductivity for the outer, Remember: Higher thermal resistance (or lower thermal conductivity) is used for inner layer for minimum heat transfer,y) / Free and Forced Convection 2.1. In pool boiling the highest HTC occurs in (@) Subcooled bolling zone (b) Nucleate boiling zone (©) Partial film boiling zone (d) Film boiling zone [1990 : 1 Mark] EREEING Free and Forced Convection 2.4 (b)Heat Transfer in Flow Over Plates and Pipes 3.1. Forthe fluid flowing over a flat plate with Prandtl 8.2. A tluid flowing over a flat plate has the following number greater than unity, the thermal boundary properties : dynamic viscosity = 25 x 10°* kgims, layer for laminar forced convection specific heat = 2.0 kJ/KgK, thermal conductivity (@) is thinner than the hydrodynamic boundary 0.05 Wimk. The hydrodynamic boundary layer layer thickness is measured to be 0.5mm. The (b) has thickness equal to zero thickness of the thermal boundary layer would be (©) is of same thickness as hydrodynamic (a) 0.1 mm (b) 05mm boundary layer (©) 1.0mm (A) None of these (d) is thicker than the hydrodynamic boundary [1992 : 2 Marks] layer [1988 :1 Marky 3-3. For airnear atmospheric condition flowing over a flat plate the laminar thermal boundary layer is thicker than hydrodynamic boundary layer (TIF) [1994 : 1 Mark] . [EXE Heat Transfer in Flow Over Plates and Pipes 3.1 (a) 3.2 (b) 3.3 (True) [EEE Heat Transfer in Flow Over Plates and Pipes 3.1 (a) 3350, True 3 For AirPr= 0.69 v< a Pelt == if Pr> 1, itmeans 8 > 8, 8<8 3.2 (b) HGp _ 25x10" x2%10° 7 005 Now Therefore 8=0.5 mm4.1. Foragiass plate transmissivity and reflectivity are specified as 0.86 and 0.08 respectively, the absorptivity of the glass plate is (@) 086 (©) 0.08 (9) 1.00 (@) 0.06 [1988 : 1 Mark} 4.2. Adiffuse radiation surface has (@) Radiation intensity independent of angle (b) Emissive power independent of angle (©) Emissive power independent of wavelength (d) Radiation intensity independent of both angle and wavelength [1991 : 4 Mark} [EEE Radiation 41 (d) 42 (@ 43° () 4.4 (2/3) Explanations [ECCEGOg a1 (a) Transmissivity: t= 0.86 Reflectivity: p = 0.03 Absorptivily: a=? For any surface, attep=t +086 +0.08 = 1 Difluse surface Specular surface 43 (b) For plane surfaces, Radiation 4.3 Theradiative heattransferrate per unit area (Wim?) between two plane parallel gray surfaces (emissivity = 0.9) maintained at 400 K and 300 K is (6, = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10 wimeK) (@) 992 (o) 812 (o) 464 (a) 567 [1998 :2 Marks} 4.4 The shape factors with themselves of two infinitely long black body concentric cylinders with a dia for the outer [1994 : 1 Mark] ratio of 8 are ... for the inner and a wt) ATT, Hore, Q@ _ 5.67x10"*(400* - 300") A714 o8*o9 = 817.84 Wim? = 812 Wim? 44° Sol. oe a, ~8MADEEASY | Heat Transfer 49 For body-1, Fy, = Fut Fat Feat Forbody2 Foy + Fog = 1 Applying reciprocity theorem AvFro= Aan A= AF A, nd aw fade i) suena = nea. we et or 1 tin, = gif =1Heat Exchanger 5.1. In shell and tube heat exchanger, baffles are (a) toincrease overall HT coefficient, water side mainly used to velocity can be increased if water is on the (a) increase the mixing of fluid tube side (b) increase the heat transfer area (b) condenser can act as a storage unit for (6) deflect the flow in desired direction condensed steam (d) reduce fouling of the tube surface (c) rate of condensation of steam is invariably [1991 : 1 Mark} ‘smaller than the mass flow rate of cooling water (d) it is easier to maintain vacuum on the shell side than on the tube side [1994 : 1 Mark] 5.2. The practice to use steam on the shell side and water on the tube side in condensers of steam power plantis because [REIGN Heat exchanger 51 ©) 52 (a) 51 52 (d) Baffles are mainly used to deflect the flow in If the steam is maintained on the shell side desired direction whatever the vacuum obtained due to condensation of steam are rather because of change in specific volume of steam due to condensation can be easily maintained i.e. air leaked into the condensor can be easily extractedFins and Unsteady Heat Transfer (Conduction and Convection) 6.1. The heat transfer process between body and its, rods, one of length L and the other of length ambient is governed by an Internal Conductive 2L are made of the same material and have the Resistance (ICR) and an External Convective same diameter. The two ends of the longer rod Resistance (ECR). The body can be considered are maintained at 100°C. One end of the shorter to be a lumped heat capacity system is rods maintained at 100°C while the other end is (@) ICR> ECR insulated. Both the rods are exposed to the same (b) ICRis marginally smaller than ECR environment at 40°C. The temp at the insulated (@) ICR=ECR end of the shorter rod is measured to be 65°C (a) ICRis negligible The temp at the mid point of the longer rod would [1989 : 1 Mark] be. 6.2. Biot number signities (@) 400 () 0 (@)_ The ralio of heat conducted toheat convected (©) 55°C (@ 109 (0) Therratio of heat convected to heat conducted [1992 : 2 Marks] (©) Theratioofextemal convectiveresistanceto —_g.4 wen thetuid velocity is doubled the thermal time internal conductive resistance constant of a thermometer used of measuring the (A) The ratio of internal conductive resistance to fluid temperature reduces by a factor of 2 (TIF) extemal convective resistance [1994 : 1 Mark] [1991 : 1 Mark] 61 () 62 (@) 68 (6) 64 (Fas) Fins and Unsteady Heat Transfer (Conduction and Convection) s and Unsteady Heat Transfer (Conduction and Convection) 61 (d) 63 (0 Lumped heat capacity is applicable when Bi <0.1 T= 100"6 gi _ MIKA _ ICR 1 aL “1 "ok * WhA ECR Temperature distribution along the rod is given For desired condition ie., Bi < 0.1 by k should be greater than h, Therefore ICR should be very small @,sinhm(I—x) +8, sinhmx a - sinh Biot number, where eek t and @, = 100-40 =60°C WA _IIKA Reone @, = 100-40=60°C KA UDA Reonw ie 6, = 6, 0, [sinh + sinh] = sinhoml52 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 2sinhmt "sinhomt For rod of length with insulated fip temperature distribution 9, cosnlm(t=)] = "0 coshmi L for 1 D ° coshmy 0 _ 100-40 _ 60 cosh ml = B= So ag = TE mil = (cosh-"4) = 2.063, For same material fins By Eqs. (i) and (i), we get = 60x 28inh2.068 e sinh4.126 6.4 False ° Explanation: When the velocity of the fluid gets doubled across a thermomeler tis nol necessary that the convective heat transfer coefficient “fr decreases by hall * even ime constant = Pe nA Ai)UNIT om VI CONTEN 1. Thermodynamic System and Processes 54 2. First Law of Thermodynamics, Heat, Work and Energy Interactions 55 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics, Carnot Cycle and Entropy 57 4. Properties of Pure Substances 59Thermodynamic System and Processes 1.1. The definition of 1 K as per the internationally accepted temperature scale is, (@) 1/100" the difference between normal boiling point and normal freezing point of water (b) 1/273.15" the normal freezing point of water (6) 100 times the difference between the triple point of water and the normal freezing point of water (A) 1278.16 of the triple point