Method of Consistent

Deformation
Structural Analysis
By
R. C. Hibbeler

Theory of Structures‐II
EEngr. Shahzad
Sh h d Saleem
S l
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Force Method of Analysis/Method of Consistent

D f
Deformation
ti

Consider the following beam

P

A B
Actual Beam

Number of unknown support reactions =4

Equations of equilibrium available =3
Degree of indeterminacy = first

So we need one more equation for solution

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

For this we will use principle of superposition and

consider
id the
th compatibility
tibilit off displacement
di l t att one off its
it
support.

This is done by choosing one of its support reactions as

Redundant and temporarily removing its effect on the
beam to make it statically determinate and stable.

This beam is referred to as the Primary Structure.

P P

A B A B
ΔB

Actual Beam Primary Structure 3

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

By superposition , the unknown reaction at B, i.e., By,

causes the
th beam
b att B to
t be
b displaced
di l d Δ’BB upward.
d
P

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By

First letter in subscript notation refers to point B where

deflection is specified and second letter refers to point B
where unknown reaction acts.
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Assuming positive displacements act upward, then we

can write
it necessary compatibility
tibilit equation
ti att the
th roller
ll
as
0 = − ∆ B + ∆' BB +↑ ( )

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By
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The displacement at B caused by unit load acting in the

di ti off By is
direction i Linear
Li fl ibilit coefficient
flexibility ffi i t fBB.

A fBB
B
1

fBB is the deflection at B caused by a unit load at B

The material behaves in a linear elastic manner, a force of

By acting at B, instead of unit load, will cause a
proportionate increase in fBB.

∆' BB = B y f BB 6
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

We can say that Linear Flexibility Coefficient fBB is a

measure off the
th deflection
d fl ti per unit
it force,
f and
d its
it units
it are
m/N, ft/lb, etc.

The compatibility equation above can be written in terms

of the unknown By as

0 = −∆ B + B y f BB

∆B
By =
f BB
Once By is found, the three reactions at A can be found
f
from equations
ti off equilibrium.
ilib i
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As stated previously, the choice of redundant is arbitrary.

For example, the moment at A can be determined

directly by removing the capacity of beam to support a
moment at A, by replacing the fixed support by a pin.
P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 8

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The rotation at A, caused by the load P is θA, and the

rotation at A cause by the redundant MA at A is θ’AA.

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 9

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

If we denote an angular flexibility coefficient αAA as the

angular
l displacement
di l t att A cause by b a unit it couple
l
moment applied at A, then

θ AA
'
= M Aα AA

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 10

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The angular flexibility coefficient measures the angular

di l
displacementt per unitit couple
l momentt and
d has
h the
th units
it
of rad/N.m or rad/lb.ft, etc.

1 A B

αAA

The compatibility equation for rotation at A requires

0 = θ A + M Aα AA
θA
In this case, MA = −
α AA
‐ve value means that MA acts in opposite direction
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Second Order Indeterminate Structures

The figure is showing a beam of second order

indeterminacy.

Two compatibility equations will be necessary for

solution.

P1 P2
B C
A D

Actual Beam
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We will choose the vertical forces at the roller supports B

and
d C,
C as redundants.
d d t
P1 P2
B C
A D Actual Beam

The resultant primary structure deflects as shown, when

the redundants are removed
P1 P2
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Each redundant force which is assumed to act downward,

d fl t this
deflects thi beam
b as shown
h
By

B C Redundant
A D By Applied

Δ’’BB=ByfBB Δ’CB=B
ByfCB

Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’BC=ByfBC Δ’CC=CyfCC

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P1 P2
B C
A D A t lB
Actual Beam

P1 P2 =
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC
+
By

B C Redundant
d d
A D By Applied

Δ’BB=B
Δ ByfBB Δ’CB=B
Δ ByfCB
+
Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’CC=CyfCC 15
Δ’BC=ByfBC
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

B C
A D

fBB fCB

B C
A D

fBC fCC

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

By superposition, the compatibility equations for the

d fl ti att B and
deflection d C,
C respectively
ti l are

0 = ∆ B + B y f BB + C y f BC (+ ↓)
0 = ∆ C + B y f CB + C y f CC (+ ↓)
These equations may be solved simultaneously for the
two unknown forces By and Cy.

