Unit II- Biology

Living Things and Their Environment

Lesson 3-A- Human Sense Organs (Grade 3)

Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to meet the following learning objective.
 Described the parts and functions of the human body
 Enumerated healthful habits to protect the sense organs.
Content of the Lesson
What do you expect to know about the human body? The human body has many
parts. In this lesson, we will focus on our sense organs. Do you realize that without our
sense organs we cannot relate with our environment? We see the beauty of nature, hear
various sounds, taste food, smell the pleasant odor of flowers and find comfort in the touch
of our mothers because of our senses. Let us find more about senses our toll to knowing
ourselves and our surrounding.

Explore
Activity 1: Human Sense Organs for Seeing: The Eye
Problem: What are the external and internal parts of the human eye? What are the ways of
taking care of the human eyes?
What to do?
Step 1: Do this activity with your partner.
Step 2: Look at each other with the focus on the eye.
Step 3: identify the parts of the eye of your partner that you can see. Draw the eyes on the
table provided and label the parts.
You may surf the internet or get hold of Biology book to find the answers.
My Eye (drawn by my partner) My Partner’s Eye (drawn by me)
Step 4: Study the illustration of the parts of the human eye below. Enumerate the parts as
shown in the picture. Identify the function of each.
Surf the Internet to find the answers.

©American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2018

Step 5: How do you take care of your eyes? Give five good practices in taking care of your
eye and five practices that destroy your eye sight that you should avoid.

Activity 2: The Human Sense Organs for Hearing and Balance: The Ear
Problem: What are the external and internal parts of the human ear? What are the ways of
taking care of the human ears?
What to do:
Step 1: Examine the outer ear of your partner. Can you identify the three outer parts of the
human ear?
Step 2: Look at the pictures of the structure of the human ear (outer, middle, inner).
Enumerate the different parts and identify the function of each.
Step 3: How do you take care well care of your ear? Give three good practices in taking care
good care of the ear and three practices that are not good for your ears?

Activity 3: Human Sense Organs for Smell: The Nose

Problem 1: What are the external and internal parts of the human nose? What are the
ways of taking care of the nose?
What to do:
Step 1: Examine the outer part of your partner’s nose. Label and describe.
Step 2: Study the picture below. Identify the outer and inner parts of the nose.

brainfacts.org

Step 3: List the parts and write the functions of each.

Step 4: Enumerate the different ways of taking care of the nose.
Step 5: Discuss Step 3 and 4 with your classmates.

Activity 4: Human Sense Organs for Tasting and Touching: The Tongue and the Skin
Problem: Does the tongue have external and internal parts? How does the skin as an organ
differ from the tongue?
What to do:
Step 1: With a mirror, examine your tongue and skin.
Step 2: Identify the parts of your tongue and your skin. How does each part function?
Step 3: What are ways of taking care of the tongue and the skin.

Explain
Humans know their surroundings because of the sense organs. Each sense organ has
distinct parts and functions. Let us begin studying the five sense organs of the human body
that enables us to respond to stimuli making us more aware of our body and our
environment.

SENSE ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. The Eye
The eye is the sense organ that allows us to see. It has receptors that receive light as
stimulus from our surroundings. Light enters the cornea of the eye. Behind the cornea is a
ring of muscle, the iris which expands or contracts in response to light. The pupil changes
its size to control the amount of light that enters the eye.
When would a pupil become wide? Light passes the pupil into the lens. Here, the muscles of
the lens changes in shape and direct light into the retina. There are two kinds of receptor in
the retina; the rods that detect the presence or absence of light and the cones that detect
color of objects that you see.
What receptors are active at night? How do you identify images of objects around you? The
rods and cones are parts of the sensory neuron that form the optic nerve. The optic nerve
connects to the brain. When light stimulates the retina, the message is sent to the brain by
the optic nerve. The brain, interprets and forms an image that you see.
How do you take care of your eye? Eyes should be used and taken cares off properly. Here
are some ways:
 Eat Vitamin A rich food to make our eyes healthy.
 Limit viewing time to television, cell phones, tablets and other gadgets that strain
the eyes.
 Use eye glasses to reduce glare and prevent dust from entering the eyes.
 Do not rub the eyes.
 Visit a doctor when your vision becomes blurred.
 Have an eye checkup when necessary for diagnosing eye defects like
nearsightedness and astigmatism.
 When given corrective lenses, use these as directed by an ophthalmologist, or eye
specialist.
2. The Ear
The ear makes us identify sounds around us. It is the body organ that makes us hear. We
hear because the outer ear collects sound waves that travel in the air to the ear canal. The
eardrum vibrates and moves the three small bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) of the
middle ear. From there, the sound receptors in the fluid filled cochlea produce vibrations as
the sound waves travel into the inner ear. The nerve transmits the stimulus to the brain
and is interpreted. Then we can distinguish what we hear. The ear also helps us maintain
balance.
What are ways by which we can take care of our ears?
Being deaf can be inherited but some people become deaf because of diseases and poor
ways of taking care of the ear. WE can prevent some forms of deafness.

