KOLHAN UNIVERSITY,

CHAIBASA

Proposed Syllabus of PHYSICS

for B. Sc. (PASS COURSE)

UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)

From

Academic Session 2017-2018

 COURSE STRUCTURE B. Sc. (PASS COURSE)

S.no. Course Credits

CORE COURSE 4×4= 16

(12 Papers, 04 Papers from each of the 03 disciplines of choice)
1. Physics: DSC1A to DSC1D)

Core Course Practical 4×2= 8

(12 Papers, DSC1A Prac. To DSC1B Prac.)

ELECTIVE COURSE
(6 Papers, Two papers from each discipline of choice)
2.
Discipline Specific Elective 2×4= 8
(2 Papers from Physics, DSE 1A to DSE 1B)

Discipline Specific Elective Practical (DSE 1A Prac. to DSE 1B 2×2= 4

Prac.)

3. ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSES (AEC)

Ability Enhancement Compulsory 2×2= 4

(2 Papers) Environmental
Science English/MIL
Communication

Ability Enhancement Elective (Skill based, 4 papers of 2 credit 1×2=2 or

each) 2×2= 4
(Min.1paper or Max.2 Papers from Physics)

TOTAL 42 or 44

NOTE: Similarly credits from other two discipline of choice will add upto total credit of 120.
 SEM CORE COURSE AEC Compulsory Skill Elective Total
(12 Papers) Course(AECC) Enhancement DSE Credits
(2 Papers) Course (SEC) (4 Papers)
(4 Papers)

I DSC-1A: Mechanics Eng./MIL Commn/ 20

(4+2 = 6 credits) Env. Sc.
+ DSC-2A + DSC-3A (2 credits)

II DSC-1B: Electricity& Env. Sc./ Eng./MIL 20

Magnetism Commn
(4+2= 6 credits) (2 credits)
+ DSC-2B + DSC-2B

III DSC-1C: Thermal and SEC-1 20

Statistical Physics (2 credits)
(4+2 =6 credits)
+ DSC-2C + DSC-3C

IV DSC-1D: Waves and SEC-2 20

Optics (2 credits)
(4 +2= 6 credits)
+ DSC-2D + DSC-3D

SEC-3 DSE-1A 20
V (2 credits) (6 credits)

VI SEC-4 DSE-1B 20
(2 credits) (6 credits)

Credits (24 x 3) = 72 04 08 (12 x 3) = 36 120

 SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SEC)
(Atleast one SEC from each of the three discipline of Physics (SEC 1), Mathematics (SEC 2)
and Chemistry (SEC 3) and the fourth one (SEC 4) can be taken from any of the three
discipline.

Maximum of two SEC (meaning SEC 1 and SEC 4 can be taken from PHYSICS discipline
from the following list:

1. Radiation Safety
2. Renewable Energy & Energy Harvesting
3. Electrical circuit and Network Skills
4. Basic Instrumentation Skills

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE)

Six DSE can be selected from the three discipline of Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry,
selecting two from each discipline.

Select two DSE in Physics as DSE-1A and DSE-1B from the following list:

1. Classical Dynamics (Theory:5, Tutorial:1, Total= 6 Credits)

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics (Theory:5, Tutorial:1, Total= 6 Credits)
3. Bio Physics (Theory:5, Tutorial:1, Total= 6 Credits)
4. Earth Science (Theory:5, Tutorial:1, Total= 6 Credits)

ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURSE (AECC)

(Two Papers, Credit: 02 each)

Semester I: English/MIL Communication[Hindi/Sanskrit/Urdu/Bengali/TRL] or Environmental

Science
Semester II: Environmental Science or English/MIL Communication
[Hindi/Sanskrit/Urdu/Bengali/TRL]

(Note: If English/MIL Communication [Hindi/Sanskrit/Urdu/Bengali/TRL] is taken in Semester I

then Environmental Science in Semester II and vice-versa)
 SEMESTERWISE COURSE DESCRIPTION
Semester Course Opted Course Name Credits

