CHAPTER 2: WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

Unit of learning code: ENG/CU/EI/CC/03/4/A

Related Unit of Competency in Occupational Standard; Perform Workshop Practices

2.1 Introduction to the unit of learning

This unit covers the competencies required to perform workshop process. Competencies include
applying workshop Safety, use of workshop tools and instruments, preparation of workshop for
electrical installation, Storage of Electrical tools and materials, troubleshoot and repair/replace
workshop tools and equipment

2.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes

1. Apply workshop safety

2. Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipment
3. Prepare workshop tools and instruments for an Electrical installation
om
.c

4. Prepare the workshop for an Electrical installation

t
t ve
sy

5. Store Electrical tools and materials

ea

6. Troubleshoot and repair workshop tools and equipment

2.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Apply Workshop Safety

2.2.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This learning outcome specifies the content of competencies required in applying workshop safety.
By the end of the lesson the trainee should be able to carry out and do the learning activities given
in the learning guide. Also, it is provided with a self-assessment question with responses
All workshops and stores must be under the direct control of a supervisor, who is responsible for
ensuring they are maintained and used in a safe and healthy manner. Only those authorized to do
so may enter or work in workshops or stores, and must comply with the requirements of the
supervisor whilst in that area.

70
All persons using workshops and stores should apply good housekeeping practices, wear
appropriate clothing and footwear, and use the workshop or store only for its intended purpose.

A tidy workplace makes it easier to spot and avoid hazards, and does not interfere with normal
work operations. Good housekeeping is fundamental to workshop safety management, and the
time allocated to a job must include cleaning up afterwards. This applies to both individual and
shared areas.

Personal items, food, drink or cigarettes are not to be taken into workshops and stores, unless a
clean work-free area has been set aside for this purpose. Where necessary, lockers should be
provided and used.

The store or workshop must be suited to the proposed task. The supervisor shall make the decision
as to what tasks are appropriate for each situation.

2.2.1.2 Performance Standard

om
.c

1. Proper use of PPE is adhered to as per standard operating procedure

t
ve
t

2. Workshop rules are followed as per standard operating procedure

sy
ea

3. Proper use of safety equipment are followed as per the manufacturer’s

recommendations
4. First Aid procedures are adhered to

2.2.1.3 Information Sheet

Learning outcome 1: Apply workshop safety

Apply workshop safety
A Hazard is something with the potential to cause harm; for example, electric tools, working above
ground level, wet or uneven floors, rotating parts.

Meaning of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are:

71
 ● Gadgets to protect workers from injury or illness caused by having contact with the
dangers/hazards in the workplace whether they are chemical, biological, radiation,
physical, electrical, mechanical and others.
● It is protective clothing helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to
protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
● All equipment designed to be worn, or held, to protect against a risk to health and
safety.

This includes most types of protective clothing, and equipment such as eye, foot and head
protection, safety harnesses, life jackets and high visibility clothing.

The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat,

chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for
job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational
activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective
gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. PPE suits can be similar
om
.c

in appearance to a cleanroom suit.

t
ve
t
sy

The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards

ea

when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these
risks to acceptable levels.
PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not
eliminate the hazard at the source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the
equipment fails.
Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment. This
can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create
significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly,
therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good
ergonomic design can help to minimize these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and
healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.

72
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health

Care for PPEs

Personal protective equipment should be taken cared as of the other tools and equipment.

1. Wipe your helmets, gloves, safety shoes before keeping it.

2. It should also be cleaned, kept in proper tool rack/ cabinet.
3. It should be stored in dry places so that it will not have mold build-up.
4. Over-all suites should be washed regularly so that perspirations and other dirt will be
washed clean.

Standard operating procedure in PPE

This standard operating procedure incorporates the requirements for use of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) for project staff, co-operators, volunteers, contractors, and those under the
om

project’s operational control.

t.c
ve

PPE listed in this SOP shall be used to provide protection and safety necessary for those
t
sy
ea

participating in a project activity with PPE requirements. Additional information on the purpose
and type of PPE may be available through the SOP for that activity.
Roles and responsibilities
● Projects need to tailor the Roles/Responsibilities based on their staffing level
● Project Manager (PM) is responsible for the overall safety of the project staff and those
participating in a project activity and must provide the appropriate PPE for those activities.
● Project Safety Officer (PSO) is responsible for issuing project PPE, for training project
staff on the proper use and care of the PPE, and to ensure compliance with this SOP.
● Supervisor is responsible for ensuring project staff and others participating in a project
activity are properly wearing their issued PPE. After temporarily issuing the appropriate
PPE to non‐project personnel, train them on how to use the PPE and retrieve the PPE upon
completion of the activity.

73
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 ● temperature extremes

● repeated wetness which may result in fungal infections

● puncturing from objects which may pierce the sole of footwear

2. Engineering and work-practice solutions shall be utilized, including wearing footwear

correctly (fully laced, etc.) to receive maximum protection. The Program shall prohibit the
use of sandals or open shoes.

Hand and body protection

1. Glove manufacturer specification charts provide guidance in selecting proper PPE.

Appropriate hand and body PPE shall be worn when potential hazards exist, including
exposure to:

● Cuts and punctures—severe cuts and lacerations, abrasions or punctures from

tools, machines or from handling sharp objects
om

● Thermal exposure—caused by extreme cold or heat or hot work

.c
t
ve

● Blood borne pathogens—caused by first-aid or clean-up of blood, body fluids,

t
sy
ea

or other infectious agents.

● Chemical exposure—skin contact from working with chemicals

● Repetitive motion disorders—caused by computer use or jobs requiring

repetitive motion may cause carpal tunnel syndrome

● entanglement—caused from wearing gloves, clothing, or jewelry near moving

equipment

2. Potential engineering and work-practice solutions may include:

● machine guards—protects against cuts, punctures, abrasion, and chafing

● job rotation—protects against repetitive motion hazards

● good housekeeping and clean-up—protects against chemical and blood borne

hazards

75
 ● workstation design—protects against repetitive motions and provides accident
prevention

● evaluating waste prior to handling—aids staff in determining appropriate PPE

and process method

● splash guards—protects against chemical contact with skin or eyes

Head protection Head protection (e.g., hard hat) shall be worn if potential for injury from falling objects
exist. All head protection shall:

Be used according to manufacturer’s instructions

Not be altered in any way include bump caps as an appropriate alternative (if exposure to scalp injuries
exist)
Hearing protection Facility staff shall wear hearing protection when exposed to noise levels in excess
of 85 dB (A) for an eight-hour time-weighted average.
Respiratory protection Site specific ventilation or exhaust systems are effective engineering control
om

tools.
t .c
ve

Workshop safety
t
sy
ea

The safety in Workshops has been written not only to provide appropriate safety procedures but
also to assist trained workshop personnel with the provision of a reference document outlining the
general principles of safe working practices relevant to the mechanical engineering aspects. It
relates to specific areas where definite safety measures are required for workshop operations
Factories Act and Accident
Various acts relating to accidents are spelt out in workmen’s compensation Act-1923. The factories
act-1948 and Fatal Accidents Act-1855. These acts describe the regulations for fencing and
guarding the dangerous machinery, items and employer’s liabilities.

Introduction to workshop safety

A workshop is where you learn to use tools and machines to make things; It can be a dangerous
place, so you must learn the safety rules for the workshop.

76
The safety rules tell you how to dress appropriately and how to behave whilst working with tools
that may cause harm. You must never play in the workshop, run around or throw equipment to one
another.

Personal safety:

The basic dress rules that you should always follow are:

1. Proper clothing.
You must not wear loose clothes that can be caught in moving machinery. You must wear tight
fitting overalls
2. Proper eye protection.
You must always wear goggles to protect your eyes while you are working in the workshop.
3. Remove tie and jewellery.
Ties, watches, rings and other jewellers increase the chance of getting caught by moving
machinery. You must remove them before entering the workshop.
om

4. Cut or secure long hair. Long hair is also dangerous as it may be caught by the machine and
t.c
ve

pulls you into it.

t
sy
ea

5. Proper shoes. You must not wear sandals or soft shoe inside the workshop as they will not
protect your feet from falling objects. A safety shoes (steel-toe shoes) will protect your feet if
you accidentally drop something.
The way you dress in the workshop is very important for your safety, always be sure to wear
properly and encourage your friends to do the same.

77
General workshop safety

It’s essential to be aware of and able to foresee the dangers which exist in the workshop and are
likely to affect your health and safety.

You should make sure that your workspace is as safe as possible so that few dangers arise.

i) Use the appropriate protective clothing and equipment to minimize the risk of accident

ii) Act in a safe manner at all times.

General Safety Precautions while Working in a Workshop

1. One should not leave the machine ON even after the power is OFF and until it has stopped
running completely. Someone else may not notice that the machine is still in motion and be
injured.
2. Operator should not talk to other industrial persons when he is operating a machine.
3. One should not oil, clean, adjust or repair any machine while it is running. Stop the
om

machine and lock the power switch in the OFF position.

t .c
ve

4. One should not operate any machine unless authorized to do so by the authorize person in
t
sy
ea

the shop.
5. Always check that work and cutting tools on any machine are clamped securely before
starting.
6. The floor should be kept clean and clear of metal chips or curls and waste pieces. Put them
in the container provided for such things. Scraps and chips or curls may cut through a shoe
and injure the foot.
7. Defective guards must be replaced or repaired immediately.
8. One should not operate any machinery when the supervisor or instructor is not in the shop.
9. All set screws should be of flush or recessed type. Projecting set screws are very dangerous
because they catch on sleeves or clothing.
10. One should not try to stop the machine with hands or body.
11. Only trained operator should operate machine or switches as far as possible.
12. Always take help for handling long or heavy pieces of material.
13. Always follow safe lifting practices
78
14. No one should run in the shop at work time.
15. Always keep your body and clothes away from moving machine parts. Get first aid
immediately for any injury.
16. Never talk to anyone while operating the machine, nor allow anyone to come near you or
the machine.
17. Stop the machine before making measurements or adjustments.
18. Operator should concentrate on the work and must not talk unnecessarily while operating
the machines.
19. Never wear necktie, loose sweater, wristwatch, bangles, rings, and loose fitting clothing
while working in workshop.
20. Always wear overcoat or apron.
21. Stop machines before attempting to clean it.
22. Make sure that all guards are in their place before starting to operate a machine.
23. Do not attempt to operate a machine until you have received operating instructions.
24. Be thoroughly familiar with the ‘stop’ button and any emergency stop buttons provided on
om
.c

the machines.
t
ve
t
sy

25. Remove burrs, chips and other unwanted materials as soon as possible. They can cause
ea

serious cuts.
26. Do not leave loose rags on machines.
27. Wash your hands thoroughly after working to remove oils, abrasive particles, cutting fluid,
etc.
28. Report all injuries to the foreman, howsoever small. Cuts and burns should be treated
immediately.
29. Keep the work area clean.
30. Keep your mind on the job, be alert, and be ready for any emergency.
31. Always work in proper lighting.
32. On should not lean against the machines.

79
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 Causes of accidents

The 98% accidents could be easily avoided provided due precautions are taken well in time. A
very familiar slogan goes on to say that accidents do not just happen but are caused due to the
failure of one element or the other, and the most unfortunate factor is that the human element is
the most pronounced of all which fail.