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Following procedure provides a general method for
determining the reactions or internal loadings of S.I.S
using
sing the force method.
method

P i i l off Superposition
Principle S ii
• Determine the number of degree of indeterminacy.
• Specify the number of redundant forces or moments
which must be removed to make the structure
determinate.
• Draw S.I.S and show it to be equal to a sequence of
corresponding S.D.S.
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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Principle of Superposition
• The primary structure supports the same external loads
as the S.I.S., and each of other structures added to the
primary structure shows
h the
h structure loaded
l d d withh a
separate redundant force or moment.
• Sketch the elastic curve on each structure and indicate
symbolically the displacement or rotation at the point of
each redundant force or moment.
moment

C
Compatibility
tibilit Equations
E ti
• Write compatibility equation for the displacement or
rotation
t ti att each
h point
i t where
h th
there i a redundant
is d d t force
f
or moment. 19
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equations
• These equations should be expressed in terms of the
unknown redundants and their corresponding flexibility
coefficients.
ff
• Determine all the deflections and their corresponding
flexibility coefficients using the table on inside front
cover.
• Substitute these into the compatibility equations and
solve for the unknown redundants.
• If the numerical value for a redundant is negative, it
indicates the redundant acts opposite to its
corresponding
di unitit force
f or unit
it couple
l moment.
t
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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Equilibrium Equations
• Draw a free body diagram of the structure.
• As the redundant forces have been calculated,, now
calculate the remaining unknown reactions using
equations of equilibrium.
• Now draw the shear and moment diagrams.
• Also the deflection at any point can be determined using
the previous methods.

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Example 1
Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the
beam in Fig. EI is constant.

50 KN

A C
B

6m 6m

Actual Beam

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution

50 KN

A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m

• The
Th bbeam iis first
fi t ddegree statically
t ti ll iindeterminate
d t i t

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Principle of Superposition
• By is taken as redundant
• Removal of redundant By requires that the roller support
in the direction of By be removed
• By is assumed to act upward
50 KN
A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m
=
50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 24
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive displacement as upward, we have

0 = − ∆ B + B y f BB (1)

• ΔB and fBB are obtained using tables on inside front cover

of book
• Note that
∆ B = ∆ C + θ C (6m )

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 25
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Thus ∆ B = ∆ C + θ C (6m )

P( L 2) 3 P( L 2) 2  L 
∆B = +  
3EI 2 EI  2 

(50kN )(6m) 3 (50kN )(6m) 2

∆B = + (6m )
3EI 2 EI
9000 kN .m 3
∆B = ↓
EI
50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 26
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
PL3 (1)(12 m ) 576 m 3
3
f BB = = = ↑
3EI 3EI EI
Substituting these results into Eq. (1) yields
9000  576 
0=− + By 
EI  EI 
B y = 15.6 kN ANS

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 27
Redundant By applied
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

If this reaction is placed on free body diagram of the

b
beam, th
the reactions
ti att A can be
b obtained
bt i d ffrom th
the th
three
equations of equilibrium.

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN
k

6m 6m

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Having determined all the reactions, the moment

di
diagram can b
be constructed.
t t d

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN

6m 6m

M (kN.m)
93.8

3.27 x (m)
6 12

‐112
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Example 2
Determine the moment at the fixed wall for the beam in
Fig. EI is constant.

A B
20 k . ft

10 ft

Actual Beam

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Solution

A B
20 k . ft
f A t lB
Actual Beam

10 ft
f

• The beam is first degree

g staticallyy indeterminate

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Principle of Superposition
• MA is taken as redundant
• The capacity of the beam to support a moment at A has
been removed
• Fixed support at A is substituted by a pin
• MA is assumed to act counterclockwise
A B
20 k . ft Actual Beam

10 ft

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 32

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

ML 20 k . ft
f (10 ft f2
f ) 33.3 k . ft
θA = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 33

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

ML 1(10 ft ) 3.33
33 ft
α AA = = =
3EI 3EI EI

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 34

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
Substituting these results into Eq.(1) yields

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

33.3  3.33 
0= + M A 
EI  EI 

M A = −10 k . ft ANS

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 35

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The negative sign indicates that MA acts opposite to that

shown in figure.