of water [1994 : 1 Mark] EEEEEIEEH Thermodynamic System and Processes 11 @) [FESS Thermodynamic System and Processes 11 id) The kelvin (abbreviation k), is the standard international (SI) unit of thermodynamic temperature. One kelvin (1 K) is formally defined a8 1/273.16” of triple point of water.24 2.2 24 (FESS First Law, Heat, Work and Energy 2a First Law of Thermodynamics, Heat, Work & Energy Interactions An insulated rigid vessel contains a mixture of {uel and air. The mixture is ignited by a minute spark. The contents of the vessel experience (@) Increase in temperature, pressure and energy (b) Dectease in temperature, pressure and energy (©) Increase in temperature and pressure but no change in energy (d) Increase in temperature and pressure but decrease in energy [1993 : 1 Mark] The first law of thermodynamics takes the form W=-AHwhen applied to (@) A closed system undergoing a reversible adiabatic process (b) An open system undergoing an adiabatic process with negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies (©) A closed system undergoing a reversible constant volume process (A) A closed system undergoing a reversible constant pressure process, [199 : 1 Mark] t Law, Heat, Work and Energy () 22 (br) 23 (@) 24 (6) Cc) When the mixture is ignited by a minute spark, it I result in combustion of fuel, due to which: 1. Increase in temperature 2. As it is rigid vessel, so volume will be constant, then pressure will increase Also, as itis an insulated vessel, so 8Q = 0. hence energy generated due to the combustion will increase the sensible energy and decrease the chemical energy butthe total internal energy will remain constant, it means no change in energy. 2.3 24 22 A steel ball of mass 1 kg of specific heat 0.4 kuikaK is at a temperature of 60°C. It is dropped into 1 kg water at 20°C. The final steady slate temperature of water is (@) 235°C (©) 90°C (©) 350 (4) 40°C [1993 : 1 Mark] A vertical cylinder with a freely floating piston contains 0.1 kg air at 1.2 bar and a smallelectrical resistor. The resistor is wired to an external 12 Volt battery. When a current of 1.5 amps is passed through the resistor for 90 seconds, the piston sweeps a volume of 0.01 m2. Assume (i) piston and the cylinder are insulated and (i) air behaves a an ideal gas with c, = 700 J/kgK. Find the rise in temperature of air m=0.1k9) k™) [1993 : 2 Marks] (b) ‘The first law of thermodynamics takes the form W = -AH when applied to an open system undergoing an adiabatic process with negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies. 1 nce 440 dmc? + maz, 4 Hye 1c? m0} + maz, + W pmee + maz,56 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 23 (a) Given data: Mass of steo! ball, m, = 1kg Specific heat of stee! ball, 6, = 0.4 kulkgk Initial temperature of ball 1, = °C Mass of water, my, = ko Initial temperature of water Ty = 20C Lot T, = Finaltemperature of ball and water Applying energy balance equation, Heat lost by a stee! ball = Heat gained by the water mol, —T) = ge g(T, Ty) 1x04 (60-T,) = 1x 4.18(T, ~20) 240.4 T,= 4.18 T,- 836 or 1076 = 4587, o T, = 23.49°C =28.50°C 24 Sol. Given: 1kg, F= 12 volt, t= 90s, AV= 0,01 m?, P= 1.2 bar, /= 1.5 amps Assumption: |. Piston and cylinder are insulated, ie. 6Q= 0 Il, Air behaves as an ideal gas with 6, = 700 Jikak :. Electrie work done on alt, BW, = Elt= 12 x 15 x 90 = 1620) . Work done by ai 8W,,, = pdV = 1.2.x 105 x 0.01 = 12004 (As there is freely floating piston, so pressure willremain constant) Now, from 1st law of thermodynamics, BQ = dU+ My) 0 = me,dT + 5Wy,- BW, 0.1 x 700 x dT + 1200 1620 420 = 6c ar 70, “SESE () Here electric workis done on system, so it will be negative (i) Work done by air, will be positive.34 32 3.3 34 [EEEEIEEH Second Law, Carnot Cycle and Entropy 34 37 Second Law of Thermodynamics, Carnot Cycle and Entropy condenser of a refrigeration system rejects heat ata rate of 120kW, while is compressor consumes a power of 30 kW. The coefficient of performance of the system would be (@ 14 (b)4 © 18 (3 [1992: 1 Mark] A reversible heat transfer demands: (@) The temperature difference causing heat transfer tends to zero The system receiving heat must be at a constant temperature (0) The system transferring out heat must be ata constant temperature Both interacting systems must be at constant temperatures (b) (a) [1998 : 1 Mark] Which among the following relations is/are valid only for reversible process undergone by a pure substance? (@) 8Q=du+5w () Tas = du+3w (©) TdS = dU+Pav (&) 8Q=Pav+ dU [1998 : 1 Mark] Figure below shows a reversible heat engine Ey having heat interactions with three constant temperature systems. Calculate the thermal efficiency of the heat engine (@ 32 @ 33 (@ 34 (60) (+.412786.99) 3.8 (False) 35 3.6 37 38 3.5 T= 1000 00K $O,= 100K 0, [1993 : 2 Marks] When a system executes an irreversible cycle @ $%20 a @ $B=0 (o G22 >0 [1994 : 1 Mark] he slopes of constant volume and constant pressure lines in the T-s diagram ave..... and respectively. [1994 : 1 Mark] A 100 W electrical heater is used to heat 20 kg of water (c, = 4186 J/kg) in an insulated bucket, from a temperature of 20°C to 80°C. If the heater temperature is only infinitesimally larger than the water temperature during the process, the change in entropy for the heater is... J/K and for water ik. [1994 : 1 Mark] Any thermodynamic cycle operating between two temperature limits is reversible if the product of the efficiency when operating as a heat engine and the COP when operating as a refrigerator is equal to 1 [TRUE/FALSE] [1994 : 1 Mark] = @ 3.658 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY [EGE Second Law, Carnot Cycle and Entropy 35° (a) Inequality of clausius: It provides the criteria of irreversibility of cycle. = <0 7 It g2 0, the cycle is reversible 31 @) Q, = 120kW a W= 30 KW a aso W= Q,-@, 30 = 120-0, w ee Q, = 120-30 = 90 KW Coefficient of performance, a, 90 _ = (coP),= Fe= FF =3 Refrigerator 32 (a) For reversible heat transfer, entropy change of universe must be zero. (48nj = (OS .ycan + AS, “Ae. So, for this condition, T, should be equal o T,. So for the reversible heat transfer, the temperature difference causing the heat transfer tends to zero, 33d) Asweknow according to law of thermodynamics, a= du+aw Conditions for applying the eqaution, w= [PAV are: ())_ the system must be a closed system. (i). Work should cross the boundary. (i) the process must be a reversible process So, 8Q = dU+ Pav 34 Sol. For reversible cycle, 3a TT 100 50 7000 ~ 500 300 Qs 02-0 or = 60K) Now, Q,+Q,=W4Q, 100 +50 = W+60 W= 90kJ n= gion yap + 06 = 80% 1 $22 <0, the eycle is irteversible and possible I" §2 > 0, the cycle is impossible, 36° Sol Fant Ca vec Tr (2) -Zo(@)-2 as), “a @* las), - 3 Slope of constant volume line constant pressure lines). So slope of constant volume lines on TEs diagram is higher then the slope of constant presssure lines. 