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Classification

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6 views79 pages

Classification

Uploaded by

ivy772676
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSIFICATION of Living Things:

Non Living Things---------------------------Living Things/Organisms


(Crystalline form)VIRUS( lives in a host/organism). ACELLULAR

Features of Viruses

 Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not
considered living things

 They do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves,
instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to
make multiple copies of themselves

 Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein


coat
Structure of a typical virus

 Viruses are at the borderline of living and nonliving.


 Due to their crystalline nature, they are considered as non-
living.
 They are acellular i.e. they do not have cellular organization
yet show
some characters of living organisms (e.g. they possess
DNA).
 Viruses contain either RNA or DNA,normally encased in
protein coat.
 They reproduce only in living cells, where they cause a
number
of diseases.
 They are not considered as organisms and thus are not
included in the five-kingdom classification system.
 Prions and viroids are also acellular particles and are not
included in the five kingdom classification system.

LIVING THINGS/Organisms(made up of Cells)


-----------------------------
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
(no true nucleus) True Nucleus+ Cytoplasm+Cell membreane
Eg Bacteria eg Typical Plant and Animal Cell
What is Prokaryote and Eukaryote?
CAIE SYLLABUS 2023
TERMINOLOGY
Ecosystem
Biotic Component---------------- Abiotic Component
 Air,Water,Tempe
rature,pH etc

1 Autotrophs/Producers Land Plants


Algae
Photosynthetic Bacteria
2 Heterotroph/Consumers Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Frugivores
Insectivores
Scavengers
Parasites (bacteria, Virus)
Etc.
3 Saprotrophs/Decomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

The Five Kingdoms


The general characteristics of the five kingdoms are as follows
(See Table 3.2 also);
1. Kingdom monera: It includes prokaryotic organisms i.e. they
are made of prokaryotic cells.
Monerans are unicellular, although some types form chains,
clusters, or colonies of cells.
Prokaryotic cells are radically different from eukaryotic cells. Most
are heterotrophic but some
perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in their
cytoplasm. Within this kingdom,
there are two different kinds of organisms i.e. bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
2. Kingdom protista: It includes eukaryotic unicellular and
simple multicellular organisms. There
are three main types of protists.
• Algae are unicellular, colonial or simple multicellular. They
resemble plant cells with cell walls
and chlorophyll in chloroplasts. Simple multicellular means that
they do not have multicellular
sex organs and do not form embryos during their life cycles.
• Protozoans resemble animals whose cells lack chlorophyll and
cell walls.
• Some protists are fungi-like.
3. Kingdom fungi:It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs
which are absorptive in their
nutritional mode e.g. mushrooms. Most fungi are decomposers.
They live on organic material,
secrete digestive enzymes and absorb small organic molecules
formed by the digestion by
enzymes.
4. Kingdom Plantae: It includes eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs.
Plants are autotrophic in
nutritional mode, making their own food by photosynthesis. They
have multicellular sex organs
and form embryos during their life cycles. Mosses, ferns and
flowering plants are included in this
kingdom.
5. Kingdom Animalia: It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers.
Animals live mostly by ingesting
food and digesting it within specialized cavities. They lack cell
wall and show movements.
Figure 3.5: The Five kingdoms of classification
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Life cycle of Ferns
SPORES

s
ANGIOSPERM/Flowering Plants

Monocotyledons------------------------------------Dicotyledons

Corn/Maize
Beans, Gram seeds etc

GRASS FLOWER
RICE SEEDS

Wheat

LEAF VEINATION OF MONOCOT(Paralel) AND DICOT(Net veination)

Parallel Veination Net Veination


Ferns & Flowering Plants
At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which
absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis

The plant kingdom includes organisms such as ferns and flowering plants

Ferns:

 Have leaves called fronds


 Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds

Flowering plants:
 Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
 Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
 Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons

Wheat plants are monocotyledons

Sunflowers are dicotyledons


How to distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons:

1) FLOWERS

Flowers from monocotyledons contain petals in multiples of 3

Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5

2) LEAVES

Leaves from monocotyledons have parallel leaf veins

Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins (meaning that they are all interconnected and form
a web-like network throughout the leaf)

Comparing monocots and dicots

Exam Tip

Identification of monocotyledons and dicotyledons comes up fairly frequently in the multiple choice
paper and so it is worth learning the two differences between their flowers and leaves.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
9 Phyla of kingdom Animalia:
ACRANIATA
FIVE CLASSES OF PHYLUM
CHORDATA
Salamandar
FOUR CLASSES OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Millipedes have two sets of legs per segment positioned
directly under their body. Centipedes have one set of legs
per segment positioned on the side of their body. ... If
looking from the side, centipedes have a flatter body
while millipedes are more rounded. They respond to
threats in different ways.
Pedipalp
each of the second pair of appendages attached to the
cephalothorax of most arachnids. They are variously
specialized as pincers in scorpions, sensory organs in
spiders, and locomotory organs in horseshoe crabs.
Classifying Animals

Vertebrates

All vertebrates have a backbone. There are 5 classes of vertebrates:

/Warm Blooded

/Warm Blooded
/Cold Blooded

/Cold Blooded

/Cold Blooded
Invertebrates

 One of the morphological characteristics used to classify invertebrates is whether they have legs
or not
 All invertebrates with jointed legs are part of the phylum Arthropods
 They are classified further into the following classes:
The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion (Panthera leo) and a female tiger (Panthera tigris).
The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. The liger is distinct from the
similar hybrid called the tigon, and is the largest of all known extant felines.
Levels of Classification
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE/System of scientific naming of
organisms
Seven Characteristics of living Things

SENSTIVITY
Phototropism
Geotropism
Hydrotropism
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION

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