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 36

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

When this reaction is placed on the beam, other

reactions
ti can b
be d
determined.
t i d

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k
3k

10 ft

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

The moment diagram is shown below

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k
3k
10 ft

M (k.ft)
(k ft)

10
x (ft)

‐20

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Example 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. The support at B settles 1.5 in. Take E =
29(103) ksi,
ksi I = 750 in4.

20 k
1.5 in
A C

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

Actual Beam
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Solution
Principle of Superposition

20 k
1.5 in
A C
Actual Beam
B

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

• The beam is first degree statically indeterminate.

• The centre support B is chosen as redundant, so that the
roller at B is removed.
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• By is assumed to act downward on the beam.

20 k
1.5 in
A C
Actual Beam
B

=
20 k

B
A C Primary
ΔB Structure

+
By
B
A C Redundant By
applied
Δ’BB=ByfBB
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Compatibility Equation
• With reference to point B, using units of ft, we require

(+ ↓) 1.5
12
= ∆ B + B y f BB (1)

• Use conjugate beam method to compute ΔB and fBB since

the moment diagrams consists straight line segments.
• For ΔB 20 k

B
A C

20 k

A C
15 k 5k
42
12 ft 36 ft
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
20 k

A C
15 k 5k
12 ft 36 ft

180
1080 EI 3240
EI EI

2520 8 ft 16 ft 24 ft 1800
EI EI

conjugate beam

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
180
Compatibility Equation 1080 EI 3240
EI EI

+ ∑ M B' = 0
2520 8 ft 16 ft 24 ft 1800
EI EI

120
1440
EI
EI
MB’

VB’ 8 ft 16 ft
1440 1800
− M B' + (8) − (24) = 0 1800
EI
EI EI

31680 31680
M B' = − = ↓
EI EI 44
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Compatibility Equation
1k
• For fBB
B
A C

1k

A C
0.5 k 0.5 k
24 ft 24 ft

288 12
EI EI

conjugate beam

144 144
24 ft 24 ft
EI EI 45
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Compatibility Equation 288 12

EI EI
• For fBB conjugate beam

144 144
24 ft 24 ft
EI EI

+ ∑ M B' = 0 12
144
EI
EI
mB’
144 144
− mB ' + (8) − (24) = 0
EI EI vB’ 24 ft
144
8 ft
EI
2304 2304
mB ' = − = ↓
EI EI
46
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
• Substituting these results into eq. (1), we have

(+ ↓) 1.5
12
= ∆ B + B y f BB (1)

1.5 31680  2304 

= + By  
12 EI  EI 

• Expressing
p g the units of E and I in terms of k and fft,, we
have
 1.5 
 [ ( ) ( )][ ( )]
ft 29 10 3 k in 2 (12 ) in 2 ft 2 750 in 4 ft 4 (12 ) in 4
 12 
2 4

= 31680 + B y (2304 ) 47
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

B y = −5.56k
Equilibrium Equations
• The negative sign indicates that By acts upward on the
beam.
20 k

A C

Ay By=5.56 k Cy
12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

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Equilibrium Equations

+ ∑ MA = 0 − 20(12 ) + 5.56(24 ) + C y (48) = 0

C y = 2.22 k

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 Ay − 20 + 5.56 + 2.22 = 0
Ay = 12.22 k

20 k

A C
Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k
12 ft 12 ft 24 ft
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• Using these results, shear and moment diagrams are

20 k

A C

Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

V (k)

12.22

x (ft)
‐2.22
‐7.78
‐20

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• Using these results, shear and moment diagrams are

20 k

A C

Ay=12.22 k By=5.56 k Cy=2.22 k

12 ft 12 ft 24 ft

M (k.ft)
(k ft)
146.7
53.3

x (ft)

51
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Example 4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. EI is constant. Neglect the effect of axial
load.
load

2 k/ft

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam

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Solution
Principle of Superposition

2 k/ft

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam

• Since axial load is neglected the beam is second degree

statically indeterminate
indeterminate.
53
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Solution
Principle of Superposition
• The two end moments at A and B will be considered as
redundants.
• Beam’s capacity to resist these moments is removed by
placing
l i a pin/hinge
i /hi at A andd rocker/roller
k / ll at BB.