37 Sol. (slope of Entropy change for water, 2 AS, mace (. incompressible) 80 278 = 20x arash 224278) 42786.99 JIK In the absence of mass and specific heat of heator we cannot find entropy change of heater, 38 Sol. False Nex (COP), T, and T,,are two different temepratures.Properties of Pure Substances 4.1 The relationship (@T/9P), = 0 holds good for (@) An ideal gas at any state (&) Areal gas at any state (©) Any gas atits critical state (@) Any gas at its inversion point [1998 : 1 Mark] 4.2 During the phase change of a pure substance (@) dG=0 (b) dP=0 (©) dH=0 (a) du=0 [1993 : 1 Mark] 4.3. Atthe triple point of a pure substance, the number of degrees of freedom is @o 1 (© 2 (@s EEEEEIIEN Properties of Pure substances 41 (ad) 4.2 (ab) 43° (@ 44 EEE Properties of Pure Substances [1993 : 1 Mark] 4.1 (a,d) Galt a z Fig: General substance Fig: Ideal gas, SEES * Joule-Thomson coefficient (u) is zero ‘everywhere on the inversion curve. + For ideal gas, (1 = 0) at any state (5.262% 10") 4.5 4.4 Avossel of volume 1.0 m? contains a mixture of liquid water and steam in equilibrium at 1.0 bar. Given that 90% of the volume is occupied by the steam, find the fraction of the mixture, Assume at 4.0 bat, v; = 0.001 m*ikg and v, = 1.7 meikg [1993 : 2 Marks] 4.8 In the vicinity of the triple point, the vapour pressures of liquid and solid ammonia are respectively given by In P= 15.16 -3063/Tand In P= 18.70-3754/T where Pisin atmospheric and T is in kelvin. What is the temperature at the triple point? [1993 : 2 Marks] (198.2) 42 (b) During phase change of a substance, aT=0 aP=0 43 (a) Gibb’s phase rule FeP=C42 where, F= degree of freedom, P=no. of phases C= no. of components For pure substance, no. of components, C= 1 Attriple point, no. of phases, P= 3 +3=142 Degree of freedom, F= 0 * EES () On P-T diagram, triple point and critical point both are points, (i) ONP-V diagram, triple pointis aline and critical point is a point60 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY 44° Sol. Method |: Volume of the mixture, V=im? Prossure: p= tbar Volume of steam, V, = 90% of V =09V=09x1=09m* Volume of liquid water, V,= V-Vg=1-0.9= 0.41 m? v, = 0.001 mi/kg v, = 1.7 mikg Specific volume of liquid water, My wee ™ 0.001 = 24 or m,= 100 kg m Specific volume of steam, or m, = 0.5299 Dryness traction, my 0.528 “= ys mg 100+0529 = 6.262 x 10% Method Mass of mi 99 ~ 0.001 1.7 Specific volume of mixture, 1 1 "=m 100.53 = 9947x107 mPikg = 100.53 kg Also, v= y+x(Vy-) (x= dryness fraction) vy _ 0.009947 - 0,001 vy, 17-0.001 Dryness fraction, x = 5.266 x 10° 45 Sol. At triple point all the three phases exist in equilibrium Triple point pressure of liquid and solid ammoniais same 3063 3754 15.16 - 288 _ 19,79 S84 T T (15.16) T-3063 = (18.70)T-3754 (3.54)T = 691 o T= 195.2KUNIT Power Plant Engineering CONTEN 1. Compressible Flow 62 2. Steam Power Cycles & Steam Turbines. 63 3. GasTurbines 66 4. Miscellaneous 68Compressible Flow 4.1. Subsonic and supersonic diffusers have the following geometry. (a) Divergent and convergent respectively (b) Both divergent (0) Both convergent (d) Convergent and divergent respectively EXEEEIEN compressible Flow 1.1 (a) EESERENESN Compressible Flow 1 @ For subsonic compressibel flow, converging passage works as nozzle and diverging passage acts as a diffuser. for supersonic compressible flow, converging passage works as diffuser while diverging passages works as nozzle. a * When Mach number M = 1, Maximum discharge possible (,¢. choked condition) ‘+ When Mach number, M= 1, Sonic flow always occur at a place where dA = 0. Hence supersonic velocity can’t be achieved by convergent only or divergent only. Hence convergent divergentis designed, [1992 : 2 Marks]2 | 24 22 2.3 24 2.5 An economizer ina steam generator performs the function of (@) Preheating the combustion air (0) Preheating the feed water (©) Preheating the input fuel (@) Raising the temperature of steam [1989 : 2 Marks] The fundamental objective of employing the condenser in a steam power plant is to (reducesincrease) the dryness fraction of steam [1989 : 2 Marks] The cutrentlevel of the maximum temperature of steam turbine inlat is much lower than that at gas turbine inlet because (@) The fuel combustion temperature in a steam generator is lower than that in a gas turbine engine Of the corrosive nature of high temperature steam on super heater tubes, The materials used for the gas turbine blades are not suitable for the steam turbine blades Unlike the gas turbine blades the steam turbine blades cannot be cooled (1989 : 2 Marks} (c) () In the Rankine cycle when superheated steam is used (@) Thermal efficiency increases (b) Steam consumption decreases (c) Steam dryness alter expansion increases (A) Allof the above [1990 : 2 Marks] When initially dry and saturated steam flows through a nozzle, the ratio of actual discharge to calculated discharge is (a) Equal to 1.0 (0) Greater than 1.0 (©) Less than 1.0 (@) Independent of inlet conditions [1990 : 2 Marks] Steam Power Cycles 26 27 28 29 2.10 241 & Steam Turbines Ina Rankine cycle heat is added (@) Roversibly at constant volume (0) Reversibly at constant temperature (6) Reversibly at constant pressure and temperature (a) Reversibly at const t pressure [1991 : 2 Marks] Velocity compounded steam turbine known as (curtis/rateau) turbine uses the principle of converting entie....... (pressurevelocity) energy before entering the first stage runner itself [1991 : 2 Marks] A steam t bine operating with less moisture (morefless) efficiency and (less! more) prone to blade damage. [1992 : 2 Marks] is, The equivalent evaporation (kg/hr) of a boiler producing 2000 kg/hr of steam with enthalpy content of 2426 kJ/kg from feed water at temperature 40°C (liquid enthalpy = 168 ki/kg) is (enthalpy of vaporization of water at 100°C = 2258 kuika) (@) 2000 (©) 186 (b) 2149, (a) 1649 [1993 : 2 Marks] For a given set of operating pressure limits of a Rankine cyole the highest efficiency occurs for (@) Saturatedcycle (b) Superheated cycle (©) Reheatcycle (a) Regenerative cycle [1994 : 1 Mark] For a single stage impulse turbine with rotor diameter of 2m and a speed of 3000 rpm when the nozzle angle is 20°, the optimum velocity of steam in m/s is (a) 334 (b) 386 (c) 668 (4) 711 (1994 : 1 Mark]64 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [| ‘MADE EASY [EEEEIIE steam Power Cycles & Steam Turbines ) 22 (b) 28 &) 24 24 27 (Cutis, pressure) 2.8 (more,less) 2.9 2.5 (a) EEEEcEE Steam Power Cycles & Steam Turbines 24 22 24 ) An economizer is aheat exchanger used for heating the feed water before it enters the boilers, The economizer recovers some of waste heat of hot flue gases going to the chimney and thus ithelps in improving the boller efficiency. Economizer is placed in the path of flue gases at the rear end of the boiler just before the air preheater. Sol. Reduces In a steam power plant, condenser plays a very important role. The main functions of a steam condenser are given below: 1. The condenser lowers the back pressure at the turbine exhaust and because of that, steam expands through @ higher pressure ratio across the turbine. It results into. (i) reduced consumption of steam, (ii)increased work done per cycle (ii) mproved thermal efficiency of the cycle. 