The common causes which lead to accidents are the following:

1. Unsafe working position.

2. Improper or defective tools or their improper use.

3. Improper acts- which result in violation of safety rules and non-observance of safety
precautions.

Causes of accidents

1. Causes due to human beings

om
.c
t
ve

a) Carelessness
t
sy
ea

This is due to overconfidence, loss of interest, fatigue (continuous work without rest), monotony,
unnecessary emotion which diverts concentration on the work being done hence resulting to
accidents.

b) Ignorance

An operator must understand the users and the function of his machine equipment.

c) Unsuitable clothing in working areas,

Personnel should wear clothing which will provide protection against dangers in areas where they
work. That is:

Safety Shoes/boots. They should be a type which provides protection against slippery conditions.

They should be strong enough in the feet to prevent injury from hurting objects e.g. safety boots.

81
Gloves- They should be worn where there are risks when harming sharp objects whether inside or
outside buildings.

Safety glass

- Safety glasses or goggles should be worn where there’s likely of danger to the eyes, such as using
drills, grinding machines etc.

d) Untidiness

● Keep all passage ways clear and clean.

Circular rods if stepped upon can cause nasty falls.

● Keep the workshop floor free from grease and oils.

2. Contributing causes

a) Unsatisfactory hand tools

om
.c

E.g. being worn out without handles

t
ve
t
sy
ea

● Hammers with loose handles or crippled faces should never be used.

● Chisels with burred heads are dangerous as broken pieces from the edges may fly off and
cause injury.
● Files should have tight handles to prevent accidents to the hands.
● Spanners which fit incorrectly will slip and can result I n damaging fingers.
● When drilling always ensure that the work is securely held in a vice or otherwise securely
clamped.

b) Unsatisfactory machines

● That is being insufficiently spaced, unguarded, broken, improperly adjusted, insufficiently

lubricated and being too small or weak for the job being undertaken.
● So see that all machines are properly guarded, all abrasive wheels are kept in good
condition and run at safe speeds.
● Don’t attempt to adjust or remove by hand a belt on a rotating shaft.

82
 ● don’ t allow idle belt to rest on rotating shaft and don’ t attempt to oil overhead shafting
while it’ s in motion.

c) Physical condition of personnel while working

E.g. before lifting equipment ensure that the weight is within your capability to handle. A base that
anything used for lifting is serviceable and in good working condition chains, hooks etc.

Should never be overloaded.

Common sources of accidents

The large number of machines in use and an even larger number of parts. This can be regarded as
sources of danger and require guarding for protection against accidents.

Some common sources of accident are listed below:

om

Projecting nips between sets of revolving parts, viz, gears, rolls and friction wheels, etc.
.c
t
tve
sy

1. Projecting fasteners on revolving parts.

ea

2. Revolving cutting tools, circular saw blades.

3. Revolving drums, crushers, spiked cylinder and armed mixers, etc.

4. Revolving shafts, spindles, bars and tools like drills, reamers, boring bars and chucks, etc.

5. Projecting sharp edges or nips of belt and chain drives viz., belt, pulleys, chains, sprockets and
belt fasteners.

6. Reciprocating tools and dies of power presses, drop hammers, and revolving presses, etc.

7. Grinding wheels and stones.

8. Reciprocating knives and saw blades such as cutting and trimming machines and power
hack-saws, etc.

83
9. Revolving drums and cylinders without casing, such as concrete and other mixers.

10. Intermittent feed mechanisms.

11. Projecting nips between various links and mechanisms, like cranks connecting rods, piston
rods, rotating wheels and discs, etc.

Common Methods of Protection

The common methods of protection against accidents are the following:

1. Safety by position.

2. Safety by construction.

3. Safety by using interlock guards.gg

4. Safety by using fixed guards.

5. Safety by using automatic guards.

om
t.c
ve

6. Safety by using distance guards.

t
sy
ea

Safety by construction

When a new machine is designed, it should be ensured that all its dangerous parts are either
enclosed in suitable housings or provided with suitable safety guards. For example, the belt drive
and motor in a lathe or milling machine are enclosed; the back gears in a lathe are either enclosed
or provided with cast iron guards or covers. Lubricating points are provided on the outer surfaces
so that the interior parts are not required to be opened every time.

Safety by position

The machine design is in such a way that the dangerous parts are located such that they are always
beyond the reach of the operator. The dangerous parts of all the machines should invariably be
guarded and undertaking should be made to make them enclosed in the body or housing of the
machines.

84
Safety by using interlock guards

It is a very efficient and sound method of guarding in that the guard cannot be removed and
dangerous parts exposed until and unless the machine is totally stopped. Similarly, the machine
cannot be started to work unless the guard returns in position and protects the dangerous parts.

An interlocking guard may be mechanical, electrical or some sort of a combination of these. It is

essential that it should:

1. Prevent the starting and operation of the machine in case the interlocking device fails.

2. Always acquire its position to guard the dangerous part before the machine can be started.

3. Remain closed in position until the dangerous part is completely at rest.

Safety by using fixed guards

These guards either for man integral part of the machine or are tightly secured to them. They
should be made to have rigid construction and should be so placed that any access to the dangerous
om
.c

parts of the machine is totally prevented in the running condition of the machines.
t
ve
t
sy
ea

Steel sheets can be advantageously used and they facilitate an easy fabrication of guards and are
lighter in weight.

In some cases the fixed guards are made adjustable in order to accommodate different kinds of
works or sets of tools. In some cases the fixed guards are provided at a distance from the danger
point.

Safety by using distance guards

The principle of a distance guards is that a fencing, enough high, is made of bars, at a suitable
distance from the machine such that even if the operative, by chance, extends his hands over it, his
fingers, clothes or any part of the body does not reach within the area of dangerous parts. An

85
additional measure of safety, some sort of tripping device is also usually incorporated to stop the
machine quickly in case of an accident.

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

86
Safety by using automatic guards

The principle of an automatic guard is that its operation is actuated by some moving part of the
machine.

It may link that the part will automatically bring the guard in protecting position before the
operation of the machine starts. The design of the guard is such that it automatically forces the
operative away from the dangerous area of work before the operation starts and does not permit his
access to the area again until and unless the machine stops. It may be noted that due to enough
time being required for their operation, this type of guards are not suitable for quick-acting and
fast-running machines. Their use is largely favored for heavy and slow acting machines like heavy
power presses.

Industrial safety

The factory act 1961 states that: om

i) Floors steps stairs passages and gang ways must be soundly constructed properly maintained and
.c
t

kept free from obstruction and any substance likely to cause a person to slip.
tve
sy
ea

ii) Hand rails must be provided for stairs.

iii) All ladders must be soundly constructed and properly maintained.

iv) Opening in floors shall, wherever practicable be securely fenced.

Special regulations

The following precautions should be observed

i) Always work never runs

ii) Never throw rubbish on the floor

iii) Keep gang ways and work areas free of metal bars, components, etc.

v) Keep to gangways when moving about never takes short cuts.

87
vi) If oil water or grease is spilled wipe it up immediately

vii) Wear safety shoes- shoes are available with until slip soles and with metal toe caps to protect
the feet from falling objects.

viii) Always check ladders for damage before use.

ix) Always position ladders on firm base at the correct angle.

Aims and objectives

The major objectives of the factory act are;

1. To provide protection to the workers employed in factories against industrial hazards and to
ensure safe and better working conditions.

2. It regulates and maintains properly various safety health and welfare activities in the factories.

3. It regulates & maintains working hours of workers, employment of children and adolescents,
om

employment of women, annual leave with wages etc.

t.c
ve
t
sy

The salient features of this act regarding safety are as follows;

ea

1. Fencing of machinery

-Every prime mover like engine or motor, moving part of the machinery is fenced properly.

2. Work on or near the machinery in motion.

Only specially trained workers wearing tight fitting clothes should carry out inspection of any part
of the machinery in motion.

3. Employment of young persons on dangerous machines.

No young person should be allowed to work on dangerous machine unless he is properly trained
and carefully supervised

4. Hoist and lifts

88
 ● Every hoist and lifts should be of god mechanical construction, adequate strength and must
be protected by enclosure and fitted with gates.
● Every hoist and lift should be adequately maintained and periodically examined

5. Listing machinery, chains, ropes and lifting tackles

Lifting machines such as cranes, crab, etc should be of good construction, adequate strength should
be maintained.

6. Revolving machinery

It should always be ensured that safe working peripheral speed is not exceeded for every revolving
machinery.

7. Pressure plants

- The pressure plant should not be operated at a pressure higher than the specified safe working
pressure.
om
.c

8. Floors stairs and means of access to different places

t
ve
t
sy
ea

All floors, steps, stairs, passages should of sound construction and free from obstructions

9. Pits sumps, opening in floor etc.

-Every pit, sumps, opening in floor, fixed vessels, tanks etc should be securely covered or fenced.

10. Excessive weights

- No person should be asked to lift carry or move any load so heavily that’s likely to cause him
injury.

- Protection of eyes.

⮚ Causes of fire
A house can easily catch fire from the misuse of appliances and heating equipment to smoking in
bedrooms.

89
However you can take measures to avoid fire in home and ensure the safety of your family. Below
are some of the most common causes of house fires, and some tips to take precautions.

1. Cooking equipment

Pots and pans can overheat and cause a fire very easily if the person cooking gets distracted and
leaves cooking unattended. Always stay in the room, or ask someone to watch your food, when
cooking on hotplates.

2. Heating

Keep portable heaters at least one metre away from anything that could easily catch fire such as
furniture, curtains, laundry, clothes and even yourself. If you have a furnace, get it inspected once a
year to make sure it is working to safety standards.

3. Smoking in bedrooms om

Bedrooms are best to be kept off limits for smoking. A cigarette that is not put out properly can
t.c

cause a flame, as the butt may stay a lit for a few hours. It could burst into flames if it came into
ve
t
sy

contact with flammable materials, such as furniture.

ea

4. Electrical equipment

An electrical appliance, such as a toaster can start a fire if it is faulty or has a frayed cord. A power
point that is overloaded with double adapter plugs can cause a fire from an overuse of electricity. A
power point extension cord can also be a fire hazard if not used appropriately. Double check the
appliances and power points in your home.

5. Candles

Candles look and smell pretty, but if left unattended they can cause a room to easily burst into
flames. Keep candles away from any obviously flammable items such as books and tissue boxes.
Always blow a candle out before leaving a room.

6. Curious children

90
Kids can cause a fire out of curiosity, to see what would happen if they set fire to an object. Keep
any matches or lighters out of reach of children, to avoid any curiosity turned disaster. Install a
smoke alarm in your child’s room and practice a home escape plan with your children and family
in case there was a fire.

7. Faulty wiring

Homes with inadequate wiring can cause fires from electrical hazards. Some signs to see if you’ve
bad wiring are:

1. Lights dim if you use another appliance;

2. For an appliance to work, you have to disconnect another;
3. Fuses blow or trip the circuit frequently.

Have a licensed electrician come and inspect you house, or contact your landlord if you have any
of the above occurrences.
om
.c

8. Barbeques
t
ve
t
sy
ea

Barbeques are great for an outdoor meal, but should always be used away from the home,
tablecloths or any plants and tree branches. Keep BBQs regularly maintained and cleaned with
soapy water and clean any removable parts. Check the gas bottle for any leaks before you use it
each time.

