QUESTION PAPER CODE: 52007

21OCE324T/DESIGN OF GREEN BUILDINGS

Part-A
1. d. CII-Sohrabji green business centre, Hyderabad
2. c. Leadership in energy and environmental design
3. a. Agricultural residues
4. a. hollow wall
5. a. 2.00
6. a. regulate the internal temperature of a given space.
7. b (or) c heating water for swimming pools
8. b. electric fan
9. d. Balancing environmental, social, and economic considerations.
10. c. activated carbon filtration
Part-B
11.What are the carbon emissions of buildings?
• Day-to-day energy use that comes from powering lighting, heating, and cooling. Globally,
building operations account for about 28 percent of emissions annually.
• The amount of carbon generated through manufacturing building materials, transporting
materials to construction sites, and the actual construction process.
12. Write three features of a green building.
• Use of Recycled and Environmentally Friendly Building Materials.
• Use of Renewable Energy
• Efficient use of water
13. What is meant by framed construction?
Framed construction is a widely used building method that employs a framework of vertical and
horizontal elements to provide structural support, flexibility, and efficiency in constructing a
variety of buildings.
14. Define sustainable building material.
Sustainable building materials are materials that are environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout their life cycle, from extraction or harvest to production, use, and disposal.
15. Define Thermal comfort
The term 'thermal comfort' describes a person's state of mind in terms of whether they feel too hot or
too cold. The thermal comfort is one of the indoor environment factors that affect health and human
performance, thus chiefly determined by temperature, humidity, and air movement.
16. Write short notes on heat transfer in buildings through conduction.
Conduction occurs through the building envelope, including walls, floors, and roofs. During hot or cold
weather, heat flows through these components, affecting the indoor temperature.
17. What is meant by passive solar?
Passive solar refers to the use of natural processes and design strategies to harness and utilize solar
energy for heating, cooling, and lighting within buildings.
18. Write short notes on natural ventilation.
Natural ventilation is a sustainable and energy-efficient method of cooling indoor spaces by using
natural forces such as wind and buoyancy. Overall, natural ventilation offers a sustainable and cost-
effective solution for maintaining a comfortable and healthy indoor environment.
19. What are types of urban green cover?
‘Green cover’ refers to a broad range of strategies to integrate green, permeable and reflective surfaces
into cities and towns, which are home to 89 per cent of our population.
Types of urban green cover include bushland, private and community gardens, parks, greenways, habitat
corridors, street trees, roof gardens and plant-covered walls, as well as reflective and permeable walls,
pavements and other surfaces. Protecting local green spaces, designing eco-friendly buildings and
creating urban networks of green space can help to minimise the impacts of urban heat in our cities and
towns.
20. Suggest some ways for rain water harvesting.
Surface Runoff Harvesting, Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, In-Ground Storage Systems, Permeable
Pavement Systems, Rain Gardens, Check Dams and Contour Trenches, Ferrocement Tanks. Etc.,

Part-C
21.a. Explain the types of building materials used in construction.

Building materials used in construction vary based on factors such as the type of structure,
environmental conditions, and intended use. Here are some common types of building
materials:
1. Concrete:
Mixture of cement, water, aggregates (sand, gravel, or crushed stone), and
sometimes admixtures.
2. Brick:
Fired clay or concrete blocks.
3. Wood:
Softwood (e.g., pine, cedar) and hardwood (e.g., oak, mahogany).
4. Steel:
Alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements.
5. Glass:
Transparent material composed of silica, soda ash, and limestone.
6. Masonry (Stone and Marble):
Natural stone (e.g., granite, limestone) and engineered stone (e.g., quartz).
7. Plastics:
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.
8. Composite Materials:
Fiber-reinforced composites, laminates.
9. Insulation Materials:
Fiberglass, foam boards, mineral wool.
10. Asphalt:
Mixture of bitumen and aggregates.
11. Gypsum:
Calcium sulfate dihydrate.
12. Adhesives and Sealants:
Epoxy, polyurethane, silicone.
These materials are often used in combination to achieve the desired structural integrity,
aesthetics, and functional characteristics in a construction project. The choice of building
materials depends on factors such as project requirements, budget, and local building codes.
(or)
21.b. Discuss in detail about leadership in energy and environment design.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a globally recognized green building
certification system developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED provides a
framework for designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining buildings that prioritize
sustainability and environmental responsibility. The system is based on a point system across various
categories, with different levels of certification (Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum) based on the total
points achieved. Here are the key aspects of LEED:

1. Categories of LEED Certification:

• Location and Transportation: Emphasizes sustainable site selection, transportation options,
and community connectivity.
• Sustainable Sites: Focuses on minimizing environmental impact during construction and site
development.
• Water Efficiency: Encourages the efficient use of water resources and the reduction of water
consumption.
• Energy and Atmosphere: Promotes energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy, and
greenhouse gas reduction.
• Materials and Resources: Encourages the use of sustainable and locally sourced materials, as
well as waste reduction and recycling.
• Indoor Environmental Quality: Addresses factors affecting indoor air quality, occupant
comfort, and well-being.
• Innovation: Recognizes innovative design strategies and technologies that go beyond standard
LEED requirements.
• Regional Priority Credits: Addresses specific environmental priorities relevant to the project's
location.
2. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Leadership:
• Project Team Leadership: Leadership in a LEED project involves effective collaboration and
coordination among architects, engineers, contractors, and other stakeholders. A LEED-
accredited professional may be designated to guide the team through the certification process.
• Innovation in Design: LEED encourages innovative and sustainable design solutions. Projects
can earn points for incorporating cutting-edge technologies or design strategies that go beyond
standard requirements.
• Sustainable Design Leadership: LEED emphasizes the importance of sustainable design
practices, which include energy-efficient building envelopes, green roofs, rainwater harvesting,
and other environmentally friendly features.
3. Key Principles and Practices:
• Energy Efficiency: LEED promotes the use of energy-efficient technologies, renewable
energy sources, and the optimization of building performance to reduce energy consumption.
• Water Conservation: Projects are encouraged to implement water-saving technologies,
efficient irrigation systems, and sustainable water management practices.
• Sustainable Materials: LEED emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly, recycled, and
locally sourced materials to minimize the environmental impact of construction.
• Indoor Air Quality: The system addresses indoor environmental quality, encouraging
strategies such as proper ventilation, low-emission materials, and the use of natural light to
enhance occupant well-being.
• Site Selection and Transportation: LEED encourages projects to be located in areas with
existing infrastructure, access to public transportation, and reduced environmental impact.
4. Benefits of LEED Certification:
• Environmental Impact: LEED-certified buildings have a reduced environmental footprint,
promoting resource efficiency and conservation.
 • Economic Savings: Energy-efficient and sustainable design practices often result in long-term
cost savings through reduced operational expenses.
• Occupant Well-being: LEED-certified buildings prioritize indoor environmental quality,
contributing to improved occupant health and well-being.
• Marketability and Recognition: LEED certification enhances a building's marketability and
may qualify for incentives, grants, or tax benefits.
• Corporate Social Responsibility: Achieving LEED certification aligns with corporate social
responsibility goals and demonstrates a commitment to sustainability.

22. a. Write the benefits and barriers of using recycled materials.

Benefits of Using Recycled Materials:

1. Resource Conservation:
• Reduces the demand for raw materials, conserving natural resources and minimizing
environmental impact.
2. Energy Savings:
• Manufacturing products from recycled materials often requires less energy compared
to producing new materials, leading to energy savings and reduced carbon emissions.
3. Waste Reduction:
• Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills, contributing to waste management and
mitigating the environmental impact of disposal.
4. Lower Carbon Footprint:
• Recycled materials generally have a lower carbon footprint as they often require less
energy during the manufacturing process compared to virgin materials.
5. Conservation of Biodiversity:
• Reducing the extraction of raw materials helps preserve ecosystems and biodiversity
associated with mining or logging activities.
6. Economic Benefits:
• Supports the recycling industry, creating jobs and contributing to economic growth. It
can also lead to cost savings for businesses that use recycled materials.
7. Innovation and Circular Economy:
• Encourages a shift toward a circular economy where materials are reused, recycled,
and repurposed, fostering innovation and sustainable practices.
8. Reduced Pollution:
• Benefit: Reduces pollution associated with the extraction and processing of raw
materials, including air and water pollution.
9. Community Engagement:
• Promotes community involvement in recycling programs, raising awareness about
environmental issues and fostering a sense of responsibility.
Barriers to Using Recycled Materials:
1. Quality and Performance Concerns:
• Recycled materials may not always meet the same quality and performance standards
as virgin materials, limiting their applicability in certain industries or applications.
2. Contamination Issues:
• Contamination of recycled materials, especially in single-stream recycling systems, can
affect the quality and usability of recycled content.
3. Limited Supply:
• The availability of high-quality recycled materials may be limited, particularly if
recycling infrastructure is underdeveloped or if there is insufficient collection and
sorting.
4. Logistics and Transportation:
• The transportation of recycled materials from collection points to manufacturing
facilities may incur additional costs and environmental impact, particularly if recycling
centers are located far from production sites.
 5. Market Demand and Perception:
• Limited market demand for products with recycled content may discourage
manufacturers from investing in recycling processes. Consumer perceptions about the
quality of recycled products can also impact demand.
6. Lack of Standardization:
• Inconsistent standards for recycled materials may lead to variations in quality and
specifications, making it challenging for manufacturers to use recycled content in a
standardized manner.
7. Initial Investment Costs:
• Upgrading or implementing recycling infrastructure and processes can require
significant initial investments, which may be a barrier for some businesses.
8. Resistance to Change:
• Resistance to adopting new practices or materials, either from businesses or consumers,
can hinder the widespread acceptance and use of recycled materials.

(or)

22. b. Explain the embodied energy breakup of a RRC framed structure.

The embodied energy of a building refers to the total energy consumed throughout its lifecycle,
including the extraction, processing, transportation, and installation of building materials, as well as the
construction and eventual demolition or recycling of the structure. Embodied energy is typically
measured in megajoules or kilowatt-hours per square meter of the building.

In the case of a Reinforced Concrete (RRC) framed structure, the embodied energy can be broken down
into various components:

1. Concrete:
• The production of cement, the primary component of concrete, involves high-
temperature processes, contributing significantly to embodied energy.

2. Steel Reinforcement:
• The extraction, processing, and manufacturing of steel reinforcement bars contribute
to the embodied energy.

3. Formwork and Shuttering:

• The manufacturing and transportation of formwork materials, such as plywood or steel,
contribute to the embodied energy.

4. Transportation of Materials:
• The transportation of raw materials to manufacturing facilities, and later the
transportation of finished products to the construction site, contributes to embodied
energy.

5. Construction Process:
• The energy used during the construction phase, including equipment operation, on-site
energy consumption, and labor, is part of the embodied energy.

6. Demolition and Recycling:

• The energy used in the demolition process and the subsequent recycling or disposal of
materials at the end of the building's life cycle contribute to embodied energy.

7. Maintenance and Renovation:

• The energy consumed during maintenance or renovation activities throughout the
building's life cycle contributes to embodied energy.
 8. End-of-Life Disposal:
• The energy consumed in disposing of non-recyclable materials at the end of the
building's life cycle is part of embodied energy.

23.a. Explain the measurement methods of comfort in existing buildings.

Measuring comfort in existing buildings involves evaluating various factors to ensure that the indoor
environment meets the occupants' needs and preferences. Here are some common measurement
methods for assessing comfort in existing buildings:

1. Thermal Comfort:
• Temperature Measurements:
• Method: Use thermometers or temperature sensors to measure air and surface
temperatures in different areas of the building.
• Purpose: Assess whether the indoor temperatures align with established
comfort standards.
• Occupant Surveys:
• Method: Distribute surveys to occupants to gather feedback on their perception
of thermal comfort.
• Purpose: Understand occupants' comfort preferences and identify areas that
may need adjustment.
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Sensors:
• Method: Use sensors to measure indoor air quality parameters such as CO2
levels, humidity, and pollutants.
• Purpose: Ensure that the indoor air quality contributes to a comfortable and
healthy environment.
2. Visual Comfort:
• Illuminance Measurements:
• Method: Use light meters to measure illuminance levels in different spaces.
• Purpose: Evaluate whether there is sufficient lighting for various tasks and
assess adherence to recommended illuminance levels.
• Glare Analysis:
• Method: Conduct glare assessments to identify areas with excessive brightness
or reflections.
• Purpose: Ensure that the lighting design minimizes discomfort caused by glare.
• Occupant Surveys:
• Method: Include questions in surveys related to visual comfort, such as
satisfaction with natural and artificial lighting.
• Purpose: Capture occupants' subjective experiences and preferences regarding
visual comfort.
3. Acoustic Comfort:
• Sound Level Measurements:
• Method: Use sound level meters to measure ambient noise levels in different
areas.
• Purpose: Assess whether noise levels meet recommended standards for various
spaces.
• Reverberation Time Measurements:
• Method: Measure the time it takes for sound to decay in a room.
• Purpose: Evaluate the acoustic characteristics of spaces, particularly in terms
of reverberation.
• Occupant Surveys:
• Method: Include questions related to noise levels, disturbances, and overall
satisfaction with acoustic conditions.
• Purpose: Capture occupants' subjective experiences and identify areas of
concern.
 4. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ):
• IAQ Monitoring:
• Method: Use sensors to monitor pollutants, allergens, and ventilation rates.
• Purpose: Ensure that the indoor air quality meets health and comfort standards.
• Ventilation Rate Measurements:
• Method: Assess the effectiveness of the ventilation system in providing an
adequate supply of fresh air.
• Purpose: Confirm that ventilation rates contribute to occupant comfort and
well-being.
• Occupant Surveys:
• Method: Include questions about perceived indoor air quality, odors, and
respiratory comfort.
• Purpose: Gather subjective feedback on occupants' comfort related to air
quality.
5. Overall Comfort and Satisfaction:
• Occupant Surveys:
• Method: Conduct comprehensive surveys covering various aspects of comfort,
including thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality.
• Purpose: Obtain a holistic understanding of occupants' comfort levels and
identify areas for improvement.
• Post-Occupancy Evaluations (POE):
• Method: Engage in walkthrough assessments, interviews, and feedback
sessions with occupants.
• Purpose: Gather qualitative insights into overall comfort, satisfaction, and
specific concerns.
(or)
23.b. How the orientations of a building play role in the thermal comfort of a building?
The orientation of a building plays a crucial role in determining its thermal comfort, influencing both
energy efficiency and the well-being of occupants. Here's how building orientation impacts thermal
comfort:
1. Solar Exposure:
The orientation of a building determines its exposure to solar radiation. South-facing orientations
receive more direct sunlight in the northern hemisphere, while north-facing orientations receive less
direct sunlight.
2. Daylighting:
Building orientation affects the amount and distribution of natural daylight entering interior spaces.
3. Seasonal Variations:
The orientation influences how a building responds to seasonal variations in the sun's path.
4. Wind Exposure:
Building orientation affects the exposure to prevailing winds.
5. Microclimate Considerations:
The local microclimate, influenced by factors such as nearby bodies of water, vegetation, or urban
structures, interacts with building orientation.
6. Passive Solar Design:
Building orientation is a key factor in passive solar design, which utilizes the sun's energy for heating
and lighting.
7. Shading Strategies:
Building orientation influences the effectiveness of shading strategies, such as overhangs, awnings,
or vegetation.
8. Building Form and Layout:
The overall form and layout of a building, including the arrangement of rooms and windows, are
influenced by orientation.
24.a. Why and how solar powered buildings are energy efficient. Discuss in detail.

Solar Powered Buildings are Energy Efficient:

1. Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Panels:

PV panels convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, providing
a direct and efficient method of harnessing solar energy.
2. Solar Water Heating Systems:
Solar water heaters use sunlight to heat water for domestic or industrial purposes,
reducing the need for electricity or gas for water heating.
3. Daylighting:
Design features such as skylights and large windows maximize natural daylight,
reducing the need for artificial lighting during the day and saving energy.
4. Solar Passive Design:
Architectural design considers the orientation of buildings, window placement, and
shading to optimize natural heating and cooling, minimizing the need for mechanical
HVAC systems.
5. Energy Storage:
Solar-powered buildings often incorporate energy storage systems, such as batteries,
to store excess energy generated during sunny periods for use during cloudy days or
nighttime.
6. Energy-Efficient Appliances:
Solar-powered buildings are often equipped with energy-efficient appliances and
systems to further optimize energy usage and reduce overall consumption.
7. Smart Grid Integration:
Integration with smart grids allows for efficient energy management, enabling
buildings to draw from the grid when solar production is low and feed excess energy
back when production is high.
8. Sustainable Materials and Construction:
Solar-powered buildings often incorporate sustainable construction practices and
materials, reducing the overall environmental impact of the structure.
9. Innovative Technologies:
Advanced technologies, such as solar tracking systems or building-integrated
photovoltaics (BIPV), enhance the efficiency of solar power generation and
integration into building design.
10. Life Cycle Assessment:
Considering the life cycle environmental impact, including the production, use, and
end-of-life phases, helps optimize the overall efficiency and sustainability of solar-
powered buildings.
(or)
24.b. Explain the solar passive cooled techniques of heated buildings with a case study.