2. The condeser enables the recovery and recirculation of pure feed water into the plant 8. Condenser reduces the dryness fraction of steam, 4, The condenser enables the removal of non- condensable gases and air from steam and thus the heat transte rate is improved and tube corrosion is reduced (b) The current level of the maximum temperature of steam turbine inlets much lower rthan that of gas turbine inlet because of the corrosive nature of high temperature steam on super heater lubes. (a) Inthe Rankine cycle, when superheated steams used: () Thermal efficiency increases (i) Steam consumption decreases 27 () 26 (a) 210 (4) 2.11 (e) (ii) Steam dryness after expansion increases (iv) Heat input and heat rejection increases Cc) \Whon initially cry and saturated steam flows through anazzle, the ratio of actual d'scharge to calculated discharge is greater than 1.0 becaueitis a case of super saturated flow condition due to which (i) mass flow rate increases, (i) specific volume reduces (i) enthalpy drop decreases (Wv) exitvelocity decreases (V) entropy increases (@) Process 4-1: Indicates isobaric heating of feed water, its change of phase from liquid to vapour and then its superheating in the boiler due to the heat transfer from the hot combustion flue gases to the feed water. The state of the steam leaving the boiler is high pressure, high temperature, super heated steam Sol. Curtis, pressure ‘Simple impulse turbine ~ De laval turbine Pressure compounded turbine ~ Rateau turbine Velocity compounded turbine - Curtis turbine 50% reaction turbine - Parson's turbine 100% reaction turbine — Hero's turbine In the velocity compounded turbine, whole Pressure conver's to velocity in the nozzle before centering rotor and compounding is done for velocity of steam,MADE EASY | Power Plant Engineering | 6 28 29 210 Sol. more, less. Asteam turbine which operates with less moisture always have more efficiency and due to the decrease in moisture, turbine is less prone to blade damage, @ Given data Rate of steam producing, m, = 2000 kg/hr Specific enthalpy steam, h = 2426 kJ/kg Specific enthalpy of feed water, hy = 168 kik Enthalpy of vaporization of water, Ig = 2258 kuikg we know that Equivalent evaporation, _ Totalheat required to evaporated feed water = Latent heat of steam at 100°C m,(h-hy) _ 2000(2426 - 168) a 2258 = 2000 kg/hr (a) The thermal efficiency of an ideal regenerative cycle is equal to the Carnot etticiency. 1.2, Mhegeneratve = Neanat Hence, itis maximum, 211 () Blade velocity, _ RON _ 3.14x2x3000 “=e = 60 = 314mis Optimum velocity ratio, uw _ 9982 wy 2 Optimum velocity of steam ye cosa _ 2x314 © G0s20° *OSEEEE In reaction turbine, optimum velocity ratio, (i where, « 668.3 m/s3.1 Inagas turbine power plant intercooler are used to cool the ..... (hot gases/compressed air) in order to decrease the ..... (expansion work! compression work) [1989 : 2 Marks] 8.2 Airexpands steadily through aturbine from 6 bar, 800 K to 1 bar, 520 K. During the expansion, heat transfer from air to the surroundings at 300 K is 10 kiikg air. Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies and evaluate the irreversibility per kg air. Assume air to behave as an ideal gas with ¢, =1.0 kkk and R= 0.3 kJikak. [1993 : 2 Marks] 3.3. In problem 6.14 find the actual work and maximum work per kg alr EEXEEIEEN ces Turbines [1993 : 2 Marks] 3.1. (Compressed air, Compression work) 3.2(42.03) ESE 62s Turbines 31 Sol. Compressed air, Compression work ina gas turbine power plant, intercooler are used to cool the compressed air and due to this compression work is reduced and more air mass can be supplied to turbine. 32. Sol. Given data At inlet, Pp, = Gbar T, = 800K At exit p, = 1bar; T,=520K Gas Turbines 3.4. A gas turbine cycle with heat exchanger and reheating improves (@) Only the thermal efficiency (0) Only the specific power output (©) Both thermal efficiency and specific power output (a) Neither thermal efficiency nor specific power output [1993 : 2 Marks] 8.5. Agas turbine cycle with infinitely large number of stages during compression and expansion leads to @) Stirling cycle (b) Atkinson cycle (©) Ericsson cycle — (d) Brayton cycle [1994 : 1 Mark] . 8.3(270& 312.04) 34 ©) 36 © Surroundings temperature, T, = 300K Heat transfer, q=~ 10 Kika Gy = 1.0 kdikgK R= 03 kilkgk Applying the steady flow energy equation, ne E renege egnew Neglect the change in kinetic and potential energies. hye qzhew o w= (h,-h)+q =o, (7,-T)+q = 1.0 (800 - 520) - 10 = 270 kikg Maximum work output per unit mass, Worae = My — Mo — Ty (S4— $2) = 6,(T,-T,)—Tp (clos. - loa, ) zMADE EASY | Power Plant Engineering | 67 = 1,0 (800-520) - 300 34 10 800 6 A gas turbine cycle is added with reheater and 1 -03\og,® ( Ooo 559 ~ 08 I°de ‘) heat exchanger in order to improve the work output = 280-300 (0.4307 -0.5378) as well as the efficiency. = 280 + 82,04 = 312.04 kJIkg . Ineversbity AECL T= Wye W= 312.04 ~ 270 = 42:04 kJikg ifthere's only reheating then work output increases Alternatively and thermal efficioney decreases. ineversibily T= TAS, = Th (As, + AS...) 35 (¢) q gas turbine cycle with infinitely large number of - tfe-sd steering compression na expansion wa to constant temperature and constant pressure ~ aef(teaZ-nea 2) 22] Sioere ciceeen cycle qh Pi} 300 edly to get more work done. 33 » sol (1069, $2203, 2)-c0ss] = 300 [-0.4307 + 0.5375 + 0.0333] = 42.03 kJ/kg Sol. Actual work per kg we(h-=h)+q = 6,(T- T+ = 1.0 (800-520) ~ 10 = 270 kJ/kg Maximum work per kg ai, Wingy = hy ~My ~ To(5,-8,) = 65(-T)~ -(coloa--Rtoa, 2) ~1 04800520) -300 (1.01og- 359 03109,$) = 280 + 92.04 - 812.04 kulkg4.1. Boiler rating is usually defined in terms of (@) Maximum temperature of steam in kelvin (b) Heat transfer rate in kdfhr (¢) Heat transfer areain meter? (4) Steam output in kg/hr [1992 : 2 Marks] EEE wiscetiancous 41 (d) Boiler rating is the heating capacity of a steam boiler and itis defined in terms of steam output in kgihr. 42 (b) Deaeration process: Deacration process is one of the most imporatnt steps in boiler water zatment. It depends on the decrease in sulubility of dissolved gases, notably 0, and CO, as the water temperature is increased. The deaeratoris a direct contact feed water heater. Deaerator is used for removal of dissolved gases, mainly 0, and CO,, Presence of dissolved oxygen iin feedwater is responsible for corrosion of metal be Miscellaneous 4.2. In steam and other vapour cycle, the process of removing non-condensable is called (@) Scavenging process (©) Deaeration process (©) Exhaust process (A) Condensation process [1992 : 2 Marks] a ‘* Sodium sulphite (Na,SO,) or hydrazine (N,H,) is used for deoxygenation * Scavenging process is used in Internal Combustion engines.CONTENTS 1, Air Standard Cycles 70 2. Analysis and Injection of Fuel & Fuel Emission 71 3. Testing and Performance 72 4. Miscellaneous 734.1. Inair standard Otto cycle the terminal pressures at the end of compression, heat release and expansion are respectively P, , P, and P,. Ii the coresponding values are P,’, P,’, and P,’, taking into account the effect of variable specific heat and dissociation of the working fluid, then (@) P, Py’ (b) P,