9. Flammable liquids

If you have any flammable liquids in the home or garage such as petrol, kerosene or methylated
spirits, keep them away from heat sources and check the label before storing. Be careful when
pouring these liquids.

10. Lighting

Lamp shades and light fittings can build up heat if they are very close to light globes. Check
around the house to make sure. Lamp bases can become a hazard if they are able to be knocked

91
over easily, and so should be removed if they are. Check that down lights is insulated from wood
panelling or ceiling timbers.

The above tips are a good guide to avoiding a fire in your home. However it’s a good idea to
protect yourself with adequate home insurance cover to ensure you are covered in the unlikely
event a fire were to happen

http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/fire_safety/house_fire_safety/common_causes_of_fire.jsp

Classification of fires

Fire can cause loss of lives, jobs equipment, materials and buildings.

For all practical purposes there are three main classes of fires; A B &C

Class A fires (Solids)

Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper & cloth.
om
.c

This is one of the most common types of fire because solids are the most common type of fuel and
t
ve
t
sy

one that is hard to eliminate.

ea

Good housekeeping should help to keep materials like packaging and waste reduced, minimizing
risks Water extinguisher is one of the most popular types of extinguishers used class A fire. It can
handle most fires involving solids.

The majorities of fires are in this class and can be most effectively extinguished by cooling with
water.

Class B fires(liquids)

Fires from flammable liquids such as paraffin, petrol, paint, varnishes, oil and from greases and
fats.

Many of the fluids, liquids and chemicals used in workplaces can be flammable or explosive. Like
cleaning fluids, solvents, fuels, inks, adhesives and paints.

92
Make sure you know what flammable liquids are used in your workplace, and carry out a Control
of Substances Hazardous to Health’ (COSHH) assessment Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health assessments are a legal requirement, for any hazardous substances. This about safe storage
and use of these substances, keep them in labeled containers and away from sources of ignition.
Should a class B fire ignite, foam or powder extinguishers are the best types of extinguishers to
attack this type of fire.
Class C fires ( gases)

Class C fires are fires involving gases. This could be natural gas, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
or other types of gases forming a flammable or explosive atmosphere.
Work with gas is dangerous, and increases fire risk. Keep stored gases in sealed containers in a
safe storage area, and ensure that gas work is carried out by competent persons.
While extinguishers can be used on class C gas fires, the only safe method to attack this type of
fire is to shut off the gas supply. The best type of extinguisher to put out the fire when the supply
of gas is off is a dry powder extinguisher
om

Fires involving live electrical equipment and wiring. The safest method of extinguishing is to
t.c
ve

displace the oxygen by projecting a gas or dry powder into the vicinity of the fire.
t
sy
ea

Class D fires (Metals)

Metals are not often thought of as a combustible material, some types of metal can be, like sodium.
Metals are also good conductors, helping a fire spread. All metals will soften and melt at high
temperature, which can be a big problem when metal joists and columns are present in a fire as
structural elements.
Water can actually act as an accelerate on metal fires, so how would you tackle a class D fire?
There are dry powder extinguishers developed to tackle metal fires. The powder inside the
extinguisher may vary depending on the type of metal risk it is designed for. Small metal fires can
sometimes be smothered with dry earth or sand.

Electrical Fires
This is not strictly a class (class E) of fire, because electricity is more or a source of ignition than a
fuel. However, fires in live electrical equipment are an additional hazard. You don't want to be
using water, or any other conductor as that could be fatal.

93
Electrical fires are not given their own full class, as they can fall into any of the classifications.
After all it is not the electricity burning but surrounding material that has been set alight by the
electric current.
To avoid electric fire;
Making sure electrical equipment and installations are installed correctly, and inspected and
maintained, will help to reduce the risk of this type of fire.

Class F (Cooking Fats & Oils)

Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat sources in kitchens can result in a class
F fire.
Never leave food or frying equipment unattended during use. The only type of fire
extinguisher approved for use on cooking oils and fats is the wet chemical extinguisher. For small
class F fires, you could also use a fire blanket.

While you shouldn't use water to attack an electrical fire, you can use other types of fire
om

extinguishers. Like carbon dioxide, and dry powder in low voltage situations. Always turn off the
.c
t
ve

power supply if you can.

t
sy
ea

In the event of a fire:

The following precautions should be observed at all times.

i) Know the correct fire drill and the positions of fire alarms, firefighting equipment and
emergency exits.

ii) Know the correct appliance to use for a particular type of fire and know how to use t.

iii) Don’t bock fire exits.

iv) Don’t use fire appliances for any purpose other than intended.

v) Never smoke in no smoking areas

vi) Always ensure that matches and cigarettes are put out before throwing them away

94
vii) Avoid spillage of flammable liquids.

Extinguishers and fighting procedures

1) Water type

These are usually operated by striking a plunger to release a gas which pressures the water and
forces it out of the nozzle. They are stable only for class-A fires.

● The jet should be directed at the base of the fire and be kept moving across the area of the
fire.

2. Chemical foam type

● These may be operated by inverting the extinguisher or by releasing a plunger allowing two
solutions to mix and produce foam.
● They are used on class B fires involving flammable liquids.
● The jet is directed with a gentle sweeping movement, allowing the foam to drop down and
om

lie on the Surface of the liquid.

t.c
ve

● This smothers the fire by excluding oxygen.

t
sy
ea

3. Carbon-dioxide (Co2) type

These are operated by squeezing the discharge lever which allows the liquid co2 to be discharged
as a gas. They are used on class c fires where after the current has been switched off the discharge
horn is directed straight at the fire.

4. Dry powder pressure type.

This type contains a pressurized as and a dry chemical agent. After the release lever has been
operated discharge is controlled by a nozzle at the end of the nose.

These are used on class c fires in the same way as the Co2 type.

95
Use of fire extinguishers

Class of fire Type of fire extinguisher

Water Foam Co2 Dry

powder

A Ordinary fires: wood , paper ,cloth Yes Yes No No

B Flammable liquids: petrol ,paraffin No Yes Yes Yes

C Electrical equipment No No Yes Yes

Table 1: Uses of fire extinguishers

Fire precautions om

Fire is a great danger in a workshop and care must be taken not to start a fire. The main causes of
.c
t

fire are:
tve
sy
ea

1. Careless storage of flammable materials.

2. Careless electrical maintenance.
3. People throwing away cigarettes.

Electrical safety

● Electrical can’t be seen we only see the effect due to it.

● Because of this care must be taken when using electricity. There are two main causes of
accidents due to electricity.

These are

(i) Carelessness: this arises because of laxity. When electricians have worked for long
period they tend to assume the high standards of safety required and start to maintain
equipment when it’ s live and as a result an accident can easily occur.

96
 (ii) Ignorance and inexperience. Most of the electrical tasks appear very simple when
carried out by well-trained electricians. When unqualified personnel attempt to do the
same they are usually unable and they leave the tasks uncompleted. This is dangerous
to the others. The safety precaution in any electrical installation is to:

i) Prevent electric shock.

ii) Prevent the occurrence of fire due to electrical fires.

Electric shock

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 1:Touching live and earth or live and neutral makes a person part of the electrical
circuit and can lead to an electric shock.

● Electric shock occurs when a person becomes part of the electrical circuit.
● One gets electric shock when he or she is in contact with two objects that are at different
potentials.
● The person complete the circuit to earth and the current flows through him/or her.

97
The damage done to the human body will depend on the following factors:

i) Voltage between the two points

ii) The amount of current flowing

ii) The time taken for the current to flow

Also the level or intensity of the shock will depend upon factors, such as age, fitness and the
circumstances in which the shock is received. The lethal level is approximately 50 mA, above
which muscles contract, the heart flutters and breathing stops. A shock above the 50 mA level is
therefore fatal unless the person is quickly separated from the supply. Below 50 mA only an
unpleasant tingling sensation may be experienced or you may be thrown across a room, roof or
ladder, but the resulting fall may lead to serious injury.

● The methods used to prevent electric shock are;

om
.c

i) Earthing the metallic and any equipment within the installation

t
tve
sy
ea

ii) Using all the insulated wiring systems

Treatment of electric shock

If somebody get electric shock, the immediate action should be:

i) Switch off the supply

ii) If necessary start artificial respiration

iii) Seek medical assistance

iv) Treat the burns or injuries.

v) Keep the victim warm.

If the person is in contact with the live conductors then the first thing is to break the contact .care
must be taken in order not electrocute yourself.

98
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
● Place your hands on his back just below the shoulder blades and rock forwards with your
elbow straight until your arms are approximately vertical, exerting- steady pressure on his
chest.
● Grasp the patient’s arms just above the elbow and rock backwards raising his arms until
tension is felt at the patients shoulder lower his arms.
● The complete cycle should be repeated twelve times a minute.
● This method is practical only when there’s no gross injury to the arms shoulder and the
ribs.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

100
First aid

Definitions

First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any injury or sudden illness
before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other medically qualified person.

A first aider is someone who has undergone a training course to administer first aid at work and
holds a current first aid certificate.

An appointed person is someone who is nominated to take charge when someone is injured or
becomes ill, including calling an ambulance if required. The appointed person will also look after
the first aid equipment, including re-stocking the first aid box.

First aid

Despite all the safety precautions taken on construction sites to prevent injury to the workforce,
accidents do happen and you may be the only other person able to take action to assist a workmate.
om

If you are not a qualified first aider limit your help to obvious common sense assistance and call
t.c
ve

for help, but do remember that if a workmate’s heart or breathing has stopped as a result of an
t
sy
ea

accident he has only minutes to live unless you act quickly.

The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and relevant approved codes of practice and
guidance notes place a duty of care on all employers to provide adequate first aid facilities
appropriate to the type of work being undertaken.

The regulations state that:

Employers are under a duty to provide such numbers of suitable persons as is adequate and
appropriate in the circumstances for rendering first aid to his employees if they are injured or
become ill at work.

For this purpose a person shall not be suitable unless he or she has undergone such training and has
such qualifications as the Health and Safety Executive may approve.

101
This is typical of the way in which the health and safety regulations are written. The regulations
and codes of practice do not specify numbers, but set out guidelines in respect of the number of
first aiders needed, dependent upon the type of company, the hazards present and the number of
people employed.

First aid is the treatment of minor injuries which would otherwise receive no treatment or do not
need treatment by a doctor or nurse or In cases where a person will require help from a doctor or
nurse, first aid is treatment for the purpose of preserving life and minimizing the consequences of
an injury or illness until such help is obtained. A more generally accepted definition of first aid
might be as follows: first aid is the

● Initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any injury or sudden illness before the
arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other medically qualified person.

A first aider is someone who has undergone a training course to administer first aid at work and
holds a current first aid certificate. The training course and certification must be approved by the
om

HSE.
t .c
ve
t

● The aims of a first aider are to preserve life, to limit the worsening of the injury or illness
sy
ea

and to promote recovery.