Ability Enhancement English/MIL communications/ 2

Compulsory Environmental Science
Course-I
I Core course-I Mechanics 4
Core Course-I Practical/Tutorial Mechanics Lab 2
Core course-II DSC 2A 6
Core course-III DSC 3A 6
Ability Enhancement English/MIL communications/ 2
Compulsory Environmental Science
Course-II
Core course-IV Electricity, Magnetism and EMT 4
II Core Course-IV Electricity, Magnetism and EMT 2
Practical/Tutorial Practical
Core course-V DSC 2B 6
Core Course-VI DSC 3B 6
Core course-VII Thermal Physics and Statistical 4
Mechanics
Core Course-VII Thermal Physics and Statistical 2
III Practical/Tutorial Mechanics Practical
Core course-VIII DSC 2C 6
Core Course-IX DSC 3C 6
Skill Enhancement Course -1 SEC-1 2
Core course-X Waves and Optics 4
Course-X Practical/Tutorial Waves and Optics Lab 2
Core course-XI DSC 2D 6
IV Core course-XII DSC 3D 6
Skill Enhancement Course -2 SEC -2 2
Skill Enhancement Course -3 SEC -3 2
Discipline Specific Elective -1 DSE-1A 6
V Discipline Specific Elective -2 DSE-2A 6
Discipline Specific Elective -3 DSE-3A 6
Skill Enhancement Course -4 SEC-4 2
Discipline Specific Elective -4 DSE-1B 6
VI Discipline Specific Elective -5 DSE-2B 6
Discipline Specific Elective -6 DSE-3B 6

Total 120
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE (DSC)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
DSC 1A: MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Vectors: Vector algebra. Scalar and vector products. Derivatives of a vector with respect to a
parameter. (4 Lectures)

Ordinary Differential Equations: 1st order homogeneous differential equations. 2nd order
homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients. (6 Lectures)

Laws of Motion: Frames of reference. Newton’s Laws of motion. Dynamics of a system of

particles. Centre of Mass. (10 Lectures)

Momentum and Energy: Conservation of momentum. Work and energy. Conservation of

energy. Motion of rockets. (6 Lectures)

Rotational Motion: Angular velocity and angular momentum. Torque. Conservation of

angular momentum. (5 Lectures)

Gravitation: Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Motion of a particle in a central force field

(motion is in a plane, angular momentum is conserved, areal velocity is constant). Kepler’s
Laws (statement only). Satellite in circular orbit and applications. Geosynchronous orbits.
Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS). Weightlessness. Physiological effects on
astronauts. (8 Lectures)

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion. Differential equation of SHM and its solutions.
Kinetic and Potential Energy, Total Energy and their time averages. Damped oscillations.
(6 Lectures)

Elasticity: Hooke’s law - Stress-strain diagram - Elastic moduli-Relation between elastic

constants - Poisson’s Ratio-Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic constants -
Work done in stretching and work done in twisting a wire – Twisting couple on a cylinder -
Determination of Rigidity modulus by static torsion – Torsional pendulum-Determination of
Rigidity modulus and moment of inertia - q, η and σ by Searles method. (8 Lectures)

Speed Theory of Relativity: Constancy of speed of light. Postulates of Special Theory of

Relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of velocity (7 Lectures)

Note: Students are not familiar with vector calculus. Hence all examples involve
differentiation either in one dimension or with respect to the radial coordinate
Reference Books:

.
• Core Physics for Class 11, S B Mathur & A Kumar, Bharati Bhawan, Patna
University Physics. F.W. Sears, M.W. Zemansky and H.D. Young, 13/e, 1986. Addison-
Wesley
• Mechanics Berkeley Physics, v.1: Charles Kittel, et. al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICS LAB: DSC 1A: LAB: MECHANICS
60 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and travelling
microscope.
2. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
3. To determine the Young's Modulus of a bar by method of bending.
4. To determine the Elastic Constants of a Wire by Searle’s method.
5. To determine g by Bar Pendulum.
6. To determine g by Kater’s Pendulum.
7. To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant, (b) g.

Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11 th Edition, 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
DSC 1B: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Vector Analysis: Scalar and Vector product, gradient, divergence, Curl and their
significance, Vector Integration, Line, surface and volume integrals of Vector fields, Gauss-
divergence theorem and Stoke's theorem of vectors (statement only). (12 Lectures)

Electrostatics: Electrostatic Field, electric flux, Gauss's theorem of electrostatics.

Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge, infinite line of charge,
uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet, charged conductor.
Electric potential as line integral of electric field, potential due to a point charge, electric
dipole, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere. Calculation of electric field from
potential. Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor. Parallel plate, spherical and
cylindrical condenser. Energy per unit volume in electrostatic field. Dielectric medium,
Polarisation, Displacement vector. Gauss's theorem in dielectrics. Parallel plate capacitor
completely filled with dielectric. (22 Lectures)

Magnetism:
Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart's law and its applications- straight conductor, circular coil,
solenoid carrying current. Divergence and curl of magnetic field. Magnetic vector potential.
Ampere's circuital law. Magnetic properties of materials: Magnetic intensity, magnetic
induction, permeability, magnetic susceptibility. Brief introduction of dia-, para-and
ferromagnetic materials. (10 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, self

and mutual inductance, L of single coil, M of two coils. Energy stored in magnetic field.
(6 Lectures)

