TCS 364

FUNDAMENTAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

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Topics Covered
➢ Components of AI
➢ Agents in AI
➢ Structure of an AI Agent

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Components of AI

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Components of AI
a. Learning
➢One of the essential components of AI, learning for AI includes the trial-and-error method.

➢The solution keeps on solving problems until it comes across the right results. This way, the

program keeps a note of all the moves that gave positive results and stores it in its database to use

the next time the computer is given the same problem.

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 Components of AI
b. Reasoning
➢The ability to differentiate makes Reasoning one of the essential components of artificial intelligence.

➢To reason is to allow the platform to draw inferences that fit with the provided situation. Further, these
inferences are also categorized as either inductive or deductive. The difference is that in an inferential case, the
solution of a problem provides guarantees of conclusion. In contrast, in the inductive case, the accident is always
a result of instrument failure.

➢The use of deductive interferences by programming computers has provided them with considerable success.
However, reasoning always involves drawing relevant inferences from the situation at hand.

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 Components of AI
c. Problem-solving
➢The different methods of ‘Problem-solving’ count for essential artificial intelligence components that divide
the queries into special and general purposes.

➢In the situation of a special-purpose method, the solution to a given problem is tailor-made, often exploiting
some of the specific features provided in the case where a suggested problem is embedded.

➢On the other hand, a general-purpose method implies a wide variety of vivid issues. Further, the problem-
solving component in AI allows the programs to include step-by-step reduction of difference, given between any
goal state and current state.

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 Components of AI
d. Perception
➢In using the ‘perception’ component of Artificial Intelligence, the element scans any given environment by using
different sense-organs, either artificial or real.

➢the processes are maintained internally and allow the perceiver to analyze other scenes in suggested objects and
understand their relationship and features.

➢At its current state, perception is one of those components of artificial intelligence that can propel self-driving
cars at moderate speeds.

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 Components of AI
e. Language -understanding
➢In simpler terms, language can be defined as a set of different system signs that justify their means using
convention. Occurring as one of the widely used artificial intelligence components, language understanding
uses distinctive types of language over different forms of natural meaning, exemplified overstatements.

➢One of the essential characteristics of languages is humans’ English, allowing us to differentiate between
different objects. Similarly, AI is developed in a manner that it can easily understand the most commonly used
human language, English. This way, the platform allows the computers to understand the different computer
programs executed over them easily

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 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The agents sense the
environment through sensors and act on their environment through actuators. An AI agent can have mental
properties such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.

What is an Agent?

An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that environment
through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting.

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 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
An agent can be:

Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for sensors and hand, legs, vocal
tract work for actuators.

Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for sensors and various motors for
actuators.

Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input and act on those inputs and
display output on the screen.

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 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and actuators.

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the information to other
electronic devices. An agent observes its environment through sensors.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The actuators are only
responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers,
wings, fins, and display screen.

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Agents in Artificial Intelligence

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 Structure of an AI Agent
The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination
of architecture and agent program. It can be viewed as:

Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

f: P* → A

Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent program executes on the physical architecture to
produce function f.

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 PEAS Representation

PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its
properties under PEAS representation model. It is made up of four words:

P: Performance measure

E: Environment

A: Actuators

S: Sensors

Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's behavior.

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 PEAS Representation

PEAS for self-driving cars:

Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian
Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

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Example of Agents with their PEAS representation
Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors

1. Medical Diagnose o Healthy patient o Patient o Tests Keyboard

o Minimized cost o Hospital o Treatments (Entry of symptoms)

o Staff

2. Vacuum Cleaner o Cleanness o Room o Wheels o Camera

o Efficiency o Table o Brushes o Dirt detection sensor

o Battery life o Wood floor o Vacuum Extractor o Cliff sensor

o Security o Carpet o Bump Sensor

o Various obstacles o Infrared Wall Sensor

3.Part -picking Robot o Percentage of parts in o Conveyor belt with o Jointed Arms o Camera
correct bins. parts, o Hand o Joint angle sensors.
o Bins

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