P,’ (0) Po Py P,> Py and P< By (a) P > Py, Py> [1989 : 2 Marks] 4.2. Anair standard diesel cycle consists of (a) Two adiabatic and two constant volume processes (b) Two constant volume and two isothermal processes EXE Ai: Standard cycles Wo @ 12 © 13 (15) Air Standard Cycles 1 @) The terminal pressures at the end of compression, heat release and expansion i.e. pp, Py and Pg respectively, willbe greater than the correponding values i.e. Py, Pf and Pf respectively, when we take into account the effect of variable specttic heat and dissociation of the working fluid 12 © Air standard diesel cycle: Air Standard Cycles ‘One constant pressure, one constant volume and two adiabatic processes ‘One constant pressure, one constant volume and two isothermal processes [1990 : 2 Marks] © (6) 1.3 The figure below shows a thermodynamic eycle undergone by a certain system. Find the mean effective pressure in Nim? Mir) [1993 : 2 Marks] . 00" 0.08 Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition Process 3-4: Reversible adiabat Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection expansion 13° Sol. Work done = Area under the cycle $x3x0.02 = 0.08 kNm 0.03 Work done Volume 1.5 kPa mep = = 0022 | 24 2.2 The power output from a spark ignition engine is varied by (@) Changing the ignition timing (b) Regulating the amount of air inducted (©) Regulating the amount of air fuel mixture (0) Regulating the amount of fuel [1990 : 2 Marks] BHP of a diesel engine can be increased by (@) increasing the pressure of intake air (b) inoreasing the temperature of intake air (c) increasing the density of intake air (d) decreasing the density of intake air [1991 : 2 Marks] Analysis and Injection of Fuel & Fuel Emission 2.3 Alcohols are unsuitable at diesel engine fuels because (@) The cetane number of alcohol fuels is very low which prevents theirignition by compression (b) The cetane number of alcohol fuels is very high which prevents their ignition by compression (©) The cetane number of alcohol fuels is very low which prevents good combustion (@) None of these [1992 : Marks] EEX Analysis and injection of Fuel & Fuel Emission 24 () 22 fc) 23° EEE Analysis and injection of Fuel & Fuel Emission 2a C) The power output from a spark ignition engine is varied by regulating the amount of air-fuel mixture i.e, by supplying richer or leaner mixture, “SEES ‘+ Inaspark ignition engine, ignition timing refers to the timing, relative to the current piston position and crankshaft angle, of the release ofa sparkin the combustion chamber near the end of the compression stroke. + Theneed for advancing orretarding the timing of the sspark is because fuel doesn’t completely burn the instant the spark fires. 22 fae) By p,1 = Supercharged T SIP = BPT @ Alcohols are unsuitable as diesel fuels for the following reaons (@) The cetane number of alcohol fuels s very low (ofthe order of zero to eight), which prevents, their ignition by compression (b) Alcohol fuels have low lubricating qualities causing trouble in injection pumps and nozzles, (6) There are material problems caused by the harsh reaction of methanol towards various plastics and metals.Testing and Performance 8.1. Brake thermal efficiency of the three basic types of reciprocating engines commonly used in toad vehicles are given in the increasing order as. (@) 2 Stroke Si engine, 4 Stroke SI engine, 4 Stroke Cl engine (b) 2 Stroke $1 engine, 4 Stroke Cl engine, 4 Stroke SI engine (6) 4 Stroke SI engine, 2 Stroke SI engine, 4 Stroke Cl engine (A) 4 Stroke Cl engine, 4 Stroke SI engine, 2 Stroke SI engine [1992 : 2 Marks] EEEEEIEEN Testing and Performance 3.1 (a) Testing and Performance 31 fa) Brake thermal eficiency of diesel engines higher than the petrol engine. Atthe same time, four stroke engines have more efficiency than the 2-stroke engines. EEE Volumetric efficiency of diesel engine is also higher {an the petrol engine,4.1. For determining the ignition quality of compression ignition engine fuels, the reference fuels used are (@) Isooctane and n-heptane (b) Cetane and a-methyinapthalene (©) Hexadecane and n-heptane (A) Cetane and isooctane [1991 : 2 Marks] 4.2. IV air {uel ratio of the mixture in petrol engine is more than 15:4 (@) NO, isreduced (b) CO, isreduced (©) HCisreduced — (d) COreduced [1991 : 2 Marks] EEEIIIEH Miscellaneous of Ic. Engines 41 (b+) 42 @ 438 (a) Miscellaneous of I.C. Engines 42 (a) { air-fuel ratio of the mixture in petrol engine is more than 15 :1 it means that the mixture is lean, learner AFR (air-fuel ratio) results in higher temperatures as the mixture is combusted, As we know, maximum NOx is produced at AFR, between 14:1 to 15: 1, sowhen the air-fuel ratio is more than 16 : 1 then the NOx formation reduces. Miscellaneous 4.3. Knocking tendency in a SI engine reduces with increasing (@) Compression ratio. (b) Walltemperature (©) Supercharging (a) Engine speed [1993 : 2 Marks] (¢) Knocking tendency in a SI engine reduces with increasing © Turbulence * Engine speed * Salfignition temperature of fuel © Octane ratingUNIT Refrigeration and Air-conditioning CONTEN 1. Vapour Refrigeration 75 2. Psychrometric Process 76 3. HeatPumpsandCycles 77 4, Properties of Moist Air 78Vapour Refrigeration 4.1. Round the clock cooling of an apartment having a load of 300 Muiday requires an air conditioning plant of capacity about (@) 1ton (b) Stons (©) 10tons (@) 100 tons [1993 : 2 Marks] [REE vepour Retriger 1 @ 12 &) Vapour Refrigeration 11 Capacity: @ = 300 MJ/day 300x 10° = = 3.47 KW 24x 60x60 (+ Ton =3.5 kW) 3.47 S41 = 0.99 ton = se on = 1 ton 12 (b) R-22 has a limit upto which it is miscible with lubricating oil, And it's miscibility reduces as temperature goes down so Refrigerant R-22 is not recommended with very low temperature. 1.2. Theuse of Refrigerant R-22 for temperature below 30°C is not recommended due to its (@)_ good miscibility with lubricating 0} (©) poor miscibility with lubricating 0 (©) low evaporating temperature (d) high compressor discharge temperature [1993 : 2 Marks] AEE Refrigerant R-22 is used with the reciprocating compressors generally. Itis used in window a.c and large units such as package units and large ac. plantsy) / Psychrometric Process 2.1. Wet bulb depression, under saturated ambient air conditions: (a) is always positive (b) is always negative (©) is always zero (d) May have a value depending upon the dew point temperature EEEEEIEN Psychrometric Process 2.1 (co) PEEEERIEEEY Psychrometric Process 21 DBT — Dry bulb temperature WBT — Wet bulb temperature WBD — Wet bulb depression WBD = DBT - WBT WBD #0 for unsaturated alr - DBT > W8T > Caaf Saturated [1989 Marks] Ofor saturated air DBT3 / Heat Pumps and Cycles 3.1. A refrigeration compressor, designed to operate with R 22 (canicannot) be operated with R 12 because the condensing pressure of R 22 at any given temperature is... (higher/lower) than that of R 12, [1992 : 2 Marks] ERE Heat Pumps and cycles 3.1. (cannot, higher) Heat Pumps and Cycles 31 Sol cannot, higher. >A ‘© Refrigerant, R-11 is generally used in large capacily central a.c, plants having centrifugal compressor, * Refrigerant, R-12 