● A first aider may also undertake the duties of an appointed person. An appointed person is
someone who is nominated to take charge when someone is injured or becomes ill,
including calling an ambulance if required.
● The appointed person will also look after the first aid equipment, including re-stocking the
first aid box.
● Appointed persons should not attempt to give first aid for which they have not been trained,
but should limit their help to obvious common sense assistance and summon professional
assistance as required.
● First aid personnel must be available at all times when people are at work, taking into
account shift working patterns and providing cover for sickness absences.

102
Bleeding

If the wound is dirty, rinse it under clean running water. Clean the skin around the wound and
apply a plaster, pulling the skin together.

If the bleeding is severe apply direct pressure to reduce the bleeding and raise the limb if possible.
Apply a sterile dressing or pad and bandage firmly before obtaining professional advice.

To avoid possible contact with hepatitis or the AIDS virus, when dealing with open wounds, first
aiders should avoid contact with fresh blood by wearing plastic or rubber protective gloves, or by
allowing the casualty to apply pressure to the bleeding wound.

Burns

Remove heat from the burn to relieve the pain by placing the injured part under clean cold water.
Do not remove burnt clothing sticking to the skin.

Do not apply lotions or ointments. Do not break blisters or attempt to remove loose skin. Cover the
om

injured area with a clean dry dressing.

t.c
ve
t
sy

Broken bones
ea

Make the casualty as comfortable as possible by supporting the broken limb either by hand or with
padding.

Do not move the casualty unless by remaining in that position he is likely to suffer further injury.
Obtain professional help as soon as possible.

Contact with chemicals

Wash the affected area very thoroughly with clean cold water. Remove any contaminated clothing.
Cover the affected area with a clean sterile dressing and seek expert advice. It is a wise precaution
to treat all chemical substances as possibly harmful; even commonly used substances can be
dangerous if contamination is from concentrated solutions.

When handling dangerous substances, it is also good practice to have a neutralizing agent to hand.

103
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
Heart stopped beating

● This sometimes happens following a severe electric shock. If the casualty’s lips are blue,
the pupils of his eyes widely dilated and the pulse in his neck cannot be felt, then he may
have gone into cardiac arrest.
● Act quickly and lay the casualty on his back.
● Kneel down beside him and place the heel of one hand in the centre of his chest.
● Cover this hand with your other hand and interlace the fingers.
● Straighten your arms and press down on his chest sharply with the heel of your hands and
then release the pressure.
● Continue to do this 15 times at the rate of one push per second.
● Check the casualty’s pulse. If none is felt, give two breaths of artificial respiration and then
om

a further 15 chest compressions.

t.c
ve

● Continue this procedure until the heartbeat is restored and the artificial respiration until
t
sy
ea

normal breathing returns. Pay close attention to the condition of the casualty while giving
heart massage.
● When a pulse is restored the blueness around the mouth will quickly go away and you
should stop the heart massage. Look carefully at the rate of breathing. When this is also
normal, stop giving artificial respiration.
● Treat the casualty for shock; place him in the recovery position and obtain professional
help.

Shock

Everyone suffers from shock following an accident. The severity of the shock depends upon the
nature and extent of the injury. In cases of severe shock the casualty will become pale and his skin
become clammy from sweating. He may feel faint, have blurred vision, feel sick and complain of
thirst. Reassure the casualty that everything that needs to be done is being done. Loosen tight
clothing and keep him warm and dry until help arrives.

105
Do not move him unnecessarily or give him anything to drink.

Items of a First-Aid Box

(i) Pair of scissors

(ii) Large size sterilized dressings

(iii) Medium size sterilized dressings

(iv) Small sized sterilized dressings

(v) Large size burn dressings

(vi) Packets of sterilized cotton wool

(vii) Rolled bandages 10 cm wide

om

(viii) Rolled bandages 5 cm wide

.c
t
t ve
sy

(ix) Bottle (4 oz) of salvolative having the doze and made 1 of administration indicated on label
ea

(xi) Safety pins

(xi) Eye drops

(xii) Adhesive plaster

(xiii) 4 bottle containing KMnO4 crystals, etc.

(xiv) 4 bottle containing a 2% alcoholic solution

(xv) Betadine ointment (50mg)

(xvi) Saframycine ointment (50mg)

(xvii) Dettol

Accident reports

106
Every accident must be reported to an employer and the details of the accident and treatment
given are suitably documented. A first aid Log book or accident book containing first aid treatment
record sheets could be used to effectively document accidents which occur in the workplace and
the treatment given. Failure to do so may influence the payment of compensation at a later date if
an injury leads to permanent disability.

To comply with the Data Protection Regulations, from the all First Aid Treatment Log books or
Accident Report books must contain perforated sheets which can be removed after completion and
filed away for personal security.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

107
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 4. Sweep the spray from left to right until the flames are totally extinguished.

2.2.1.5 Self-assessment

1. Hazard may be defined as:

A. anything that can cause harm
B. the chance, large or small, of harm actually being done
C. someone who has the necessary training and expertise to safely carry out an
activity
D. the rules and regulations of the working environment
2. A positive attitude to safety at work:
A. is the duty of every employer
B. is the duty of every employee
C. increases accidents at work
D. reduces accidents at work
3. The most common cause of accidents at work is:
om

A. gloves, boots and hard hats

.c
t
ve

B. sprains, strains and trap pains

t
sy
ea

C. slips, trips and falls

D. hook, line and sinker
4. What safety precautions that should be adhered to when giving first aid on a burn?

5. Complete the following table to justify the type of fire extinguisher used for the classes of fires
indicated. Use Yes or No

Class of fire Type of fire extinguisher

Water Foam Co2 Dry

powder

A Ordinary fires: wood , paper ,cloth

B Flammable liquids: petrol ,paraffin

109
C Electrical equipment

6. State the General Safety Precautions while Working in a Workshop

7. John is an electrical technician. Name Personal protective equipment that he may have worn:

2.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools

● Set of screw drivers

● Pliers
● Phase testers
● Multimeter
Equipment
om

● PPE –hand gloves, dust coat, dust masks

t.c
ve

● Multimeter
t
sy
ea

● Clamp meter
● Earth electrode resistance meter
● Phase sequence meter
● Computer/smart phone
Materials and supplies

● Stationery
● Cables
● Lubricants
● Service parts

2.2.1.7 References

● IEE regulations
110
● Organizational procedures manual
● Electrical Installation Maintenance K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module Republic of the Philippines Department of Education
● Ray_C._Mullin,_Phil_Simmons Electrical_Wiring_Re(z-lib.org)
● Brian Scaddan IEng;_MIIE_(elec) Electrical_insta(z-lib.org)
● https://www.healthline.com/health/electric-shock
● https://www.haspod.com/blog/fire/classes-of-fire
● https://www.realinsurance.com.au/home-insurance/home-safety/the-most-common-causes-
of-house-fires

● J. Craig Voelkert, A Brief Guide To Fire Chemistry And Extinguishment Theory For Fire
Equipment Service Technicians, 2009 – Revised 2015, Amerex Corporation
● John F. Riley, Standard for Fire Extinguishers, Rating and Fire Testing of, UL 711 Fifth
Edition, 1995, , Institute of Gas Technology.c
om
t
ve
t
sy
ea

111
2.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipment

2.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This learning outcome specifies the content of competencies required to properly handle and
use workshop tools and equipment. It also specifies the content of competencies in taking care
and maintenance of workshop tools, instruments and equipment. The learning outcome must
be assessed against as per standard operating procedure.

2.2.2.2 Performance Standard

3.3.2.2.1 Workshop tools, Instruments and equipment are identified as per required
installation
3.3.2.2.2 Tools, Instruments and equipment are used as per the manufacture’s manuals
3.3.2.2.3 Proper handling of workshop tools, Instruments and equipment as per
om

standard operating procedure

t.c
ve

3.3.2.2.4 Care and Maintenance of workshop tools, Instruments and equipment as per
t
sy
ea

standard operating procedure

2.2.2.3 Information Sheet

Classification of workshop tools

A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or accomplish a task, but that is not
consumed in the process. It can be considered as extension of the human hand thus increasing
speed, power, and accuracy and on the other hands equipment includes any machine powered by
electricity.

Hand tools

Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using electrical energy such as: puller,
hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers, hammer, and others.

112
Machine/Power tools

Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use of electrical energy such
as: electric drill, grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner and others.

Pneumatic tools

Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air pressure. Pneumatic tools are designed
around three basic devices: the air cylinder, the vane motor, and the sprayer.

Hand tools

They include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and pullers.

1. Screwdrivers are used to drive, or turn screws. The common type has a single flat blade for
driving screws with slotted heads. The other type has the cross slotted head.

1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should be gripped at the end of the handle.
om

2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two legs move on a pivot so that items of
t .c
ve

various sizes can be gripped.

t
sy
ea

3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with hexagonal heads. ―Hexagonalǁ means
six-sided. A variety of wrenches are used in the shop.

4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts, bushings from blind holes, and cylinders’
liners from the engine blocks.

Machine/Power Tools

Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The chuck has jaws that can be opened and
then closed to grip a drill kit.

113
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
Air chisel uses reciprocating motion to drive a cutting hammering tool. An air hammer drives a
chisel to cut off a nut that has frozen to a stud. It can be used with a variety of tools-cutters and
punches to do many jobs.

om

Air drill is lighter than a comparable electric drill. Repeatedly stalling or overloading does not
t.c
ve

damage or overheat the air drill.

t
sy
ea

Air racket uses the sockets and attachments from a standard socket set.

115
5. Pneumatic floor jack uses compressed air to flow into the jack cylinder and causes the ram to
extend and raise the vehicle.

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

116
Marking tools

a) Marking out Tools are used to mark the given measurement on the surface of the work
piece. a) Scriber

om
t.c
ve

b) Dot punch
t
sy
ea

c) Center punch

117
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
g) Steel rule

om
.c
t
tve
sy
ea

h) Scribing block

119
i) V-blocks

Cutting tools

● Files
● Hacksaw
● Chisel
● Scraper
om
.c
t
tve
sy

a) File
ea

b) Hacksaw

120
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 ea
sy
t

123
ve
t.c
om
Diagonal Cutting Pliers

Figure 14: Diagonal Cutting Pliers

Diagonal cutting pliers, sometimes called side snips or dikes, are used to cut wires. They are
specially designed with a cutting edge that goes down to the tip of the jaws, allowing you to get
into tight areas to trim wires. Some types can also have a built-in voltage detector to sense live
wires. You can also find combination tools that include wire-stripping slots built into the handles.

Drawing Wire/ Tape

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 15: Drawing Wire/ Tape

A Drawing Wire/ Tape is used to pull stranded or solid wire conductors through metal or PVC
conduit. Cable lube is available to assist you in pulling the wires through the conduit. A fish tape
can also be helpful when you are pulling cables through wall cavities.

This is a tool used when making wiring improvements, such as adding or extending circuits.

124
Voltmeter or Multimeter

Figure 16: Voltmeter or Multimeter

A voltmeter is used to read voltage levels and verify that circuits are “live” or off. Unlike a circuit
tester, this tool gives you reading on how much voltage is being carried. More sophisticated forms
of the tool are known as multimeters, and they can not only read voltage levels but also amperage,
resistance, and DC voltage and amperage. They do, however, require practice to learn how to use
them properly.
om
t.c
ve
t
sy

Wire Crimpers
ea

Figure 17:Wire Crimpers

Wire crimpers are used to crimp lugs or connection terminals onto wires. This tool is not often
used for routine circuit repairs, but it has many uses when working with appliances or electronics.
Many types can also be used to strip wire insulation.

