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Document From Pragyan Behera

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pragyanbehera729
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to profound sense of gratitude


to my guide Mrs Durgesh Nandini samal , my
Physics teacher for her valuable guidance
and suggestions during preparation of my
project work.

I am also extremely grateful to my principal


Mr Bipin kumar sahoo for his
encouragement and constant inspiration.

With great pleasure ,I also extend my


gratitude to my parents Other family
members, and my friends for their support
and our laboratory assistant for his help,
which enables me to finish this project work
successfully.

DATE:-

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:-
DECLARATION
I, Pragyan Behera, a student of class XII of
D.A.V public school Pokhariput hereby
submit the project entitled “TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION AND ITS APPLICATION” for the
Physics practical Senior school certificate
examination. This project consists of the
original work done by me under the
supervision of the my Physics teacher Mrs
Durgesh Nandini samal.

DATE:-

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:-
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled
“TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AND ITS
APPLICATION” is the original work by
Pragyan Behera of class XII-C and is in the
accordance with the topic allotted to her.

This project is submitted towards the partial


fulfillment of the condition laid down for
Senior secondary education examination and
embodies the work done by her under my
guidance and supervision.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:-

SIGNATURE OF TEACHER:-

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISIOR:-

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL:-
Index
I.Abstract.
II.Introduction.
III.Methodology.
IV. Application of total
internal energy.
V. Uses.
VI. Bibliography.
ABSTRACT
Total internal reflection is phenomenon
which when light travels from denser to
rarer medium and incidence angle is
more than critical angle. Also at a time
refractive angle is π/2.
Due to this many confusing activities
takes place nature like mirage and
looming. It occurs in areas like deserts
and in open sea. The principal of total
internal reflection takes place in many
optical instruments.
We can demonstrate this phenomenon
by taking a glass of water in soap liquid
is mixed, then passing a laser light into
it.
INTRODUCTION
“Whenever a ray of incident light travels from
one medium to another, it’s path is changed i.e
it gets refracted.”

If the ray travels from denser medium to rarer


medium , it suffers deviation away from the
normal at the point of incidence. As the angle
of incidence is increased, the angle of
refraction also keeps on increasing. At a
certain angle of incidence, call the critical
angle ,the refracted ray grazes along the
surface of separation i.e angle of refraction
becomes just go. If the angle of incidence is
further increased, no refraction takes place.
Instead such a ray gets reflection inside the
medium itself. This phenomenon is called total
internal reflection.

Refraction::-
The phenomenon of bending of light whene it
comes from one medium to another medium
is called refraction.
Reflection:-
The phenomenon in which a ray comes from
one medium and bending of that ray is same
medium i.e Total internal reflection takes
place called reflection.

Methodology
Total internal reflection is the
phenomenon of reflection of light which
occurs when a ray of light travelling in a
denser medium is incident at the
interference of the two media at an
angle greater than the critical angle for
that pair of media.

Consider a surface xy separates the rarer


medium from the denser medium b. A
ray of light from the object o in a
denser medium incident normally along
on the surface of separation gets
refracted into the rarer medium as such
along AI. Another ray of the light
incident along the path AB in rarer
medium. As the increasing till for a
certain angle of incidence c called the
critical angle. Whene angle of incidence
is greater than critical angle then the
total internal reflection takes place.
Condition for Total internal reflection:-
1. The ray incident on the interface should
travels in optically denser medium.
2. The angle of incidence should be greater
than the critical angle for the given pairs
of media.

Relation between refractive index(m)And


critical angle(c).
When refraction takes place at point C. It
follows that the refractive index of medium
a wart. Medium b is give by:-
BAM= SINi/SINr
Refractive index is inversely proportional to
sin of the critical angle.
Total Internal reflection denomstrastion :-
Its relation with polarizing angle :
According to Brewster’s law ,when light is
incident at polarizing angle at the interface
of a refracting medium, the refractive index
of the medium is equal to the tangent of
the polarizing angle.
If P is polarizing angle and u the refractive
index of the refracting medium then µ tanp.
Applications of the total
internal reflection:-

1. Total reflecting prism:-

To deviate a ray of light through 90° and


180°.
A right angled isosceles prism can be
used to cause total internal reflection in
such a right angle prism when a ray of
light is incident normally to its face AB ,
it passes into prism as incidence is 45° .
But for glass (µ= 1.5), the value of
critical angle is about 41.8°. Since the
value of incident angle is grater than the
critical angle for the glass , the ray of
light suffer total internal reflection. As a
result , it gets incident on the force AC
at 90° and comes out of the prism as
such . it follows that the path of the ray
of right was been deviated by the prism
through 90°.
The path of a ray undergoing a deviation
of 90° due to one internal reflection but
in same way and by same process due to
two internal reflection, ray can be
deviation through 180°. This arrangement
is used in prism-binocular.

2. Mirage:-
It is an optical illusion observed in desert
in a hot day . The object such as tree is
observed inverted and observer gets an
impression that there is a pool of water.
This phenomenon is known as mirage.

Due to intense heat, the surface of earth


becomes quite hot and the temperature
of air near the surface of the earth is
max. The temp of the other layers of the
air goes on decreasing as one goes up.
Dimity as well as refractive index of air
increases slightly for higher layers. Thus
a ray of light travelling from point O of a
tree passes through air of gradually
decreasing refractive index and is
therefore refracted more and more away
from the normal and accordingly the
angle of incidence goes on increasing at
a layers, when the angle of incidence
becomes greater than the critical angle,
total internal reflection takes place.
Ultimately , when the ray reaches the
eye of the observer, it appears to be
coming from the point I. Hence the
inverted image of the tree produce the
impression of reflection from a pool of
water.
3. Optical fiber:-
In 1870 john tyndall , a British physicist
demonstrated that light could be made
to follow curved path along a thin
stream of water coming out of a water
tank. This effect was made use of
illuminated fountains. The light follows
curved path it suffer a series of total
internal reflections.

An optical fiber commits of thousands of


strands of a very fine quality glass or
quartz of refractive index about1.7 or so.
The thickness of a strands is about
10¯6cm. The strands are coated with a
layer of some material of lower
refractive index(µ=1.5).

When light is incident at a small angle


at are end, it gets refracted into strands
and get incident on the interface of the
fiber and the coating. The angle of
incidence being greater than the critical
angle, the ray of the light undergoes
total internal reflection. Each fiber act
as a pipe and such a bundle of fibers can
be used to convey image along paths of
any shape. The optical fiber does not
bends light, instead , light follows the
zigzag path through the fibers.
USES
• Optical fibers are used in the field of
communication and computers.

• Then optical fibers are used in medical


investigation.

• The optical fibers sensors have been used


to measure temperature and pressure.

• The optical fibers are used in


transmitting the optical signals and the
two dimensional pictures.

• The optical fibers in the form of


photometric sensors is used for
measuring the blood flow in the heart .

• The optical fibers In the form of refract


meter are used to determine the
refractive indices of liquids.

• Optical fibers is used in telephones and


other transmitting cables.
• Optical fibers is used in transmission and
reception of electrical signals by
converting them first into light signals.
Bibliography
✓ Ncert physics book.
✓ Various sites for more
knowledge about TIR and
its applications.
✓ GOOGLE.

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