is generally used in small units, specially domestic refrigerators, water coolers etc, having reciprocating compressorProperties of Moist Air 4.1. Atmospheric air from 40°C and 60 percentrelative humidity can be brought to 20°C and 60 percent relative humidity by (@) Cooling and dehumidification process (b) Cooling and humidification process (©) Adiabatic saturation process (@) Sensible cooling process [1990 : 2 Marks] EEEEEIIEN Properties of Moist Ai 41 @ 42 @ 41 (a) DaTL, ol = / t oer Cooling and dehumidifiation process 4.2. If moist air is cooled by sensible heat removal which of the following is true? (@) Neither relative humiclty nor specific humiaity changes (©) Specific humidity changes but not relative humicity (6) Both relative humiclity and specific humidity changes (@) None of these [1991 : 2 Marks] a2 @ Sensible cooling process, DBTL w= C9? & _ «te 2 =a ¢ Te qt ost —» Sensible cooling processUNIT. Manufacturing Engineering ie) ES) 1. Engineering Materials 80 2. Metal Casting 81 3. Metal Forming 84 4, Sheet Metal Operations 85 5. Joining/Welding 86 6 Machining and Machine Tool Operation 88 7. Metrology and Inspection 91 8. _NC,CNC, DNC, APT, Automation 92 9. Nonconventional Machining (EDM, High Energy Rate Forming) 93Engineering Materials 1.1. When 1.0% plane carbon steel is slowly cooled from the molten state to 740°C, the resulting structure will contain (@) Pearlte and cementite (b) Ferrite and cementite (©) Austenite and ferrite (@) Austenite and cementite [ME 1990 : 1 Mark]2 | 24 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 26 Riser is designed so as to (@) freeze alter the casting freezes (b) treeze before the casting freezes (©) freeze at the same time as the casting (A) minimize the time of pouring [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] The contraction allowance provided on the pattern and core boxes compensates for the following type of contraction (a) liquid contraction (b) solidification contracti (©) solid contraction (d) Allof the above three types of contractions [ME 1988 : 1 Mark] Chills ate used in moulds to (@) achieve directional solidification (b) reduce possibility of below holes (©) reduce the freezing time (a) smoothen the metal for reducing spatter [ME 1989 : 1 Mark] Increase in water contentin moulding sand causes (@) flowabilty to go through a maxima (b) permeability to go through a maxima (©) compressive strength to go through amaxima (d) strength to go through a maxima IME 1989 : 1 Mark] Two cubical castings of the same metal and sizes of 2 cm side and 4 cm side are moulded in green sand. If the smaller casting solidifies in 2 mins, the expected time of solidifications of large casting will be (@) 16 min (©) 8 min (b) 2V8 min (a) 4 min [ME 1989 : 2 Marks] The pressure atthe in-gate will be maximum with the gating system (@) 4:8:3 (1:38:38 () 1:2:4 ()t1:254 [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] Metal Casting 2.7, When there is no room temperature change, the total shrinkage allowance on a pattern is independent of (@) pouring temperature of the liquid metal (b) freezing temperature of the liquid metal (©) the component size (d) coefficient of thermal contraction of solidified metal [ME 1991 : 1 Mark] 2.8 Converging passage is used for feeding the liquid molten metal into the mould to (@) increase the rate of feeding (©) quickly break off the protruding portion of the casting (©) decrease wastage of cast metal (d) avoid aspiration of air [ME 1991 : 1 Mark] 2.9 In a green sand moulding process, uniform ramming leads to (@) less chance of gas porosity (b) uniform flow of motten into the mould cavity (©) greater dimensional stability of the casting (d) less sane expansion type of casting detect, [ME 1992 : 1 Mark] 2.10 Casting process Slush casting Shell moulding . Dry sand moulding . Centrifugal casting Product Turbine blade . Machine tool bed . Cylindrical block |. Hollow castings like lamp shades Rain water pipes Cast iron shoe brake [ME 1992 : 2 Marks] peer eahens 2.11 Centrifugally casted products have (a) large grain structure with high porosity (b) fine grain structure with high density82 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : [1 | MADE EASY (6) fine grain structure with low density (d)_ segregation of slug toward the outer skin of the casting [ME 1993 : 1 Mark] 2.12 Only 4 pairs can be matched Casting process ‘A. Investment casting B. Die casting ©. Centrifugal casting D. Drop forging E. Extrusion F. Shell moulding EEEEEEEN Metal casting 21 (a) 22 (c) 23° (a) 2.4 (bp 25 29° (c) 2.10 (A-4,B-3,C-2,D-5) 2.11 (b) 2.12 ESERIES Metal casting 21 (a) Since, riser acts as a reservoir of molten metal fo mould cavity, it is so designed as to freeze after the casting freezes 22 © After freezing, solid shrinkage takes place as material cools from freezing temperature to room 26 temperature. Contraction or shrinkage allowance is provided on pattern to compensate for this 23 (a) Chills (metal pieces) are provided to increase cooling rate and to achieve directional solidification. 27 25 v Modulus = A 2 81 For cube 1, My; = 5 5554-3 For cube 2, My = 5 = 04.2 or ube 2. Me 6x4 96 3 Solidification tim (“) te Me aicitication time « (1) ie t= os Hence, we have Product Turbine rotors Turbine blades Connecting rods Galvanized iron pipes Cast iron pipes Carburetor body PaPens [ME 1994 : 2 Marks] © 26 @ 27 @ (A2,8-6,05,D-3,54,F1) 28 (d) Gating ratio denotes sprue area : runner area gate area. a:b: ¢= sprue area : runner area : gate area If ingate area is less pressure is more due to back flow of liquid metal. @® Shrinkage = oA(T,— T,) where a = coefficient of thermal contraction A = Pattern/mould cross-section area T, = Freezing temperature T, = Ambient temperature Solid shrinkage is independent of pouring temperature (a) Converging passages are used as sprues to gain in velocity of moten metal as it reduces air aspirationMADE EASY | Manufacturing Engineering | 83 29 211 (b) Unitorm ramming of sand during mould preparation In centrifugal casting, fine grain structure with improves mould strength, and makes it high density is obtained due to centrifugal action dimensionally stable. Slug segregation is toward internal skin of casting 2.10 Sol. 2:2 Sol. Ad, B-3, C-2, D5 A2, B-6, C-5, 0-3, E-4, F-4 Slush casting is used for making lamp shades, decorative pots ete. Symmetrical jobs like cylinder heads of IC engines are made with shell casting, Machine tool beds are casted using sand moulding. Hollow cylindrical parts are made with the help of centrifugal casting due to centrifugal effect. Complex shape are made with investment casting connecting rads are made using forging operation,3 | 8.1. For wire drawing operation, the work material should essentially be (@) ductile (o) hard (b) tough (@) malleable [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] 8.2. In forging operation the sticking friction condition occurs near the ... (centre/ends) [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] 8.3 The true sliding strain for a low carbon steo! bar which is doubled in length by forging is (@) 0307 (05 (©) 0693 (@ 10 [ME 1992 : 1 Mark] EXEXEIEN Metal Forming 3.1 (a) 3.2 (centre)3.3— (c) 3.4 (a) Metal Forming 3.1 (a) For wire drawing, ductility is essential criterion 32 Sol. In forging operation the sticking friction condition occurs near the centre. 