Screw Drivers
A screwdriver comes in various sizes and with several tip shapes. Screwdrivers used by
electricians should have insulated handles. Using a screwdriver for a particular job, the width of
the screwdriver tip should match the width of the screw slot.

125
Figure 18: Screw drivers

Drilling Equipment
Drilling equipment is needed to make holes in building structure passages of conduits and
wires.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 19: Driller

Sawing and Cutting

Tools Saws commonly used by electricians include the crosscut, keyhole, and hacksaw.

126
Figure 20: Hack saw

om
.c
t
tve
sy
ea

127
 Soldering Equipment
In doing electric wiring splices and taps (connections made to wire) should be soldered, unless
you use solderless connectors. Typical equipments available for soldering are shown below.

Figure 21: Soldering equipment

Hammers
Hammers are used with chisels and for nailing and fitting. Below are examples of carpenter’s
claw hammer, lineman’s hammer, and machinist’s ball-peen hammer

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 22: Hammers

Measuring Tools
To measure wire length and other items, the electrician finds considerable use for measuring
tools such as the extension or zigzag rule, push-pull rule and a steel tape as shown below.

Figure 23: Folding rule

128
Tape measure

Figure 24:Tape measure

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

A standard is used for all kinds of field measurements, such as setting heights for switches and
outlets, centering lighting fixture boxes, and marking surfaces for cutouts.

Spirit level

A small level, such as a torpedo level, fits easily in a tool pouch and is used to make sure your
work is level and plumb. A great installation starts with level boxes and straight switch and outlet
covers.

A torpedo level should be part of every homeowner's standard toolkit; it will have plenty of uses
beyond electrical work.

129
Figure 25:Tape measure

Flashlight

Electrical repair and improvement work involves a lot of dark places, from attics and basements, to
wall and ceiling cavities, to the insides of electrical boxes. A tactical flashlight is needed as much
for safety as it is for convenience. A couple of hand flashlights and a headlamp are good additions
om
.c

to an electrician's toolbox.
t
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 26: Utility Knife

Utility Knife

A utility knife, or box cutter, is handy for cutting sheathing from non-metallic (Romex) cable, to
cut off electrical tape, and to open cardboard boxes.

130
Figure 27: Utility Knife

Voltage Testers

A voltage tester, as the name suggests, is used for testing the presence of voltage in a circuit. A
voltage tester has a neon bulb with two wires attached to its bottom. This is used to test the flow of
current in a wire. A good voltage tester is rated for up to 500 V. in the old days, Phase Tester also
om

were used for this purpose.

t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

Wire Strippers

Figure 29: Wire Strippers

Another essential electrical specialty tool for homeowners is a good pair of wire strippers. Wire
strippers are used to cut and strip insulation from electrical wires. A wire stripper tool has a row of
131
gauged holes for stripping wires of different sizes, and it usually includes cutting jaws for
trimming the wire ends.

Along with a voltage tester, this is perhaps the most important specialty electrical tool you can
own. It makes sense to invest in a good set of wire strippers, as it will serve many functions.

Other tools and equipment include:

● Bending machine

● Stock and die

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

Figure 30: Some special tools required by an electrician engaged in industrial installations

Maintenance of electrical tools and equipment

To ensure that your electric tools work when you need them, you must take proper care of them. A
good routine of maintenance for your tools is one thing that you can do to make sure that the tool
you need is working when you need it.

132
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
5. Use double-insulated tools: Portable electrical tools are classified by the number of insulation
barriers between the electrical conductors in the tool and the worker.

6. Storing Your Tools: Keep your electric tools stored in their original cases and containers. This
will keep them free of dust and dirt while they are not being used.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

Maintenance of power equipment

● Keep Power tools Clean.

● Dust and grime can bring your power tools to a grinding halt if left unchecked over time.
● Store Power tools correctly.
● Inspect for Wear or Damage.

134
● Lubricate Moving Parts.
● Keep Batteries in Shape.

om
.c
t
tve
sy
ea

135
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 ea
sy
t

137
ve
t.c
om
Lubricate moving parts

Keep moving parts lubricated for premium performance. Not only does it keep the mechanics of a
tool running smoothly, it also decreases the chance of rust developing. While common machine oil
is a good choice, consult your owner’s manual to see if the manufacturer recommends or requires a
specific type of oil.

Keep batteries in shape

Cordless, battery-powered tools are convenient and portable and have become very popular for
contractors and homeowners alike. To keep them running efficiently and effectively, it is essential
for their batteries to be maintained.

Batteries remain working at peak level by fully charging and then fully discharging their power
once every couple of weeks. Don’t let batteries sit unused for extended periods of time. Try to use
batteries once every two weeks. om

Care for batteries by cleaning contacts with cotton swabs and alcohol. Store batteries you won’t be
t.c

using for a while in a dry, clean place away from excessive heat.
ve
t
sy
ea

2.2.2.4 Learning activities

Learning Activity 1

Directions: Inside the tools box are hand, pneumatic, and power tools. Identify and write them in
their corresponding column provided below.

Air chisel Hammer

Air racket

Air drill

Electric drill

Vacuum cleaner

138
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 2. Arranged the tools by their types in the
shelves/racks.

3. Placed equipment in designated places or

location.

Overall Performance Competent

Not yet competent

Learning Activity 2

Let us determine how much you already know about usage of tools and instruments. Take
this exercise

Exercise: Demonstrate skills on how to use stock and die correctly when making threads on steel
om

conduit.
.c
t
tve

Procedure
sy
ea

i. Ensure the round section steel conduit is vertical in the vice (at 90 degrees).
ii. Place the die on the round section steel conduit, keeping it parallel with the vice.
iii. Add a little pressure and turn the stock in a clockwise direction.
iv. The first couple of ‘turns’ of the die are critical.
v. If the stock is not parallel to the vice, a drunken thread will result. Stop once the die begins
to cut the first couple of threads and check that the stock is still parallel to the vice.
vi. Continue to rotate the stock in a clockwise direction.
vii. Once the thread has been started, for every clockwise rotation, rotate the stock in an
anticlockwise direction, for half a turn.
viii. This clears away any steel chippings, from the die.
ix. Thread cutting can continue until the correct length is been achieved.
x. Remove the stock and die from the thread by rotating it in an anticlockwise direction,
effectively unscrewing it from the steel.

140
 xi. Untighten the centre adjusting screw and then tighten the two outer adjusting screws. Run
the die down the thread a second time, as this will finish the thread accurately.

2.2.2.5 Self-Assessment

1. Pliers, cutters, a knife and a range of screwdrivers are the tools required in the electro technical
industry for:

A. Erecting conduit
B. Assembling tray
C. Stripping and connecting conductors
D. Terminating an mi cable
2. Always wear PPE when in the shop, even when tools are not being used.

A. True

B. False
om

2. Grace is an electrical technician who manages an electrical workshop. outline the safety rules to
t.c

be adhered to while using hand tools.

ve
t
sy
ea

3. Tools are supposed to be maintained and taken care of. State how a technician can maintain and
take care of power equipment.

4. Properly insulated electrical tools contribute to safety adherence in electrical works. Explain the
essence of using properly insulated tools in electrical works.

2.2.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools

Set of screw drivers

Pliers

141
Phase testers

Multimeters

Equipment

PPE –hand gloves, dust coat, dust masks

Clamp meter

Earth electrode resistance meter

Phase sequence meter

Materials and supplies

Stationery

Cables
om

Lubricants
.c
t
tve
sy

Service parts
ea

2.2.2.7 References

1. IEE regulations
2. Organizational Procedures Manual
3. Electrical Installation Maintenance K To 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module Republic of The Philippines Department of Education
4. Ray C. Mullin, Phil Simmons Electrical Wiring Re(Z-Lib.Org)
5. Brian Scaddan Ieng; MII (Elec) Electrical Insta(Z-Lib.Org)
6. https://projects.truevalue.com/maintenance_and_repair/basic_maintenance/proper_tool_ma
intenance.aspx

142
 ea
sy
t

143
ve
t.c
om
2.2.3 Learning Outcome 3: Prepare workshop tools and instruments for an Electrical
installation

2.2.3.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This learning outcome specifies the content of competencies required to perform Issuing of
required tools and instruments, check Functionality of tools and instruments and calibration
of workshop instruments.
2.2.3.2 Performance Standard

1. List of required tools and instruments is prepared per the required installation

2. Issuing of required tools and instruments is performed as per standard operating procedure
3. Functionality of tools and instruments is checked in line with the standard operating
procedure
4. Calibration of workshop instruments are performed as per the standard operating procedure
om

2.2.3.3 Information Sheet

t .c
vet
sy
ea

Instruments for an Electrical practical

Wires Strippers

Professional electricians regularly strip the plastic coating on wires to expose the copper and make
customized connections with other wiring or components. This essential electrical maintenance
tool comes in a variety of models and types.

Fish Tape

Fish tape is one of many popular electrician tools. It’s used to run wiring between gang boxes (or
other electrical components) through conduit piping. Fish tape is housed in a retractable coil and
can be fed through installed conduit piping. Once the end of the fish tape appears on the opposite
side, wiring can be hooked to the tape and the tape can be retracted—pulling the wire along the
conduit.

144
Fishing Rods

Fishing rods are essential electrician tools when installing wire through walls, below carpets, or
above ceilings. Rods are typically fiberglass and include hooks on the end for easy manoeuvring.

Terminal Block

These modular, insulated devices assist electricians when grouping multiple wires together.
They’re used to connect wiring to a ground or connect electrical switches and outlets to mains.

Voltage Tester

To safely perform electrical work, electrical power must be cut off in key sections of the property
(usually via the circuit breaker). A hand held voltage tester allows electricians to test outlets for
power, so they know when they’re safe to work on. Electricians also use this tool to confirm power
has been restored.

Reaming Bit
om
t.c
ve

An installing new conduit (or replacing old ones) means connecting different segments of piping
t
sy
ea

together to create a wiring route between electrical components. A reaming bit attaches to an
electric drill and widens the opening on one end of the piping, allowing it to connect to another
segment of piping and complete a secure conduit.

Conduit Bender

When determining a wiring route, electricians often run wiring along the corner of the wall or in
other mostly hidden areas. Conduit benders are electrician tools used to curve conduit piping to
accommodate these routes and ensure the conduits remain non-intrusive and efficiently placed in
the customer’s home.

Splicing Connector

These plastic clips help electricians make quick connections with multiple pieces of wire. They can
be used with multiple cables, including device wires, telephone cables, and electrical cables.

145
Flashlights

For an electrician, working in the dark is a potential hazard of the job. Keep essential electrician
tools, like flashlights and other various work lights, handy and within reach.