Maxwell`s equations and Electromagnetic wave propagation: Equation of continuity of

current, Displacement current, Maxwell's equations, Poynting vector, energy density in
electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave propagation through vacuum and isotropic
dielectric medium, transverse nature of EM waves, polarization. (10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Core Physics for Class 12, S B mathur & A Kumar, Bharati

.
Bhawan, Patna.
Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-Hill Education
• Electricity & Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes & J.Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ. Press
• Electricity and Magnetism, D C Tayal, 1988, Himalaya Publishing House.
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
• D.J.Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edn, 1998, Benjamin Cummings.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DSC 1B: LAB: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
60 Lectures
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. To use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c) DC
Current, and (d) checking electrical fuses.
2. Ballistic Galvanometer:
(i) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
(ii) Measurement of CDR
(iii) Determine a high resistance by Leakage Method
(iv) To determine Self Inductance of a Coil by Rayleigh’s Method.
3. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
4. To study the Characteristics of a Series RC Circuit.
5. To study a series LCR circuit LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant frequency, (b)
Quality factor
6. To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-resonant frequency and (b)
Quality factor Q
7. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems
8. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
th
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed.2011, Kitab Mahal
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
DSC 1C: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law of thermodynamics and temperature. First law and
internal energy, conversion of heat into work, Various Thermodynamical Processes,
Applications of First Law: General Relation between CP and CV, Work Done during
Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility and Expansion Coefficient, Reversible
and irreversible processes, Second law and Entropy, Carnot’s cycle & theorem, Entropy
changes in reversible & irreversible processes, Entropy-temperature diagrams, Third law of
thermodynamics, Unattainability of absolute zero. (22 Lectures)

Thermodynamical Potentials: Enthalpy, Gibbs, Helmholtz and Internal Energy functions,

Maxwell’s relations and applications - Joule-Thompson Effect, Clausius- Clapeyron
Equation, Expression for (CP – CV), CP/CV, TdS equations. (10 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities and its
experimental verification, Mean free path (Zeroth Order), Transport Phenomena: Viscosity,
Conduction and Diffusion (for vertical case), Law of equipartition of energy (no derivation)
and its applications to specific heat of gases; mono-atomic and diatomic gases. (10 Lectures)

Theory of Radiation: Blackbody radiation, Spectral distribution, Concept of Energy

Density, Derivation of Planck's law, Deduction of Wien’s distribution law, Rayleigh- Jeans
Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s law. (6 Lectures)

Statistical Mechanics: Maxwell-Boltzmann law - distribution of velocity – Quantum

statistics - Phase space - Fermi-Dirac distribution law - electron gas - Bose-Einstein
distribution law - photon gas - comparison of three statistics. (12 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Core Physics for Class 11, S B Mathur & A Kumar, Bharati
Bhawan, Patna.
• Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and C. Ghosh, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N. Srivastava, 1969, Indian Press.
• Thermodynamics, Enrico Fermi, 1956, Courier Dover Publications.
• Thermodynamics, Kinetic theory & Statistical thermodynamics, F.W.Sears and G.L. Salinger.
1988, Narosa
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
………………………………………………………………………………………………
PHYSICS LAB-DSC 3A LAB: THERMAL PHYSICS AND
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
60 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s constant flow

method.
2. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation.
3. To determine Stefan’s Constant.
4. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of copper by Searle’s Apparatus.
5. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Angstrom’s Method.
6. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s disc method.
7. To determine the temperature co-efficient of resistance by Platinum resistance thermometer.
8. To study the variation of thermo emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with temperature.
9. To record and analyze the cooling temperature of an hot object as a function of time using a
thermocouple and suitable data acquisition system
10. To calibrate Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) using Null Method/Off-Balance Bridge

Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011, Kitab
Mahal, New Delhi.
• A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P. Khandelwal, 1985, Vani
Publication.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DSC 1D: WAVES AND OPTICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves. Plane
Progressive (Travelling) Waves. Wave Equation. Particle and Wave Velocities. Differential
Equation. Pressure of a Longitudinal Wave. Energy Transport. Intensity of Wave. Water
Waves: Ripple and Gravity Waves. (6 Lectures)

Velocity of Waves: Velocity of Transverse Vibrations of Stretched Strings. Velocity of

Longitudinal Waves in a Fluid in a Pipe. Newton’s Formula for Velocity of Sound. Laplace’s
Correction. (6 Lectures)

Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and properties of wave front.
Huygens Principle. Temporal and Spatial Coherence. (5 Lectures)

Interference: Division of amplitude and wavefront. Young’s double slit experiment. Lloyd’s
Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in
Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger
Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: Measurement of
wavelength and refractive index. (12 Lectures)

Interferometer: Michelson Interferometer-(1) Idea of form of fringes (No theory required),

(2) Determination of Wavelength, (3) Wavelength Difference, (4) Refractive Index, and (5)
Visibility of Fringes. Fabry-Perot interferometer –theory and applications.
(6 Lectures)

Diffraction: Kirchhoff’s Integral Theorem, Fresnel-Kirchhoff’s Integral formula and its

application to rectangular slit. (6 Lectures)

Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit. Circular aperture, Resolving Power of a telescope.