33 (@ Engineering strain: al 1 7 True strain = In(1 + €) = In2 = 0.698 Metal Forming 3.4 The process of hot extrusion is used to produce (@) Curtain rods made of aluminium (b) Steel pipes of domestic water supply (©) Stainless steel tubes used in furniture (d) Large size pipes used in city water mains [ME 1994 : 1 Mark] 3.8 Calculate the bite angle when rolling plates 12 mm thick using work rolls 600 mm diameter and reducing the thickness by 3mm [ME 1994 : 2 Marks] 36 (573) 35 Sol Bito angle: @ = tan-*{ YRAh aan 2 Here, Ah = 3 mm, A = 300 mm tan-*[ 2800%3) _ 5.79 300-18Sheet Metal Operations 4.1 For blanking and piercing operations, clearance is provided on the ... and the .. respectively. [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] 4.2. Wrinkling is a common defect found is (a) Bent components (b) Deep drawn components (c) Embossed components (qd) Blanked component [ME 1991 : 1 Mark] EEXEEIEEN sheet metal Operations 4.1 (Punchand die) 4.2 (bp) 43 (a) FEEEEEIEEEY stect metal operations an Sol. In blanking, size is controlled by die hence clearance is provided on punch. Similarly in case of piercing, size of hole is controlled by punch therefore clearance is provided on die. 42 (b) During deep drawing operation, edges of the blank lifts up and wrinkles are formed due to circumferential compressive stresses, 4.3 The thickness of the blank needed to produce by power spinning a missile cone of thickness 1.5 mm and half cone angle 30° (@) 3.0 mm (6) 25 mm (©) 20mm (a) 1.5 mm [ME 1992 : 2 Marks] 4.4 In deep drawing of sheets, the values of limiting drawing ratio depends on (@) percentage elongation of the sheet (b) yield strength of the sheet (©) type of press used (d) thickness of shoot [ME 1994 : 1 Mark] 44 (d) 43 (a) Thickness of blank cone thickness 18 cos(2a)~ coseo® = 3.0 mm 44 (a) Limiting drawing ratio (LDR) is an indication of formablity of material. Larger thickness sheets will exhibit larger value of LOR54 5.2 5.3 5.4 55 54 5.6 Penetration is increased by (@) Increasing welding current and welding speed () Increasing welding current and decreasing welding speed (c) Decreasing welding current and welding speed (a) Decreasing welding current and increasing welding speed [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] At small variations of are length at operating conditions, the manual metal arc welding transformer provides nearly (@) Constant power (b) Constant power factor (6) Constant voltage (A) Constant current [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] For gas welding a particular job using a neutral oxyacetylene flame the acetylene consumption was 10 itres. The oxygen consumption from the cylinder in liters will be @ 5 (©) 10 (9 15 (a) 20 (ME 1991 : 1 Mark] For resistance spot welding of 1.5mm thick ste! sheets, the current required is of the order (@) 10 Amp (b) 100 Amp. (©) 1000 Amp (a) 10,000 Amp [ME 1991 : 1 Mark] Welding process Thermil welding Seam welding MIG welding Friction welding pomp, (d) (Maximum, flyer) ) (b) 5.4 5.8 (9) () 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 55 5.9 Joining/Welding Heat source Chemical reaction Exothermie chemical reaction Electric spark Ohmic resistance Mechanical work Electric are POR eo [ME 1991 : 2 Marks] Inan explosive welding process, the (maximuny minimum) velocity of impacts fixed by the velocity of sound in the ({lyet/ target) plate material [ME 1992 : 1 Mark] In DC welding, the straight polarity (electrode negative ) results in (@) Lower penetration (b) Lower deposition rate (6) Less heating of work piece (d) Smaller weld poo! [ME 1993 : 1 Mark] he electrodes used in arc welding are coated This is not expected to (a) Provide protective atmosphere to weld (b) Stabilize the are (6) Add alloying elements (d) Prevent electrode from contamination [ME 1994 : 1 Mark] The ratio of acetylene to oxygen is approximately for neutral lame used in gas welding [ME 1994 : 1 Mark] (A-2, B-4, C-6, D-5) (1:1)MADE EASY | Manufacturing Engineering | 87 5.1 (b) Onincreasing currents, heat generated willincrease and reducing speed will given more time to heat to accumulate hence increasing weld penetration 56 52 (d) Bz Manual metal arc welding transformer provide nearly constant cutrent power source for small change in arc length 53. (b) For neutral oxy acetylene flame, ratio between oxygen and acetylene is approx 1: 1, hence in this case oxygen consumption will be 10 litres, from the cylinder. 58 54 (d) For resistance spot welding, current required = 3937 (t, + t) Ampere = 9997 (1.5 + 15) 118115 = 10000 Amp. 59 Sol, Maximum, flyer In an explosive welding process, the maximum, velocity of impact is fixed by the velocity of sound in flyer plate. ) In straight polarity, electrode is negative and workpiece is +ve, hence more heat is generated at workpiece resulting in greater penetration but due to lower heat generation at electrode end melting rate of electrode reduces causing low deposition rate. (@) Coating are provided to produce sheilding gasses, remove oxides, stabilize the arc and provide alloying elements to improve strength and physical properties of the weld metal Sol. In neutral flame ratio of acetylene to oxygen by vol is 1:1641 6.2 63 6.4 65 66 Machining and Machine Tool Operation The standard specification of a grinding wheel is A-46-M-6-V-21. It means a wheel of (@) Aluminum oxide of mesh size 6 (b) Boron carbide of mesh size 46 (6) Aluminum oxide of mesh size 46 (d) Silicon carbide of mesh size 6 [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] Cutting tools are provided with large positive rake angle mainly for @) Increasing the strength of the cutting edge (©) Avoiding rubbing action with the finished surfaces (©) Reducing the magnitude of the cutting force (d) Better heat dissipation [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] If in a turning operation both the feed rate and the nose radius are doubled the surface finish value will be (@) Decreases by 50% (b) Increases by 300% (©) Increases by 100% (d) Rumanian affected [ME 1987 : 1 Mark] The ideal cutting fluid for low speed machining of metals should be one which (@) removes the heat faster from the cutting zone (©) forms a coating on the cutting tools by chemical reaction (©) forms a low shear strength film of work material at the tool chip interface (d) serves as a dielectric, minimizing thereby reactions due to EMF at the interface [ME 1988 : 1 Mark] In twist oils... (smalilarge) point angle and (smalilarge) helix angle are provided for driling soft, low strength steel. [ME 1988 : 1 Mark] Cutting speed in grinding is set to a high value to (@) Reduce the cutting time (b) Increase the bond strength (6) Improve cooling of job and wheel (d) Reduce the wheel wear [ME 1988 : 1 Mark] 6.7 Pure metal pose machinability problem in turning operations, The reason is the (@) Increased length of contact