Issuing and confirmation of tools and instruments before and after practical

You can specify tools on job plans and work orders to indicate which tools are needed to perform a
task. In the Stocked Tools application, you can issue tools to those work orders to indicate that the
tools are dispatched for use with the right job

Testing of practical tools and Instruments

While planning for a practical, one needs to be sure that the tools are in the right order. Some of
the things to consider while testing tools are:
1. Making sure that they are working as expected.
2. They can give accurate, measurement.
om

3. Screw drivers are not blunt.

t .c
ve

4. Stripping tools are available.

t
sy
ea

Functionality of tools
To check the functionality of tools and equipment, Equipment Inspections is necessary.
● Equipment inspections will be performed by both the operators and maintenance.
● Inspections can and will happen: daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semiannually, and
annually.
● Developing and training operators in the proper techniques for machine inspection.
● The weekly/monthly/quarterly lubrication and preventive maintenance schedules are
necessary to assure machine reliability, and safety.
● Master copy of each inspection will be located in the Maintenance Supervisor's Equipment
Files.
Document Control

The Document control falls under three categories:

● retaining

146
 ● updating
● and deleting document
● Retaining documents means to collect all useful information of the specific items and store
them in a logical manner.
● Information includes drawings, operator's manuals, maintenance /service manuals, and
equipment inspection documents.

Calibration and service of equipment

Calibration, in its most basic form, is the measuring of an instrument against a standard. As
instruments become more complicated, successfully identifying and applying best practices can
reduce business expenses and improve organizational capabilities.

What is Calibration?

Calibration is the comparison of a measurement device (an unknown) against an equal or better
standard. A standard in a measurement is considered the reference; it is the one in the comparison
om
.c

taken to be the more correct of the two.

t
ve
t
sy

Calibration finds out how far the unknown is from the standard. A “typical” commercial
ea

calibration uses the manufacturer’s calibration procedure and is performed with a reference
standard at least four times more accurate than the instrument under test.

147
Purpose of a calibration

There are three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:

1. To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other measurements.

2. To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.

3. To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be trusted.

https://www.mgnewell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Purpose-of-Calibration.pdf

Classification of non-functional and functional tools

Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our job. But tools that are no longer
functional may cause harm.

A. Make an inventory of functional and non-functional tools in your shop.

B. Classify your tools according to is function.

om
t.c
ve

Method of identifying non-functional/faulty tools and equipment

t
sy
ea

1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an expert on the appearance of the
tools and equipment.
2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation means problems on parts and
accessories started to develop.
3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the performance of either hand tools or
equipment they need an immediate repair or maintenance.
4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to meet the required power supply,
malfunction will occurs in the part of hand tools or equipment.
5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has the knowledge and skills about
the technology.

148
2.2.3.4 Learning Activities

Learning Activity 1

Exercise

Objective: To be able to understand and perform how to make requisition of supplies, materials,
and tools for a specific job/ Issuing of required tools and instruments

Task: Make a requisition of material you require to carry out the project in learning activity 2

Learning Activity 2: Project

Project plan in making an extension cord

Introduction

You might be wondering why there are several projects which are not completely done. Well, there
om
.c

are several reasons why this happens.

t
ve
t
sy

It might be out of budget or not properly planned. So, this Lesson will help you achieve the
ea

desired quality project.

A project plan is necessary before undertaking any project because it serves as your guide in
accomplishing an activity.

It will give you an idea what needs to be done, how much to spend and what procedures to
undertake. A well prepared project plan saves time and cost of materials.

Below is a sample project plan of an extension cord. This format can also be used in preparing a
plan for other projects in the future.

Project Plan - (Making an extension cord)

Name of Student: _________________________ Year & level:__________________
Name of Project: Extension Cord
Assembly Date Started: ___________________ Date Finished: __________________

149
 Objective:
a) Demonstrate how to make an extension cord.
b) Observe safety measures while doing the project.
c) Demonstrate tools selection for a specific practical.
Materials Needed
● Flat Cord
● Male Plug
● Eyelet wire connectors
● Convenience Outlet

Tools and Equipment Needed: Quantity Remarks

1. Standard/Flat Screw Driver

2. Philips Screw Driver

om
.c
t
ve

3. Long Nose Pliers

t
sy
ea

4. Side Cutting Pliers

5. Electrician’s knife/ Pocket

knife

Continuity Tester or Multi-

6. tester

150
 Procedure:
1. Prepare the plan.
2. Gather all necessary materials, tools and equipment needed.
3. Insert cord into the male plug, split the cord wires about 8 centimeters long.
4. Remove insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long with a pocket knife as if sharpening a
pencil. Be careful not to cut any strand.
5. Scrape bare wire with the back of the knife until shiny. Twist the wire stands.
6. Tie the underwriter’s knot.
7. Make a loop on terminal wires and connect the wires to the screw of the male plug. The
loop should go with the thread clockwise direction.
8. Split the cord wires at the other end about 4 centimeters long, then follow procedure no.
4.
9. Connect the wires to the connectors.
10. Open the convenience outlet then remove the screw.
11. Insert the wire connectors to the screws, tighten it and return the cover.
om
.c

12. Check the continuity and test the extension cord.

t
ve
t
sy
ea

2.2.3.5 Self-Assessment

1. An instrument used to measure the amount of electrical current in a circuit.

A. Voltmeter
B. Ammeter
C. Micrometer
D. Ohmmeter

2. A pocket sized tool used to test the line wire or circuit if there is current in it.

A. Phase Tester
B. Wire gauge
C. Ruler
D. Pull-push rule

151
3. A measuring tool used to measure the length of an object in centimeter and inches.

A. Test light
B. Wire gauge
C. Ruler
D. Pull-push rule

4. It is used to measure the diameter of wires/conductors. It can measure small and big sizes of
wires and cables.

A. Voltmeter
B. Ammeter
C. Micrometer
D. Ohmmeter

5. It is used to measure the voltage, resistance and current of a circuit. It connected in parallel or
series with the circuit depending on what to measure.
om
t.c

A. Avometer or multimeter
ve
t
sy

B. Micrometer
ea

C. Ohmmeter
D. Ammeter

152
2.2.3.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools

● Standard/Flat Screw Driver

● Philips Screw Driver
● Long Nose Pliers
● Side Cutting Pliers
● Electrician’s knife/ Pocket knife
● Continuity Tester or Multi-tester
● Set of screw drivers
● Pliers
● Phase testers
Equipment

● PPE –hand gloves, dust coat, dust masks

om

● Multimeters
.c
t
ve

● Clamp meter
t
sy
ea

● Earth electrode resistance meter

● Phase sequence meter

Materials and supplies

● Borrower’s Slip/ Form

● Stationery
● Cables
● Lubricants
● Service parts

153
2.2.3.7 References

● IEE regulations
● Organizational procedures manual
● Electrical Installation Maintenance K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module
Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
● Ray C. Mullin, Phil Simmons] Electrical Wiring Re(z-lib.org)
● [Brian Scaddan IEng; MIIE_(elec)] Electrical insta(z-lib.org)

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

154
2.2.4 Learning outcome 4: Store electrical tools and materials

2.2.4.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This learning outcome specifies the content of competencies required in the management of
tools. That is storage of tools, cleaning of tools and waste management in workshops.

2.2.4.2 Performance Standard

1. Tools are checked against the issuing list as standard operating procedures
2. Tools are stored as per the standard operating procedure
3. Tools are cleaned as per the workshop standard operating procedure
4. Waste materials are disposed as per the EHS

2.2.4.3 Information Sheet

om
t .c
vet
sy

Essential Electrician Tools

ea

Wire Strippers

Professional electricians regularly strip the plastic coating on wires to expose the copper and make
customized connections with other wiring or components. This essential electrical maintenance
tool comes in a variety of models and types.

Fish Tape

Fish tape is one of many popular electrician tools. It’s used to run wiring between gang boxes (or
other electrical components) through conduit piping. Fish tape is housed in a retractable coil and
can be fed through installed conduit piping. Once the end of the fish tape appears on the opposite
side, wiring can be hooked to the tape and the tape can be retracted—pulling the wire along the
conduit.

155
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
Flashlights

For an electrician, working in the dark is a potential hazard of the job. Keep essential electrician
tools, like flashlights and other various work lights, handy and within reach.

Electrical measuring equipment

Electrical instruments are classified according to the electrical quantity or the measured
characteristics. It is also classified according to the type of test function, according to the current
that can be measured by them.
Ammeter
An ammeter is an instrument which is used to measure the electric current in amperes in a branch
of an electric circuit. In order to measure the current it must flow through the ammeter, so the
ammeter must be placed in series with the measured branch and it must have very low resistance
so that the alteration of the current can be avoided which is measured. Instruments which is used to
measure smaller currents are micro-ammeter. The ammeter is connected in series to the device
which is to be measured because objects in series have the same current.
om
t .c
ve

Types of ammeter
t
sy
ea

Moving iron ammeter

In a moving iron, ammeter can measure the AC and DC; it has an iron piece instead of the spring
and pointer system of the galvanometer. The iron will act by the magnetic field created in the coil.

Zero centre ammeters

Zero centre ammeters are used where the voltage needs to be monitored in two directions and they
are used along with a battery. In this the charging of battery deflects the needle in one direction and
discharging of the battery deflects the battery in the other.

Galvanometer
Galvanometer was the first type of ammeter, it is used to detect and measure electric current. It is
an analogue electromechanical transducer which makes a rotary deflection in response to the
electric current flowing through the coil. A galvanometer can read direct current flow, the

157
magnetic field created as current flows through a coil acts on a spring, which will move the needle
indicator.

Shunt
A shunt can be used in ammeters to measure large currents, shunt acts as a resistor the known
quantity of resistance is used to obtain an accurate reading. Digital ammeters use analog to digital
converter to measure the current across the shunt.

Clamp meter
Clamp meters are used to measure the current flowing through a conductor; AC clamp meters have
a current transformer in it. With the help of the current transformer the reading will be taken. There
are two types of clamp meters AC clamp meter which is used to measure the AC and the DC
clamp meter which is used to measure the DC.

Voltmeter
The voltmeter can be considered as a kind of galvanometer, which can be used to measure the
om

voltage potential of an electrical circuit or the potential difference between two points. A voltmeter
.c
t
tve

can also be considered as an ammeter they also measure the current, voltage is only measured
sy
ea

when the current is transmitted in a circuit through resistance. Voltmeters are capable to measure
the current, voltage and resistance. Voltmeters are also termed as high resistance ammeters they
can also measure DC and AC. A voltmeter can measure the change in voltage by two points in an
electrical circuit and they are connected in parallel with the portion of the circuit on which the
measurement is made. Voltmeters must have high resistance so that it won’t have any effect on the
current or voltage associated with the circuit.

Types of voltmeter
Digital voltmeter
Digital voltmeters can measure the AC and DC voltages and it displays the result in converted
digital form with decimal point and polarity. It can provide accurate details about the current draw
and current continuity and this will help the users to troubleshoot erratic loads.

What are the advantages of digital voltmeter?

158
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
they are current and pressure coil. Wattmeter can be used to measure the gain in amplifiers,
bandwidth in filters.

Multi-meter
Multi-meters can be used to make various electrical measurements; they can be used to measure
AC and DC voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is known as multi-meter because it can
do the functions of various meters such as voltmeter, ammeter, and ohm-meter. Multi-meters can
also be used to check the continuity. Multi-meters are of two types they are analog and digital
multi-meter analog multi-meter has an analog scale and they are less accurate, while the digital
multi-meter and the reading are in digital and they are more accurate.