Single slit. Double slit. Multiple slits. Diffraction grating. Resolving power of grating.
(10 Lectures)

Fresnel Diffraction: Fresnel’s Assumptions. Fresnel’s Half-Period Zones for Plane Wave.
Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Theory of a Zone Plate: Multiple Foci of a
Zone Plate. Fresnel’s Integral, Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit and a wire.
(9 Lectures)

Reference Books
• Core Physics for Class 11, S B Mathur & A Kumar, Bharati
Bhawan, Patna
• Core Physics for Class 12, S B Mathur & A Kumar, Bharati Bhawan,
Patna
• Waves: Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 3, Francis Crawford, 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, 1981, McGraw-Hill
• Principles of Optics, Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7th Edn., 1999, Pergamon Press.
• Optics, Ajoy Ghatak, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill
• The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, H. J. Pain, 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
• The Physics of Waves and Oscillations, N.K. Bajaj, 1998, Tata McGraw Hill.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYSICS LAB- DSC 1D: LAB
60 Lectures
………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Familiarization with: Schuster`s focusing; determination of angle of prism.

2. To determine refractive index of the Material of a prism using sodium source.
3. To determine the dispersive power and Cauchy constants of the material of a prism using
mercury source.
4. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.
5. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
6. To determine the thickness of a thin paper by measuring the width of the interference
fringes produced by a wedge-shaped Film.
7. To determine wavelength of (1) Na source and (2) spectral lines of Hg source using plane
diffraction grating.
8. To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.

Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D.P.Khandelwal, 1985, Vani Pub.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DSE: CLASSICAL DYNAMICS
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists.
Students are to be examined on the basis of problems, seen and unseen.

Classical Mechanics of Point Particles: Generalised coordinates and velocities. Hamilton's

Principle, Lagrangian and Euler-Lagrange equations. Applications to simple systems such as
coupled oscillators. Canonical momenta & Hamiltonian. Hamilton's equations of motion.
Applications: Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator, particle in a central force field. Poisson
brackets. Canonical transformations. (22 Lectures)

Special Theory of Relativity: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz

Transformations. Minkowski space. The invariant interval, light cone and world lines. Space-
time diagrams. Time-dilation, length contraction & twin paradox. Four-vectors: space-like,
time-like & light-like. Four-velocity and acceleration. Metric and alternating tensors. Four-
momentum and energy-momentum relation. Doppler effect from a fourvector perspective.
Concept of four-force. Conservation of four-momentum. Relativistic kinematics. Application
to two-body decay of an unstable particle. The Electromagnetic field tensor and its
transformation under Lorentz transformations: relation to known transformation properties of
E and B. Electric and magnetic fields due to a uniformly moving charge. Equation of motion
of charged particle & Maxwell's equations in tensor form. Motion of charged particles in
external electric and magnetic fields. (38 Lectures)

Electromagnetic radiation: Review of retarded potentials. Potentials due to a moving

charge: Lienard Wiechert potentials. Electric & Magnetic fields due to a moving charge:
Power radiated, Larmor’s formula and its relativistic generalisation. (15 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Classical Mechanics, H.Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safko, 3rd Edn. 2002,Pearson Education.
• Mechanics, L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, 1976, Pergamon.
• Classical Electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson, 3rd Edn., 1998, Wiley.
• The Classical Theory of Fields, L.D Landau, E.M Lifshitz, 4th Edn., 2003, Elsevier.
• Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 2012, Pearson Education.
• Classical Mechanics: An introduction, Dieter Strauch, 2009, Springer.
• Solved Problems in classical Mechanics, O.L. Delange and J. Pierrus, 2010, Oxford Press
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DSE: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of nucleus and their Intrinsic properties,

quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density (matter density), binding energy, average
binding energy and its variation with mass number, main features of binding energy versus
mass number curve, N/A plot, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment, electric
moments, nuclear excites states. (10 Lectures)