3. The Nose
The nose makes us smell. There are receptors in the nose that are stimulated by perfume,
coffee brew, decaying trash, burning paper, or chicken stew. How odor does reaches your
nose? Odor or smell produces by perfume, for example, diffuses or moves in the air and
once it reaches the two openings of the nose or nostrils, it stimulates the smell receptors
along the nasal cavity. The stimulus is carried to the brain by the olfactory nerve and is
interpreted.
Can you recognize sliced garlic from onions with your eyes closed?
Why do you sniff when you want to make sure of the smell of burnt food?
Can we detect poisonous food by its smell?
Why do you need to clean you nostrils regularly?
There are two body sense organs that have special features. These are the tongue and the
skin. The tongue is a muscular organ located inside the mouth. It is covered by moist pink
tissue called mucosa. All over the surface of the tongue are tiny bumps called papillae
where the taste buds are located.

4. The Tongue
Taste is usually associated with smell. When you have stuffy nose, you say that the food is
of bad smell. The taste receptors can detect chemicals in substances just like the smell
receptors. The receptors are located in the taste buds of the tongue. There are four primary
types of tastes; sweet, bitter, sour and salty. Some are combinations of several primary
tastes.
Give examples of food dishes with two or more tastes combined?
How can we taste food? Food must first dissolved by our saliva when we eat. This will be
detected by the
taste receptors
and

interpreted by our brain, then we can distinguish one taste from another.
How do we take care of our tongue? Enumerate ways to care and protect our tongue.

5. The Skin
The skin is all over the human body. It protects the inner body parts from exposure to
harmful substances and even germs. The skin enables us to detect sensation, temperature,
pressure and pain. There are receptors in the skin that detect stimuli. For example, when
you are wounded, you feel pain because the pain receptors react to the injury and feeling
the pain will tell us that something has to be done with the wound. How and cold air or
water can be detected by temperature receptors. Our skin is also sensitive to touch. A light
comforting touch by your mother makes you smile even when you are sick.
Study the diagram below and identify the location of the skin receptors.

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Guide Questions:

A. Answer the following:

1. Why do we blink? Can we control blinking of our eyes?
2. Why do workers need to wear protective gears in construction sites?
3. You wish to eat leftover food like pasta. How can you tell if it is still good to eat it?
4. Your ears seem to be very itchy. What is the best way to handle this?
5. Make a simple test for your pupils to show they know the parts of the skin.

B. Match the
sense organs in
Group A with the
words that describe
in Group B. You
may use the
descriptors more than
once.
C. Name the sense organ that we take care of when we do the following:
1. Washing hands properly before eating.
2. Brushing teeth and rinsing our mouth with enough water.
3. Cleaning the organ with cotton buds
4. Taking a bath regularly.
5. Covering it when you are near a garbage truck collector.

The Human Sense Organs Group B: Descriptors

Group A: Human Sense Organs receptors hearing taste sweet
candy
1. Eye:
seeing smell touch beautiful smell
2. Ear:
nerve light color thunder
3. Nose:
stimulus brain music lightning
4. Tongue:
chemicals odor pressure painful toe
5. Skin:

Let’s Write a Journal

Write Your Journal Entry # 3A: My Sense Organs! Your entry should contain your
understanding and reflections on the given concept.

Self-Learning Activities
 1. Research on the biography of Helen Keller with focus on how she lived or
managed her disability. Make ten minute class presentation of an episode of her life
that touched you as a future teacher.
2. Collect videos about the different human sense. If you were to teach any of the
human senses, make a plan on how to use this video in your future Grade 3 class.
Submit a copy of your plan with the video.

Lesson 3-B Human Major Body Organs (Grade 4)

Objectives:
 In this lesson, you are expected to meet the following learning outcomes:
 Described the parts and the main functions of the major organs of the human body.
 Shared concepts that major organs work together to make the body function
properly.
 Identified the causes and treatment of diseases of the major organs and practiced
habits to maintain a healthy body.
Content of the Lesson
From the lessons on sense organs, let us study further the major organs. These are
the (1) BRAIN, (2) HEART, (3) LUNGS, (4) LIVER, (5) STOMACH, (6) SMALL INTESTINES,
(7) KIDNEYS, (8) BONES and (9) MUSCLES.
You may have experienced stomach ache in one time or the other. Your mother may
have told you that you got it from eating too much, and you wonder, whether it is true. Let
us use your ICT skills in learning about the major organs. Let’s explore to learn about the
nine major organs of the body.