Issuing and confirmation of tools and instruments before and after practical

You can specify tools on job plans and work orders to indicate which tools are needed to perform a
om

task. In the Stocked Tools application, you can issue tools to those work orders to indicate that the
t .c

tools are dispatched for use with the right job

vet
sy
ea

Testing of practical tools and Instruments

While planning for a practical, one needs to be sure that the tools are in the right order. Some of
the things to consider while testing tools are:
1. making sure that they are working as expected
2. they can give accurate ,measurement
3. Screw drivers are not blunt
4. Stripping tools are.

Why Maintain Inventory of Tools and Equipment

The most significant point to think at the start of your career is to acquire branded tools.

160
They must be made out of high-quality steel and manufactured for precision. Special consideration
is given to balance so that the tool/equipment will be properly maintained and prevent loses.

Since the technician must work with his tools daily, regular inventory of tools/equipment is very
significant.

The initial cost of a minimum number of tools is high but there is accompanying warranty
guarantees satisfaction and many years of service.

It is better, in the long run, to start with a few cautiously selected tools that will take care of your
most common needs and then slowly build-up to a complete set.

It is sometimes hard to identify and memorize the huge number of tools and equipment in the
workshop, maintaining the inventory record is of great value.

For better equipment inventory management:

● Know what you have.

om
.c
t

● Track how it is used.

tve
sy
ea

● Right asset, right place, right time.

● Don't spend more – spend smarter.

● Fix things before they break.

● Find underlying issues.

● Buy the best.

● Use the right equipment inventory system.

Maintaining and Storing Tools & Equipment

An important aspect of any business is the maintenance and storage of tools and equipment.

The investment in tools and equipment is a significant part of the overhead expenses in any
operation.

161
Proper selection and maintenance of equipment are important factors in managing business.
Selecting the proper tool for the job and using the tool properly will increase efficiency and reduce
maintenance problems.

Purchase tools, which are well-made and suited to the intended use. Commercial usage may entail
more heavy duty demands on equipment.

Hand tools:

1. Clean dirt and debris from tools after each use.

2. Oil metal parts to prevent rust.

3. Lightly sand rough wooden handles and apply linseed oil.

4. Repair loose handles.

5. Sharpen blades of cutting tools.

om

6. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.

.c
t
tve
sy

7. Protect surfaces of cutting tools in storage.

ea

Power tools:

1. Read and follow the maintenance schedule in the owner’s manual for each piece of power
equipment.

2. Change the oil.

3. Clean the air filter.

4. Lubricate moving parts.

5. Sharpen dull blades or replace worn blades according to the owner’s manual.

6. Replace spark plugs.

7. Drain oil and gasoline before long-term storage.

162
8. Check electric cords and connections on electric-powered tools.

9. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.

Equipment:

1. Store equipment in a clean dry storage area.

2. Rinse and clean spray equipment after each use.

3. Clean spreaders and check wheel-driven gears.

4. Clean carts and wheelbarrows after use.

om
.c
t
tve
sy
ea

Figure 31: Sample Proper Arrangement and storage of tools and equipment

A lubricant is a substance introduced to lessen friction between moving surfaces. It may also
transport external particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.

Types and Kinds of Cleaning Solvents

Solvent is a component of a solution that dissolves solute and is usually present in large proportion
or amount. It can be classified as polar and nonpolar.

163
Polar solvents are solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water; while nonpolar solvents are
solvents which do not dissolve/are insoluble in water. Solvents are usually used for cleaning in
workshops.

They are water, gasoline, kerosene, thinner and detergent soap. The table below shows the kinds of
cleaning solvent based on their solubility in water.

om
t .c
ve
t
sy
ea

Table 2: Shows the kinds of cleaning solvent based on their solubility in water

Waste Disposal

164
Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no
use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value.

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport,
treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process.

Waste disposal methods

Recycling

Recycling refers to both the direct reuse of used products (e.g. used clothing and functioning parts
removed from used vehicles) and material recycling, that is the recovery of raw materials from
waste (e.g. production of new glass from fragments, the melting of scrap iron and the production of
recycled building materials from construction waste). Down cycling refers to the transformation of
waste to materials of lower quality than the initially used material.
om
.c

Incineration
t
ve
t
sy
ea

Combustible waste from households and waste wood that is not suitable for recycling undergo
thermal treatment in waste incineration plants or waste wood furnaces. The heat released in the
process is used to generate electricity and heat buildings. Waste with a high calorific value and
low level of pollutant contamination can be used in industrial plants, e.g. cement plants, as an
alternative to fossil fuels. Waste that is contaminated with organic pollutants undergoes separate
thermal treatment (e.g. in hazardous waste incineration plants). Incinerators must have a flue gas
treatment system. The requirements for flue gas treatment and the incineration system are based on
the nature of the waste.

Chemical-physical and biological treatment

The objective of both chemical-physical and biological treatment is to enable the removal of
pollutants from waste or its safe land filling. Waste water and polluted excavated material are

165
typical of the types of waste that are managed in this way. Following chemical-physical treatment,
the pollutants can be disposed of in concentrated form in facilities suitable for this purpose.

Landfills

Residues from waste incineration or waste that is not suitable for material recycling or thermal
treatment are deposited in landfills that are compliant with the legal requirements. If the waste
does not fulfil the requirements for land filling, it must be pre-treated

Collection and logistics

The waste management sector involves many different specialised actors. Their tasks include the
collection of waste at source (industry, commerce and households) in suitable transport containers,
its intermediate storage and handover to waste disposal operations. The treatment of waste is often
based on a cascade of specialised plants. In all cases, smooth logistics are a precondition for the
om
.c

efficient management of waste. In the case of hazardous waste, in accordance with the Ordinance
t
ve
t

on Movements of Waste, the handover must be documented.

sy
ea

Correct Disposal of Waste Material

The Controlled Waste Regulations 1998 tell us that we have “a Duty of Care” to handle, recover
and dispose of waste responsibly

The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 tell us that any business has a
duty to ensure that any waste produced is handled safely and in accordance with the law.

Your company is responsible for the waste that it produces even after handling it over to another
party such as a Skip Hire company.

If such a third party mishandles your waste or disposes of it irresponsibly then it is the
responsibility of the company you work for, not the Skip Hire company.

166
The duty of care under the new Regulations has no ‘time limit’ and extends until the waste has
either been finally and properly disposed of or fully recovered.

If a material has hazardous properties, it may need to be dealt with as ‘Special Waste’. Containers
may be classified as ‘Special Waste’ if they contain residues of hazardous or dangerous substances.

If the residue is ‘Special’ then the whole container is Special Waste. Do not burn scrap cable on
site, re-cycle it through a scrap metal merchant.

Electro technical companies produce very little waste material and even smaller amounts of
‘Special Waste’. Most electrical contractors deal with waste by buying in the expertise and
building in these costs to the total cost of a contract.

However, this method still requires individuals to sort any waste responsibly by placing it in the
appropriate skip or container.
om

To comply with the Waste Regulations:

.c
t
tve
sy

● Make sure waste is transferred only to ‘authorized’ companies as per the law.
ea

● Make sure that the waste being taken is accompanied by the proper paperwork
called ‘waste transfer notes’
● Label waste skips and waste containers so that it is clear to everyone what type of
waste is going into which skip or container
● Minimise the waste that you produce and do not leave it behind when a job is
completed for someone else to clear away. As the producer of any waste, you are
responsible for it. Remember there is no time limit on the Duty of Care for waste
materials

Waste management

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of
waste materials.

167
The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally
undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.

Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the
rate of consumption of natural resources.

The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through
different methods.

Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural
areas, and for residential and industrial producers.

Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous
commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
om
t .c
ve
t

2.2.4.4 Learning Activities

sy
ea

Learning Activity 1

Procedure in Arranging and Storing Tools and Equipment

Instruction:

In a specific tool cabinet and a tool rack assigned to you, arrange and store tools and equipment
accordingly.

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA PERFORMANCE LEVEL

YES NO NA

168
 1. Were the tools/equipment placed in
their respective location and accessible
for use when needed?
2. Were the tools arranged according to
their types?
3. Were the tools and equipment ready
before performing the task?
4. Were the equipment placed in their
proper location and arranged according
to their types?
Overall Competent
Performance
Not yet competent
(Competent if all
the tasks are
om

completed
.c
t
ve

correctly)
t
sy
ea

Procedure:

1. Classify the tools and equipment according to their types.

2. Arrange the tools by their types in the shelves/racks.

3. Place equipment in designated places or location.

Assessment: The teacher will assess you based on the performance criteria listed below.

169
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA PERFORMANCE LEVEL

YES NO NA

1. Were protective clothing and goggles

worn at all times?
2. Were tools and equipment free of
dust, grease, oil and other substances?
3. Was the work area dry, free of dust,
grease and other substances?
4. Were excess cleaning substances
cleaned and kept in proper places?
Overall Competent
Performance
Not yet competent
om
.c

(Competent if all
t
ve
t
sy

the tasks are

ea

completed
correctly)

2.2.4.5 Self-Assessment

1. Pliers, cutters, a knife and a range of screwdrivers are the tools required in the electro technical
industry for:
A. Erecting conduit
B. Assembling tray
C. Stripping and connecting conductors
D. Terminating an mi cable

2. An example of ‘Special Waste’ is:

171
 A. sheets of asbestos
B. old fibre-glass roof insulation
C. old fluorescent tubes
D. part coils of PVC insulated cables

3. Special Waste must be disposed of:

A. in the general site skips
B. in the general site skip by someone designated to have a ‘duty of care’
C. at the ‘Household Waste’ re-cycling centre
D. by an ‘authorised company’ using a system of waste transfer notes’

4. Put a (✓) after each word if the solvent is polar and (X) if it is nonpolar.

1. water ( )
2. kerosene ( )
om

3. detergent soap ( )
t.c
ve

4. gasoline ( )
t
sy
ea

5. thinner ( )

5. The table below show cleaning solvents for tools and equipment. Complete the table .

Cleaning solvents Uses

Gasoline

Kerosene

Thinner

Water

Detergent Soap and Water

172
2.2.4.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools

● Set of screw drivers

● Pliers
● Phase testers
● Multimeter
Equipment

● PPE –hand gloves, dust coat, dust masks

om
.c

● Multimeter
t
tve
sy

● Clamp meter
ea

● Earth electrode resistance meter

Phase sequence meter

Materials and supplies

● Stationery
● Cables
● Lubricants
● Service parts

2.2.4.7 References

● IEE regulations
● Organizational procedures manual

173
 ● Electrical Installation Maintenance K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module
Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
● Ray_C._Mullin,_Phil_Simmons]_Electrical_Wiring_Re(z-lib.org
● [Brian_Scaddan_IEng;_MIIE_(elec)]_Electrical_insta(z-lib.org)

2.2.5 Learning Outcome 5: troubleshoot and repair/replace workshop tools and equipment

2.2.5.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This learning outcome specifies the content of competencies required to identify, diagnose, repair/
replace faulty tools and finally and testing the functionality of the tools after repair.
The level of troubleshooting most often performed on tools and equipment hardware is
exchanging Field Replaceable Units (FRUs). The cost of using a technician to diagnose the
problem further, and repair it, can quickly exceed the cost of the new replacement unit.
om

2.2.5.2 Performance Standard

t .c
ve
t
sy

1. Faulty tools are identified as per their expected functionality

ea

2. Faulty equipment are diagnosed in line with the fault diagnosis procedures

3. Repair/Replace faulty components as per standard operating procedure

4. Repaired/Replaced tool and equipment are tested as per the expected functionality

2.2.5.3 Information Sheet

Meaning of troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is the first step in the heavy equipment repair process in making a repair action
and returning the equipment into service.