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and significance
of its various terms, condition of nuclear stability, Fermi gas model (degenerate fermion gas,
nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi gas), evidence for nuclear shell structure, nuclear magic
numbers, basic assumption of shell model, concept of mean field, residual interaction,
concept of nuclear force.
(12 Lectures)

Radioactivity decay:(a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α- emission,

Gamow factor, Geiger Nuttall law, α-decay spectroscopy. (b) β-decay: energy kinematics for
β-decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c) Gamma decay: Gamma
rays emission & kinematics, internal conversion. (12 Lectures)

Nuclear Reactions: Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, kinematics of reactions, Q-

value, reaction rate, reaction cross section, Concept of compound and direct Reaction,
resonance reaction, Coulomb scattering (Rutherford scattering). (10 Lectures)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Energy loss due to ionization (Bethe- Block
formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation. Gamma ray interaction through
matter, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, neutron interaction with
matter. (7 Lectures)

Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility of
particle, for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors
and construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si and Ge) for
charge particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility), neutron
detector. (10 Lectures)

Particle physics: Particle interactions; basic features, types of particles and its families.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity,
baryon number, Lepton number, concept of quark model, (14 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
• Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L. Cohen. (Tata Mcgraw Hill, 1998).
• Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A. Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004).
• Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkins, Cambridge Univ. Press
• Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons
• Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi
• Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by
K. Heyde (IOP- Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
• Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
• Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (Academic
Press, Elsevier, 2007).
• Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F.Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991
 PHYSICS-DSE: EARTH SCIENCE
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures

1. The Earth And The Universe:

(a) Origin of universe, creation of elements and earth. A Holistic understanding of our
dynamic planet through Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology and Oceanography. Introduction
to various branches of Earth Sciences.

(b) General characteristics and origin of the Universe. The Milky Way galaxy, solar system,
Earth’s orbit and spin, the Moon’s orbit and spin. The terrestrial and Jovian planets.
Meteorites & Asteroids. Earth in the Solar system, origin, size, shape, mass, density,
rotational and revolution parameters and its age.

(c) Energy and particle fluxes incident on the Earth.

(d) The Cosmic Microwave Background. (17 Lectures)

2. Structure:
(a) The Solid Earth: Mass, dimensions, shape and topography, internal structure, magnetic
field, geothermal energy. How do we learn about Earth’s interior?

(b) The Hydrosphere: The oceans, their extent, depth, volume, chemical composition. River
systems.

(c) The Atmosphere: variation of temperature, density and composition with altitude, clouds.

(d) The Cryosphere: Polar caps and ice sheets. Mountain glaciers.

(e) The Biosphere: Plants and animals. Chemical composition, mass. Marine and land
organisms. (18 Lectures)

3. Dynamical Processes:

(a) The Solid Earth: Origin of the magnetic field. Source of geothermal energy. Convection in
Earth’s core and production of its magnetic field. Mechanical layering of the Earth.
Introduction to geophysical methods of earth investigations. Concept of plate tectonics; sea-
floor spreading and continental drift. Geodynamic elements of Earth: Mid Oceanic Ridges,
trenches, transform faults and island arcs. Origin of oceans, continents, mountains and rift
valleys. Earthquake and earthquake belts. Volcanoes: types, products and distribution.

(b) The Hydrosphere: Ocean circulations. Oceanic current system and effect of coriolis
forces. Concepts of eustasy, tend – air-sea interaction; wave erosion and beach processes.
Tides. Tsunamis.

(c) The Atmosphere: Atmospheric circulation. Weather and climatic changes. Cyclones.
Climate:
i. Earth’s temperature and greenhouse effect.
ii. Paleoclimate and recent climate changes.
iii. The Indian monsoon system.
(d) Biosphere: Water cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle. The role of
cycles in maintaining a steady state. (18 Lectures)

4. Evolution:
Nature of stratigraphic records, Standard stratigraphic time scale and introduction to the
concept of time in geological studies. Introduction to geochronological methods in their
application in geological studies. History of development in concepts of uniformitarianism,
catastrophism and neptunism. Law of superposition and faunal succession. Introduction to the
geology and geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
1. Time line of major geological and biological events.
2. Origin of life on Earth.
3. Role of the biosphere in shaping the environment.
4. Future of evolution of the Earth and solar system: Death of the Earth. (18 Lectures)

5. Disturbing The Earth – Contemporary Dilemmas

(a) Human population growth.
(b) Atmosphere: Green house gas emissions, climate change, air pollution.
(c) Hydrosphere: Fresh water depletion.
(d) Geosphere: Chemical effluents, nuclear waste.
(e) Biosphere: Biodiversity loss.
Deforestation. Robustness and fragility of ecosystems. (4 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Planetary Surface Processes, H. Jay Melosh, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• Consider a Spherical Cow: A course in environmental problem solving, John Harte. University
Science Books
• Holme’s Principles of Physical Geology. 1992. Chapman & Hall.
• Emiliani, C, 1992. Planet Earth, Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and Environment.
Cambridge University Press.
 PHYSICS-DSE: BIO-PHYSICS
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures

Building Blocks & Structure of Living State: Atoms and ions, molecules essential for life,
what is life. Living state interactions: Forces and molecular bonds, electric & thermal
interactions, electric dipoles, casimir interactions, domains of physics in biology.
(18 Lectures)

Heat Transfer in biomaterials: Heat Transfer Mechanism, The Heat equation, Joule heating
of tissue. Living State Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic equilibrium, fIrst law of
thermodynamics and conservation of energy. Entropy and second law of thermodynamics,
Physics of many particle systems, Two state systems, continuous energy distribution,
Composite systems, Casimir contribution of free energy, Protein folding and unfolding.
(19 Lectures)

Open systems and chemical thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Gibbs Free energy and chemical
potential, activation energy and rate constants, enzymatic reactions, ATP hydrolysis &
synthesis, Entropy of mixing, The grand canonical ensemble, Haemoglobin. Diffusion and
transport Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Fick’s law of diffusion, sedimentation of Cell
Cultures, diffusion in a centrifuge, diffusion in an electric field, Lateral diffusion in
membranes, Navier stokes equation, Low Reynold’s Number Transport, Active and passive
membrane transport. (19 Lectures)

Fluids: Laminar and turbulent fluid flow, Bernoulli’s equation, equation of continuity,
venture effect, Fluid dynamics of circulatory systems, capillary action. Bioenergetics and
Molecular motors: Kinesins, Dyneins, and microtubule dynamics, Brownian motion, ATP
synthesis in Mitochondria, Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts, Light absorption in biomolecules,
vibrational spectra of bio-biomolecules. (19 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Introductory Biophysics, J. Claycomb, JQP Tran, Jones & Bartelett Publishers
• Aspects of Biophysics, Hughe S W, John Willy and Sons.
• Essentials of Biophysics by P Narayanan, New Age International
 SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES (SEC)

SEC: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORK SKILLS

(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is to enable the students to design and trouble shoots the
electrical circuits, networks and appliances through hands-on mode

Basic Electricity Principles: Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power. Ohm's law. Series,
parallel, and series-parallel combinations. AC Electricity and DC Electricity. Familiarization
with multimeter, voltmeter and ammeter. (3 Lectures)

Understanding Electrical Circuits: Main electric circuit elements and their combination.
Rules to analyze DC sourced electrical circuits. Current and voltage drop across the DC
circuit elements. Single-phase and three-phase alternating current sources. Rules to analyze
AC sourced electrical circuits. Real, imaginary and complex power components of AC
source. Power factor. Saving energy and money. (4 Lectures)

Electrical Drawing and Symbols: Drawing symbols. Blueprints. Reading Schematics.

Ladder diagrams. Electrical Schematics. Power circuits. Control circuits. Reading of circuit
schematics. Tracking the connections of elements and identify current flow and voltage drop.
(4 Lectures)

Generators and Transformers: DC Power sources. AC/DC generators. Inductance,

capacitance, and impedance. Operation of transformers. (3 Lectures)

Electric Motors: Single-phase, three-phase & DC motors. Basic design. Interfacing DC or

AC sources to control heaters & motors. Speed & power of ac motor. (4 Lectures)

Solid-State Devices: Resistors, inductors and capacitors. Diode and rectifiers. Components in
Series or in shunt. Response of inductors and capacitors with DC or AC sources (3 Lectures)

Electrical Protection: Relays. Fuses and disconnect switches. Circuit breakers. Overload
devices. Ground-fault protection. Grounding and isolating. Phase reversal. Surge protection.
Interfacing DC or AC sources to control elements (relay protection device) (4 Lectures)

Electrical Wiring: Different types of conductors and cables. Basics of wiring-Star and delta
connection. Voltage drop and losses across cables and conductors. Instruments to measure
current, voltage, power in DC and AC circuits. Insulation. Solid and stranded cable. Conduit.
Cable trays. Splices: wirenuts, crimps, terminal blocks, split bolts, and solder. Preparation of
extension board. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand & Co.
• A text book of Electrical Technology - A K Theraja
• Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.
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 SEC: BASIC INSTRUMENTATION SKILLS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
This course is to get exposure with various aspects of instruments and their usage through
hands-on mode. Experiments listed below are to be done in continuation of the topics.

Basic of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range etc.