Solar passive cooling techniques aim to maximize natural processes to cool buildings without relying
on mechanical systems. Here are some passive cooled techniques:

1. Orientation and Shading

2. Natural Ventilation
3. Thermal Mass
4. Cool Roofing
5. Night Ventilation
Case Study: (Explains any 2 case study 10 marks can be awarded)
• Vikas Apartments, Auroville, Pondicherry
• Dilwara Bagh, Country House, Gurgaon
• Solar Energy centre, Gurgaon.
 • H.P State Co-operative bank building, Himachal Pradesh
• SOS Childrens village, Choglamasar
• Inspector of Police, Gulbarga
• Centre for application of science and technology for rural areas, Bangalore

25.a. (i) What are the five principles to achieve sustainable planning in housing?
Achieving sustainable planning in housing involves considering various factors to ensure that
communities are developed in an environmentally, socially, and economically responsible manner. Here
are five principles that contribute to sustainable planning in housing:
Density and Compact Design:
Encourage higher housing density and compact design to minimize urban sprawl.
Mixed Land Use:
Promote mixed-use developments that integrate residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
Implement energy-efficient building designs and incorporate renewable energy sources.
Green Infrastructure and Open Spaces:
Incorporate green spaces, parks, and sustainable landscaping into housing developments.
Social Equity and Inclusivity:
Ensure that housing developments are socially inclusive, considering affordability, accessibility, and
diverse community needs.

25.a. (ii) Write short notes on green technology for water treatment.
1. Biological Water Treatment:
• Utilizes microorganisms to break down and remove pollutants in water.
2. Solar Desalination:
• Uses solar energy to desalinate seawater, producing freshwater.
3. Membrane Filtration:
• Employs selectively permeable membranes to separate impurities from water.
4. Greywater Recycling:
• Treats and reuses domestic wastewater (excluding toilet waste) for non-potable
purposes.
5. Aerated Lagoons:
• Natural water treatment method involving the introduction of air to enhance microbial
activity.
6. Phytoremediation:
• Involves plants to absorb, accumulate, or transform contaminants in water.
7. Electrocoagulation:
• Uses electrical charges to destabilize and remove suspended particles and pollutants.
8. Smart Water Grids:
• Integrates advanced sensors and data analytics for real-time monitoring and
management of water distribution.
(or)
25.b. Explain the rain water harvesting system and green projects in smart cities.

Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable practice that involves collecting and storing rainwater for later
use. In the context of smart cities, this system is often integrated into urban planning to promote water
conservation and reduce the reliance on traditional water sources. Here's a breakdown:
Rainwater Harvesting System:
1. Collection: Rainwater is collected from surfaces like rooftops or pavements.
2. Filtration: The collected water goes through a filtration process to remove impurities and
debris.
3. Storage: Cleaned water is then stored in tanks or underground reservoirs for future use.
 4. Distribution: The stored water can be used for various purposes, such as irrigation,
landscaping, or even for non-potable uses within buildings.

Green Projects in Smart Cities:

1. Green Infrastructure: Smart cities often incorporate green spaces like parks and urban forests
to improve air quality, provide recreational areas, and enhance overall well-being.
2. Renewable Energy: Implementation of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind
turbines, helps reduce carbon footprints and promote sustainable energy practices.
3. Smart Water Management: Technologies like IoT-enabled sensors are used to monitor and
manage water usage efficiently, preventing wastage and ensuring sustainable water resources.
4. Waste Management: Smart cities focus on effective waste management systems, including
recycling programs and waste-to-energy initiatives to reduce environmental impact.
5. Urban Farming: Integrating agriculture within urban areas promotes local food production,
reduces transportation emissions, and enhances food security.
6. Green Building Practices: Construction of eco-friendly buildings with energy-efficient
designs and sustainable materials contributes to the overall environmental health of a smart city.