due to the production of continuous chip (©) Susceptibility to chemical reactions (6) Tendency to from intense adhesion joint with the tool face (d) Absence of inclusions which aids chip formation [ME 1988 : 2 Marks] 6.8 The size of BUE in metal cutting increases with (@) very high speed (b) large uncut chip thickness (©) use of cutting fluid (d) increase in positive rake angle [ME 1989 : 1 Mark] 6.9. Crater wear always starts al some distance from the tool tip because at that point (@) cutting fluid does not penetrate (b) chip too! interface temp is maximum (©) normal stress on rake face is maximum (d) tool strength is minimum [ME 1989 : 1 Mark] 6.10 Gearhobbing produces more accurate gears than milling because in hobbing (@) there is a continuous indexing operation (©) pressure angle is larger than in miling (©) hob and work piece both are rotating (@) a special mult-tooth cutter (hob) is used [ME 1989 : 1 Mark] 6.11 Tooth of ina (@) Milling machine (0) Gear shaping machine (6) Slotting machine (a) Hobbing machine ternal spur gears can be accurately cut IME 1989 6.12 Minimum dimensional and form accuracy can be obtained in the cylinder bores of automobile engines if the bores are finished by (@) Lapping (b) Reaming (©) Internal grinding (d) Honing [ME 1989 : 1 Mark] 1 Mark]MADE EASY | Manufacturing Engineering | 39 6.13 Inturning operation the fead rate could be doubled to increase the metal removal rate. To keep the same level of surface finish, the nose radius of the tool has to be (a) Doubled (b) Haived (©) Multiplied by 4 times (d) Keptunchanged [ME 1989 : 2 Marks] 6.14 Most of the metal cutting heat goes into the (@) Moving chip (b) Cutting too! (6) Work material (d) Machine tool [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] 6.18 If the longitudinal feed in centroless grinding is expressed by V, = mDN sina, D stands for (@) Diameter of blank (b) Diameter of finished workpiece (©) Diameter of control wheel (@) Diameter of grinding whee! [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] 6.16 In small lot production for machining T-slots on machine tables, il is expected to use (@) Shaping machine (b) Btoaching machine (©) Vertical milling machine (a) Horizontal milling machine [ME 1990 : 1 Mark] 6.17 For cutting double start screw threads of pitch 1.0mm on a lathe, the thread cutting tool should have a feed rate of (@) 0.5 mmirev (©) 2.0 mmiev (b) 1.0 mmirev (d) 4.0 mmirev [ME 1991 : 2 Marks] 6.18 A milling cutter having 10 teeth is rotating at 100 rpm, The lable feed is sot al SO mm per minute. The feed per tooth in mm is (@5 () 05 (©) 02 (@) 0.05 [ME 1991 : 2 Marks] [EESEEEE Machining and Machine Tool Operation 61 () 62 © 63 (©) 64 @ 69 (b) 610 (a) 611 (b) 6.12 (A) (down, down) 6.21 6.17 () 6.18 (4) 6.19 (b) 6.20 6.23. (small, high) 6.24 (0) 6.19 The effect of rake angle on the mean friction angle in machining can be explained by (@) Sliding model of friction (©) Sticking and then sliding friction model (©) Sticking friction mode! (@) Sliding and then sticking friction model [ME 1992 : 1 Mark] 6.20 Inhorizontal miling process ..... (up/down) milling provides better surface finish and... (up/down) milling provide longer too lite [ME 1992 : 1 Mark] 6.21 Component process ‘Square hole in a high strength alloy Square hole in a ceramic component Blind holes in a die Turbine blade profile on high strength alloy Milling Driling ECM Jig boring EDM usm [ME 1992 : 2 Marks] 6.22 A miling cutter having 8 teeth is rotating at 150 rpm. If the feed per tooth is 0.1 mm, the speed in mm per minute is (@) 120 (©) 125 Parse FOP (©) 187 (d) 70 [ME 1993 : 2 Marks] 6.28 To get good surface finish on a turned job, one should use a sharp tool with .. feed rate and speed of rotation of the job. (ME 1994 : 1 Mark] 6.24 A grinding wheel A 27K 7 V'is specified for finish grinding of a HSS cutting tool. What do you Understand! about the wheel from the above code. IS this an appropriate choice? (a) yes (b) no, because abrasive is not correct (e) no, grain size is not correct (a) no, because grade is not correct choice [ME 1994 : 2 Marks] 6.5 (small. large)6.6 (a) 67 (a) 6.8 (b) 6.13 (0) 6.14 f@ 618 () 6.16 (0) AS, 8-6, C-2, 0-3 6.22 (a)6s 67 617 620 Sol. Smaliflarge. (a) Generally pure melals have high duottlity, hence the continuous chips are produced. C) Feed in thread cutting = lead of threads = number of stats x pitch = 2x1.0=2mm/rev Inhorizontal miling process down milling provides better surface finish and down milling provide longer tool life. ining and Machine Tool Operati 622 623 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Id | MADE EASY @) feeth on milling cutter = 8 pm = 150 Feed per tooth, f, = 0.1 mm Feed per revolution = feed per tooth x no. of teeth 0.1 x 8 = 08 mmiev. = 0.8 x 150 mm/min = 120 mm/min Sol. To get good surface finish on a turned job, one should use a sharp tool with small feed rate and high speed of rotation of the job7 / Metrology and Inspection 7A 7.2 7.3 The hole 40°382 and shaft assembled will result in (@) clearance fit’ (b) interference fit (6) transition fit (a) drive fit (ME 1987 : 1 Mark] In an engineering drawing one finds the designation of 206718, the position of tolerance of the hole is indicated by (@) Letter G (©) Letter f (©) Number 7 (a) Number 8 [ME 1988 : 1 Mark] (ME 1989 : 1 Mark] A bush was turned after mounting the same on a mandrel, The mandrel diameter in millimeters 40%) when is 40/28 and bore diameter of bush is 409, The maximum eccentricity of the bush in mm will be (@) oot © 04 (b) 0.055, (014 [ME 1991 : 2 Marks] EXE Metrology and Inspection 7. © 72 @ 73 () 74 (@ Metrology and Inspection 74 72 73 iC) The position of tolerance zone with respect to the zero line, which is @ function of the basic size, is indicated by letter symbol, a capital letter for holes and a small letter for shafts. The tolerance, the value of which is a function of the basic size is designated by a number symbol, called the grade (b) Max. dia of bushing Min, dia of mandrel 40.06 mm 39.95 mm 7.4 78 75 74 7s Two shafts Aand Bhave their diameters specified as 100 + 0.1 mm and 0.1 = 0.0001 mm respectively. Which of the following statements isfare true (@) Tolerance in the dimensions greater in shaft A (0) The relative error in the dimension is greater in shatt (c) Tolerance in the dimension is greater in shaft 8 (d) The relative error in the dimension is same for shaft A and shalt 8 [ME 1992 : 2 Marks] A shaft of diameter 20°28 mm and a hole of iameter 201922 mm when assembled would yield (@) Transition fit (6) Clearance fit (b) Interference fit (@) None of these [ME 1993 : 2 Marks] © Maximum eccentricity = Max. radial clearance 40.06 -39.95 = > = 0.055 mm (a) Tolerance of shaft A 100.1 - 99.9 Tolerance of shaft 8 = 0.1001 ~ 0.0999 = 0.0002 mm, So, tolerance of shaft A > Tolerance of shaft 8 to Max, diameter for shaft = 20.05 mm Min. diameter for shaft = 19.85 mm. Similarly min. diameter for hole = 20.10 mm Since, min. diameter for hole is greater than max. diameter of shaft, it is a case of clearance fit 0.2 mm

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