Errors in measurements and loading effects. Multimeter: Principles of measurement of dc
voltage and dc current, ac voltage, ac current and resistance. Specifications of a multimeter
and their significance. (4 Lectures)

Electronic Voltmeter: Advantage over conventional multimeter for voltage measurement

with respect to input impedance and sensitivity. Principles of voltage, measurement (block
diagram only). Specifications of an electronic Voltmeter/ Multimeter and their significance.
AC millivoltmeter: Type of AC millivoltmeters: Amplifier- rectifier, and rectifier- amplifier.
Block diagram ac millivoltmeter, specifications and their significance. (4 Lectures)

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Block diagram of basic CRO. Construction of CRT, Electron
gun, electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only– no mathematical treatment),
brief discussion on screen phosphor, visual persistence & chemical composition. Time base
operation, synchronization. Front panel controls. Specifications of a CRO and their
significance. (6 Lectures)

Use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (dc and ac frequency, time period. Special
features of dual trace, introduction to digital oscilloscope, probes. Digital storage
Oscilloscope: Block diagram and principle of working. (3 Lectures)

Signal Generators and Analysis Instruments: Block diagram, explanation and

specifications of low frequency signal generators. pulse generator, and function generator.
Brief idea for testing, specifications. Distortion factor meter, wave analysis.
(4 Lectures)

Impedance Bridges & Q-Meters: Block diagram of bridge. working principles of basic
(balancing type) RLC bridge. Specifications of RLC bridge. Block diagram & working
principles of a Q- Meter. Digital LCR bridges. (3 Lectures)

Digital Instruments: Principle and working of digital meters. Comparison of analog &
digital instruments. Characteristics of a digital meter. Working principles of digital voltmeter.
(3 Lectures)
Digital Multimeter: Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter. Working principle
of time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/ frequency
counter, time- base stability, accuracy and resolution. (3 Lectures)

The test of lab skills will be of the following test items:

1. Use of an oscilloscope.
2. CRO as a versatile measuring device.
3. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
4. Use of Digital multimeter/VTVM for measuring voltages
5. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
6. Winding a coil / transformer.
7. Study the layout of receiver circuit.
8. Trouble shooting a circuit
9. Balancing of bridges

Laboratory Exercises:
1. To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a
low resistance and high resistance.
2. To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage
and currents.
3. To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using a Q- meter.
4. Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase angle using CRO.
5. Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/
frequency counter.
6. Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using a CRO.
7. Measurement of distortion of a RF signal generator using distortion factor meter.
8. Measurement of R, L and C using a LCR bridge/ universal bridge.

Open Ended Experiments:

1. Using a Dual Trace Oscilloscope
2. Converting the range of a given measuring instrument (voltmeter, ammeter)

Reference Books:
• A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand and Co.
• Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.
• Digital Circuits and systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
• Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.
• Electronic Devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan & N. S.Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012,
Tata Mc-Graw Hill
• Electronic circuits: Handbook of design and applications, U.Tietze, Ch.Schenk,
2008, Springer
• Electronic Devices, 7/e Thomas L. Floyd, 2008, Pearson India
 SEC: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to
provide them with exposure and hands-on learning wherever possible

Fossil fuels and Alternate Sources of energy: Fossil fuels and Nuclear Energy, their
limitation, need of renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of
developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas
generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity. (3 Lectures)

Solar energy: Solar energy, its importance, storage of solar energy, solar pond, non
convective solar pond, applications of solar pond and solar energy, solar water heater, flat
plate collector, solar distillation, solar cooker, solar green houses, solar cell, absorption air
conditioning. Need and characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and
equivalent circuits, and sun tracking systems. (6 Lectures)

Wind Energy harvesting: Fundamentals of Wind energy, Wind Turbines and different
electrical machines in wind turbines, Power electronic interfaces, and grid
interconnection topologies. (3 Lectures)

Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics and
Statistics, Wave Energy Devices. (3 Lectures)
Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean Thermal Energy,
Osmotic Power, Ocean Bio-mass. (2 Lectures)

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies. (2 Lectures)

Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact of

hydro power sources. (2 Lectures)

Piezoelectric Energy harvesting: Introduction, Physics and characteristics of piezoelectric

effect, materials and mathematical description of piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric parameters
and modeling piezoelectric generators, Piezoelectric energy harvesting applications, Human
power (4 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Linear generators, physics mathematical models,

recent applications (2 Lectures)
Carbon captured technologies, cell, batteries, power consumption (2 Lectures)
Environmental issues and Renewable sources of energy, sustainability. (1 Lecture)

Demonstrations and Experiments

1. Demonstration of Training modules on Solar energy, wind energy, etc.
2. Conversion of vibration to voltage using piezoelectric materials
3. Conversion of thermal energy into voltage using thermoelectric modules.