Explore
Activity:
1. Form 9 groups in your class. Each group shall be responsible of each major
organs. Pick a rolled piece of paper where you can find the body organ assigned to
you to do research.
2. With your group mates, surf the internet. You will do this outside your class time.
Collect as much information about the body organs you are assigned. Use at least
three references. To further make your learning interesting, look for interactive
videos on the major organs of the body. The video should not exceed 7 minutes. You
will share this video in your class. Provide at least 5 questions about the body organ
to be answered.
Key ideas that should be the focus in this activity are:
(a) Parts and functions of body organ.
(b) How the organ works to make the body function properly.
(c) Some disorders/diseases that affect the organ and proper ways of keeping the
organ healthy.
(d) Recent advances in medicine, lifestyle and nutrition that may help keep the
organ healthy.
3. Your entire presentation shall NOT exceed 20 minutes.

Explain
The human anatomy was studied as early as the 16 th century by physicians like
Andreas Vesalius. Knowledge of the human anatomy and physiology is important in the
treatment of ailments that affect our body, and how to maintain a healthy and strong body.
The major body organs that affect our body are parts of the complex body systems of a
human being. An organ is a group pf two or more different tissues that work together and
perform a certain function. In the study of sense organs, the skin for example is composed
of different tissues to perform its functions as a sense of touch.
Major Body Organs
1. The Human Brain
The brain is located
in the head of our body.
The head is covered by hair
and the brain is
protected by the skull.
The brain is the control
centre of the vital
activities for survival including responses to stimuli, emotions, learning abilities and
talents. The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest part and has the brain centres that control thought
processes, speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, and facial recognition.
Generally, the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body while the left side
of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body.
The second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum controls muscle coordination,
balance and normal body posture. When mountain climbing, the cerebellum receives
signals that are transmitted to the cerebrum and direct movements of the arms, hands, legs
and other parts of the body.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It has several parts; the
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains relay stations of neurons
and reflex coordinators for involuntary actions. The hypothalamus in the midbrain
maintains internal balance such as water and blood pressure. The pons connects the two
halves of the cerebellum and links between cerebral cortex to the medulla. Functions like
heartbeat, breathing, sneezing are regulated by the medulla. We can keep our brain healthy
by eating balanced diet and avoiding concussion from fall or blow in the head. A blood clot
or narrowing of blood vessels may result in stroke. Brain parts may be damaged resulting
in Alzheimer’s disease, with symptoms like losing memory. The drawing shows you the
brain and its parts.
 ©2008-2018 Mayfield Brain & Spine

2. The Heart
The heart is located at the center of the chest cavity below the bone called sternum.
It is a hollow muscular organ about the size of your fist yet a powerful part of the body in
the circulation of blood that carries nutrients from small intestines to body cells as well as
the transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is an organ covered by a
double walled sac called the “pericardium”.
The heart has four chambers, the ventricles are the lower chambers and the atria (for
auricles) are the upper chambers. The two sides. Left and right is divided by a septum. A
valve separates the chambers so that there will be no backflow of the blood. Blood vessels
such as the superior and inferior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
are connected to the heart chambers. The right atrium receives blood from the large blood
vessels, the veins from the upper parts of the body (superior vena cava) and from the lower
parts (inferior vena cava). The ventricles are involved in pushing the blood to the lungs
through the pulmonary vein and other parts of the body through aorta.
Remember that blood in the heart flows in one-way direction only.
One of the major causes of death in modern times is heart attack. Avoiding tobacco
smoking and choosing food with good cholesterol can help reduce cases of heart disorders.

3. The Lungs
The lungs are organs involved
in breathing which fill most of the
chest cavity. The two lobes, right and left
are protected by the rib cage. The bronchus
that connect to the trachea or wind pipe
bran into each lobe of the lung. Inside
each these, are tiny blood vessels,
the capillaries where the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
An adult lung can hold up to 6 liters of air but during quite breathing only 0.5 liters is
exchange. During strenuous exercise, more air is involved in the exchange but the lungs
always hold about a liter of air keeping the lungs partially inflated. The lungs do not have
the muscles to support its breathing function. A sheet of muscle, the diaphragm work in
breathing. What happens when a person gets one of the lungs punctured?
The lungs may be affected by severe smoking, and germs such as those that cause
tuberculosis, and pneumonia among others. We can take care of our lungs by limiting
exposure to pollutants in the air by using face mask, avoiding the area where there is
smoking, and exercising regularly to allow the lungs to work efficiently.