2 k/ft
k/f

A B

10 ft 10 ft

Actual Beam
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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

2 k/ft
Solution
A B A t lB
Actual Beam

10 ft 10 ft
=
2 k/ft

A B Primary
θA θB structure

+
MA
B Redundant MA
A applied
θ'AA=MAαAA θ‘BA=MAαBA
+
MB
Redundant MB
A B applied 55
θ'AB=MBαAB θ‘BB=MBαBB
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation

• Reference to point A and B, requires

( +) 0 = θ A + M Aα AA + M Bα AB ((1))
( +) 0 = θ B + M Aα BA + M Bα BB (2)

• The required
q slopes
p and angular
g flexibilityy coefficients
can be determined using the table on the inside front
cover. We have

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Compatibility Equation

3(2 )(20 ) 375

3 3
3wL
θA = = =
128 EI 128 EI EI
7(2 )(20 )
3
7 wL3 291.7
θB = = =
384 EI 384 EI EI
ML 1(20 ) 6.67
α AA = = =
3EI 3EI EI
ML 1(20 ) 6.67
α BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI
ML 1(20 ) 3.33
α AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 57
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Compatibility Equation
Substituting the data into Eqs. (1) and (2) yields

375  6.67   3.33 

0= + M A + MB
EI  EI   EI 
291.7  3.33   6.67 
0= + M A  + MB 
EI  EI   EI 
Cancelling EI and solving these equations simultaneously,
we have
M A = −45.8 k . ft M B = −20.8 k . ft

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University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
Using these results, the end shears are calculated

16 25 k
16.25 2 k/ft 3 75 k
3.75

45.8 k.ft A B 20.8 k.ft

10 ft 10 ft

V (k)

16.25

x (ft)
8.125
‐3
3.75
75

59
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Compatibility Equation
Using these results, the end shears are calculated

16 25 k
16.25 2 k/ft 3 75 k
3.75

45.8 k.ft A B 20.8 k.ft

10 ft 10 ft

M (k.ft)

20 2
20.2

3.63 14.4 20
x (ft)
8.125

‐20.8
45.8 60
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Example 5
Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam
shown. EI is constant.

500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

12 ft 5 ft 5 ft

Actual Beam

61
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Principle of Superposition

500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

12 ft 5 ft 5 ft

Actual Beam

• By inspection the beam is indeterminate to the first

degree.
degree
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Solution
Principle of Superposition
• We will choose the internal moment at support B as the
redundant.
• Beam is cut open and end pins or internal hinge are
placed
l d at B to release
l only
l the
h capacity
i off beam
b to resist
i
moment at this point.

θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B

Primary structure 63
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Principle of Superposition 500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C A t lB
Actual Beam
B
=
θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

Primary
A C
structure
B
+

MBα‘BB MBα’‘BB

Redundant
MB applied
MB MB 64
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Solution
Compatibility Equations
• The relative rotation of one end of one beam with
respect to the end of other beam to be zero, that is
( +) θ B + M Bα BB = 0

where θ B = θ B' + θ B''

α BB = α BB
'
+ α BB
''

θ‘B θ‘’B
500 lb
120 lb/ft

A C
B 65
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Compatibility Equations
• The slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be
determined from the table on inside front cover, that is

θ B' =
wL
=
3
120(12 ) =
8640 lb. ft
32

24 EI 24 EI EI

θ B'' =
PL
=
2
500(10 ) =
3 125 lb.
2
ft 2

16 EI 16 EI EI
ML 1(12 ) 4 ft
α '
BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI
ML 1(10 ) 3.33 ft
f
α ''
BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 66
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution θ B = θ B' + θ B''

Compatibility Equations α BB = α BB + α BB
' ''

• Thus
θ B + M Bα BB = 0

8640 lb. ft 2 3125 lb. ft 2  4 ft 3.33 ft 

+ + MB + =0
EI EI  EI EI 

M B = −1604 lb. ft

• The negative sign indicates that MB acts in opposite

direction.

67
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Compatibility Equations
500 lb
120 lb/ft
1604 lb.ft 1604 lb.ft

854 lb 854 lb 410 lb 410 lb

586 lb 1264 lb 89.6 lb

V (lb)

586 410

12 17 22
x (ft)
4.89 ‐89.6

68
‐854
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Solution
Compatibility Equations
500 lb
120 lb/ft
1604 lb.ft 1604 lb.ft

854 lb 854 lb 410 lb 410 lb

586 lb 1264 lb 89.6 lb

M (lb.ft)
1431
448
12 17 22
x (ft)
4.89

‐1604 69