Reference Books:
• Non-conventional energy sources - G.D Rai - Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
• Solar energy - M P Agarwal - S Chand and Co. Ltd.
• Solar energy - Suhas P Sukhative Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy, Power for a sustainable future”, 2004, Oxford
University Press, in association with The Open University.
• Dr. P Jayakumar, Solar Energy: Resource Assesment Handbook, 2009
• J.Balfour, M.Shaw and S. Jarosek, Photovoltaics, Lawrence J Goodrich (USA).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
 SEC 4: RADIATION SAFETY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is for awareness and understanding regarding radiation hazards
and safety. The list of laboratory skills and experiments listed below the course are to be
done in continuation of the topics

Basics of Atomic and Nuclear Physics: Basic concept of atomic structure; X rays
characteristic and production; concept of bremsstrahlung and auger electron, The
composition of nucleus and its properties, mass number, isotopes of element, spin, binding
energy, stable and unstable isotopes, law of radioactive decay, Mean life and half life, basic
concept of alpha, beta and gamma decay, concept of cross section and kinematics of nuclear
reactions, types of nuclear reaction, Fusion, fission. (6 Lectures)

Interaction of Radiation with matter: Types of Radiation: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and
Neutron and their sources, sealed and unsealed sources, Interaction of Photons -
Photoelectric , Compton Scattering, Pair Production, Linear and Mass Attenuation
Coefficients, Interaction of Charged Particles: Heavy charged particles - Beth-Bloch
Formula, Scaling laws, Mass Stopping Power, Range, Straggling, Channeling and Cherenkov
radiation. Beta Particles- Collision and Radiation loss (Bremsstrahlung), Interaction of
Neutrons- Collision, slowing down and Moderation. (7 Lectures)

Radiation detection and monitoring devices: Radiation Quantities and Units: Basic idea
of different units of activity, KERMA, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective
dose, collective equivalent dose, Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) and derived Air Concentration
(DAC). Radiation detection: Basic concept and working principle of gas detectors
(Ionization Chambers, Proportional Counter, Multi-Wire Proportional Counters (MWPC) and
Gieger Muller Counter), Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic and Organic Scintillators), Solid
States Detectors and Neutron Detectors, Thermo luminescent Dosimetry. (7 Lectures)

Radiation safety management: Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Operational limits

and basics of radiation hazards evaluation and control: radiation protection standards,
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principles, justification,
optimization, limitation, introduction of safety and risk management of radiation. Nuclear
waste and disposal management. Brief idea about Accelerator driven Sub-critical system
(ADS) for waste management. (5 Lectures)

Application of nuclear techniques: Application in medical science (e.g., MRI, PET,

Projection Imaging Gamma Camera, radiation therapy), Archaeology, Art, Crime detection,
Mining and oil. Industrial Uses: Tracing, Gauging, Material Modification, Sterization, Food
preservation. (5 Lectures)

Experiments:
1. Study the background radiation levels using Radiation meter
Characteristics of Geiger Muller (GM) Counter:
2) Study of characteristics of GM tube and determination of operating voltage and plateau
length using background radiation as source (without commercial source).
3) Study of counting statistics using background radiation using GM counter.
4) Study of radiation in various materials (e.g. KSO4 etc.). Investigation of possible radiation
in different routine materials by operating GM at operating voltage.
5) Study of absorption of beta particles in Aluminum using GM counter.
6) Detection of α particles using reference source & determining its half life using spark
counter
7) Gamma spectrum of Gas Light mantle (Source of Thorium)

Reference Books:
• W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes – Nuclear and Particle Physics – Longman (1995)
• G.F.Knoll, Radiation detection and measurements
• Thermoluninescense Dosimetry, Mcknlay, A.F., Bristol, Adam Hilger (Medical Physics
Handbook
• W.J. Meredith and J.B. Massey, “Fundamental Physics of Radiology”. John Wright and Sons,
UK, 1989.
• J.R. Greening, “Fundamentals of Radiation Dosimetry”, Medical Physics Hand Book Series,
No.6, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol 1981.
• Practical Applications of Radioactivity and Nuclear Radiations, G.C. Lowental and P.L.
Airey, Cambridge University Press, U.K., 2001
• Martin and S.A. Harbisor, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
New York, 1981.
• NCRP, ICRP, ICRU, IAEA, AERB Publications.
• W.R. Hendee, “Medical Radiation Physics”, Year Book – Medical Publishers Inc. London,
1981
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