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4. The liver, the stomach and

the small intestines.
 The liver, stomach and the small intestines are important body organs in making
food that we eat available to the different parts of the body. These organs are found in our
abdominal cavity. The liver is a lobed, large internal body organ. Its principal function is to
produce bile that is important in breaking fats into droplets. Bile is not an enzyme. From
the liver, the bile is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine.
The stomach is an enlarged, muscular sac with thick walls and can expand when full or
contract when almost empty. Food chewed in the mouth moves through the esophagus and
reaches the stomach through contraction. When chewed food entered the stomach, a valve
closes to stop the backward flow of food. What happens to the

food inside the stomach? Muscles in the inner walls of the

contracts to mix the partially digested food. The inner walls of the stomach secrete gastric
acidic content. Mechanical and chemical digestion occur for about 4 hours producing
chime. The small intestine is connected to the stomach and chime is completely digested as
it moves in the long tube. The nutrients from the digested food are absorbed by the inner-
fingerlike projections called villi along the walls of the small intestine. Capillaries or small
blood vessels transport the nutrients to the different parts of the body.

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5. The Kidneys
We have a pair of kidneys, located at the back of the body cavity above the hipbones.
The kidneys look like a pair of bean seeds on each side of the body. Each kidney has
millions of nephrons, with highly coiled tubes and capillaries that filters the blood and
forms urine. Kidneys not only secrete substances in the oversupply but also regulated the
presence of substances in the blood. Some disorders of kidneys are formed stones or
crystals of mineral that block the movement of urine. Surgical removal stones may be
needed to allow the kidneys to function well. Kidney failures results from unfiltered blood
which may require dialysis. Bacterial infection may result to swelling of the nephrons, a
condition known as nephritis.
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6. Bones and Muscles

If humans have no bones and muscles can we stand, walk, run or climb?
Bones are part of our skeleton. The major bones are the skull (bones of the head and
face), the backbones or the spinal column, the 12 pair of ribs, the hip bones and bines in our
arms and legs. Bones have water, protein and minerals. The living tissues of the bones are
the bine cells, blood vessels, blood cells, cartilages, fatty tissues and nerves. Name the
different type of bones. A person who slipped or fell from the stairs, may be asked by the
doctor to have a bone x-ray to make sure that there are no fractures.
The white areas in the film of the bones and the doctor may be able to tell us if there
was damage on parts that hit the ground. Many people suffer from bone damage due to
accidents in climbing, extreme running and even in sports. We can make our bones strong
by taking foods and drinks rich in phosphorus, calcium and Vitamin D. Regular exercise,
exposure to early morning sunrise, and maintaining good posture makes our bines healthy.
What are some of the disorders of the bones?
Muscles are either attached to the bones (skeletal muscles) found in walls of many
internal organs (smooth), and muscle that makes up the heart (cardiac). The muscles of the
legs and arms are voluntary muscles because you can control their movements as when
you swim, walk, write, or pick up things. However, your heart muscles are involuntary,
because the heart beats with conscious effort. The major human muscles are also those
found in your face that moves the jaw, muscles of the neck that allow you to turn or lower
your head; the muscle that pull your arms towards your chest, muscles of the abdomen,
and muscles that allow you to rotate your thighs. Where else do you find the major muscles?
Some disorders of the muscles are the painful muscle cramps usually in the legs, the reason
why players have to warm up before the game. Too much exercise or prolonged swimming
may also bring pain. Athletes prevent muscle injury by wearing proper shoes, clothes and
protective equipment. Muscles and bones enable us to move from one place to another.
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Guide Questions:
A. Direction: Identify at least three concepts for every body organ that was studied in this
lesson. Present this in a concept map and submit the output to your instructor for rating.
B. Supply the answer:
1. Which part of the brain allows you to memorize your lesson?
2. What are the tiny sacs in the lungs?
3. Which part of the heart prevents the backward flow of blood?
4. What is the long, coiled tube of the body that digests and absorbs food?
5. What bone protects your head?
6. What muscle allows the heart to pump blood?
7. When a person cannot anymore filter blood that flows in the kidney, the person
may have it filtered by a machine. How do you call this procedure?
8. What part of the body produces bile?
9. What substances bring about chemical digestion of food on the stomach?
10. What machine makes the bone in the body visible when you have bone fracture?
 Let’s Write a Journal

Write Your Journal Entry #3B- My Body Organs! Integrate in your writing what
you have learned in this lesson and write your reflection.

Self-Learning Activities
a. Make a model of the body organ as an alternative instructional material. A good
model must show how the organ works. This must have a rubric to assess the
output.
b. Research on “Breakthrough in Organ Transplant and Bionic Parts “. Choose one
organ only. Discuss how such technology has made the lives of the people better.
Write a short term paper and submit to your instructor.