174
Electrical Troubleshooting can be hazardous. Ensure you take the proper precautions. Electricity
has long been recognized as a serious workplace hazard, exposing employees to electric shock,
electrocution, burns, fires and explosions.

Meaning of troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes
on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to
solve it, and make the product or process operational again. Troubleshooting is needed to identify
the symptoms. Determining the most likely cause is a process of elimination eliminating potential
causes of a problem. Finally, troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the
product or process to its working state.

In general, troubleshooting is the identification or diagnosis of "trouble" in the management flow

of a system caused by a failure of some kind. The problem is initially described as symptoms of
malfunction, and troubleshooting is the process of determining and remedying the causes of these
symptoms.
om
.c
t
tve
sy

Common faults in Electrical equipment

ea

Fault-finding for electronic/electrical equipment is a skill that is neither an art nor a science, but an
engineering discipline in its own right. Effective fault-finding requires:
● A good general knowledge of electricity and electronics.
● Specialized knowledge of the faulty equipment.
● Suitable test equipment.
● Experience in using such test equipment.
● The ability to formulate a procedure for isolating a fault.
● The availability of service sheets and other guides.

Common Problems

An electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under
normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents
which results in safer operation of the system.

175
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
Symmetrical faults

These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are also called
balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line
(L-L-L).

2. Unsymmetrical faults

These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly three types
namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L), and double line to ground (LL-G) faults.

Fault diagnosis procedure

Here are six key points to consider
Collect the Evidence

All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. If one is in doubt as to whether
anything is relevant, then include it. Reject it afterwards at the first opportunity if it clearly is not
om
.c

relevant. The quantity of information collected is unimportant, what matters are that all
t
ve
t
sy

information collected is relevant. Observe the system running, if you consider it safe to do so. Use
ea

all your senses: smell (burning), hearing (vibration), touch (temperature), sight (for unusual
conditions). Refer to any relevant documentation.

Analyse the Evidence

Consider all the evidence collected and, if possible, reject any which after further careful
consideration is not relevant. Study the hard core of relevant evidence and – through the process of
careful, logical thinking –diagnose the likely fault or at least the area or region of the fault.

Locate the Fault

In a sense this is a continuation of the process of ‘analyses. The areas or regions are systematically
reduced in size until a specific part can be identified as being faulty. For example, if a door bell

177
does not ring when it should; it is only by means of a systematic approach that one determines that
the bell itself is faulty.

Determination and Removal of the Cause

If the cause of a fault is not removed, the fault will recur even though the fault has been rectified.
For instance, a flat bicycle tyre might be the result of a puncture (the fault) in the inner tube. If the
puncture is repaired (i.e. the fault is removed) this will not be of much use if the cause of the
puncture in the first place is not determined and appropriate action taken. The cause of the
puncture may be a nail which has penetrated the outer cover. This must be removed

Rectification of the Fault

This may be a simple task, as in the case referred to above, or it may be a much bigger one.
Whatever is the case, it is a specific task based on earlier findings.

Check the System

om
t.c
ve

It is important to ensure that the machine, equipment or system is functioning normally after the
t
sy
ea

cause of the fault and the fault itself has been dealt with. In the case of the puncture, it is easy to
confirm that the cause of the fault – and the fault itself – has indeed been dealt with satisfactorily,
assuming that the tyre remains inflated. With more sophisticated equipment or systems it may
necessary to ‘fine-tune’ the system in order to return it to optimum working conditions.

Repair/Replace of components in Electrical equipment

Any electronic instrument or piece of equipment can be considered as a system. A system can be
defined as “anything formed of component parts connected together to make a regular and
complete whole”.
An instrument or piece of equipment can have subsystems made in blocks to perform specific
functions. These subsystems are made up of electronic circuits, which are forms of
electronic/electrical or electromechanical component parts. The failure of a component in
equipment may lead to the failure of the system. Failure is said to be the inability of a system to

178
perform its required function. The need for continuous performance of equipment requires that it is
given regular maintenance. It is, therefore imperative that the meaning of maintenance is well
understood.
Maintenance

This is all the activities carried out on an equipment in terms of proper installation, good servicing,
routine checks, repairs and replacement of faulty parts in order for such equipment to operate at it
maximum output throughout its useful life. An equipment or instrument is considered to have
failed when under any of these conditions:

a) when it becomes completely inoperative

b) when it is still in operation but unable to perform the required function any longer
om

c) When it becomes unsafe for its continued use.

.c
t
tve
sy
ea

Maintenance of tools and equipment in electrical workshop

Preventive Maintenance

This is the practice or arrangement whereby a piece of equipment or instrument are regularly
checked, oiled, greased or cleaned according to manufacturer’s specification for effective
performance. This maintenance method is normally carried out at a specified time of a year and in
that case the entire working system is shut down. Fund is normally provided to ensure that spare
parts and some other materials meant for such maintenance are provided. The essence of this form
of maintenance is to ensure that the equipment does not break down and thus performs to
specification.
Corrective Maintenance

179
This method is applied to equipment that has failed and thus broken down due to either improper
operations or a defective part. It is concerned with the detection, location and repairs of faults as
they occur. This requires a good understanding of system fault location methods in addition to an
understanding of overall system and circuit operation.

Types of Maintenance

There are five different types of maintenance and these are as follows:

3. Fixed Time Maintenance

This is servicing of equipment periodically at regular intervals. The particular maintenance

requirements will probably vary with the level of service. For example the requirements for 12
monthly services will be different for those for 3 monthly.
om
t.c
ve
t
sy

2. Condition Based Maintenance

ea

This type of maintenance requires the use of human senses to know when it is needed. In the cause
of operating an equipment one may see signs of smoking, electrical sparks, feel for excessive
heated, smells for signs of burning and some others. The condition at which the equipment is will
necessitate that it should be opened up immediately for maintenance. This act will assist in
preventing further damage. Some more complex systems have sensing devices built in to them,
and alarm systems to detect variation from the norm.

3. Opportunity Based Maintenance

This is carried out when an equipment is opened up for repairs and this opportunity is used to do
any other maintenance tasks which are due in the near future, such as routine servicing and the
replacement of any parts which are at the end of their useful life. Also, the opportunity can be used

180
to replace a broken part which had occurred before opening the equipment but had no effect in its
operation.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

181
4. Design Out Maintenance

This maintenance type is used on equipment which has a part that is failing regularly due to an
apparent design weakness. It may be possible to upgrade the weak part and effectively change
the design for the better. If a particular part is not available one may be able to change the
design to allow a more common part to be used. In spectrophotometry, for example, it may be
possible to modify a simple car headlamp bulb to enable it to function as a tungsten source.

5. Operate To Failure Maintenance

These are cases whereby equipment is not given general routine care but it is allowed to fail before
any other maintenance is attempted. This is widely used on electronic equipment which normally
is not just taken to a mechanic for servicing while still functional. They are only opened up when
they have broken down. This means that equipment is operated to failure before it is opened up for
maintenance.
om
t .c
ve

Troubleshooting Hazards
t
sy
ea

Troubleshooting can introduce many new safety concerns especially when inspecting equipment
that is energized. Testing often requires the troubleshooter to temporarily connect test instruments
to “live” terminals, which may involve opening enclosures or cabinets that normally are locked or
bolted closed to protect workers.

This introduces two main hazards:

1. Shock Hazard. If you were to contact live equipment with your body or a tool you are holding
the current flowing through your body could cause severe injury, burns, and even death.

2. Flash Hazard. If you are in the vicinity of equipment that fails and causes an electric arc, the
flash, heat and shrapnel caused by the arc can also be life threatening.

182
 ea
sy
t

183
ve
t.c
om
Fault Condition Reporting

While repairs are under way it is sometimes necessary to hand over the work or the equipment to
someone else. If this is to work efficiently you must be able to pass on all relevant information.
This is also important to ensure the safety of all personnel while the system is not in its usual
operating condition.

The steps involved are:

1. Document all changes to normal operational line-up either in the log or, if the system is in use,
on forms supplied for this purpose. You should also make notes in your personal journal.

2. Set out work schedules in accordance with safe practices and nominated company procedures.

This may require you to document all notifications given to relevant persons together with
Authority to Carry Out Running Repairs, Work Permits, Clearance Certificates, Tags(Danger and
Out of Service, etc.) Locks and Sentinels in operation or other applicable special precautions.
om

3. Highlight any special precautions or fallback procedures relating to operation of running

t .c
ve

equipment.
t
sy
ea

4. Prepare a concise report on the current status of the repair being undertaken including personnel
involved, equipment or tooling obtained, equipment or tooling ordered or required, parts
availability, strip-down status of the machine and estimated completion time.

5. Pass on findings in regard to component condition or potential weaknesses found during

dismantling and other information necessary for the person taking over to make informed
decisions.

6. Where practical, carry out a tour of inspection with the new person of the affected plant,
pointing out areas of concern and activities under way.

7. Ensure they have understood you and have a clear picture of the situation and its implications.

184
Calibration and service of equipment

Calibration, in its most basic form, is the measuring of an instrument against a standard. As
instruments become more complicated, successfully identifying and applying best practices can
reduce business expenses and improve organizational capabilities.

What is Calibration?

Calibration is the comparison of a measurement device (an unknown) against an equal or better
standard. A standard in a measurement is considered the reference; it is the one in the comparison
taken to be the more correct of the two.

Calibration finds out how far the unknown is from the standard. A “typical” commercial
calibration uses the manufacturer’s calibration procedure and is performed with a reference
standard at least four times more accurate than the instrument under test.

Purpose of a calibration
om

There are three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:

t.c
ve
t
sy

1. To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other measurements.

ea

2. To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.

3. To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be trusted.

Calibration, zeroing and care of instruments

Precise calibration of instruments is usually well outside the province of the electrician, and would
normally be carried out by the manufacturer or a local service representative.

A check, however, can be made by the user to determine whether calibration is necessary by
comparing readings with an instrument known to be accurate, or by measurement of known values
of voltage, resistance, etc.

It may be the case that readings are incorrect simply because the instrument is not zeroed before
use, or because the internal battery needs replacing.

185
Most modern instruments have battery condition indication, and of course this should never be
ignored. Always adjust any selection switches to the off position after testing.

Too many instrument fuses are blown when, for example, a multimeter is inadvertently left on the
ohms range and then used to check for mains voltage. The following set procedure may seem
rather basic but should ensure trouble-free testing:

1. Check test leads for obvious defects.

2. Zero the instrument.

3. Select the correct range for the values anticipated. If in doubt, choose the highest range and
gradually drop down.

4. Make a record of the test results, if necessary.

5. When a zero reading is expected and occurs (or, in the case of insulation resistance, an
infinite reading), make a quick check on the test leads just to ensure that they are not
om

open-circuited.
t .c
ve
t
sy

6. Return switches/selectors to the off position.

ea

7. Replace instrument and leads in carrying case.

Safe use of electrical equipment

When one is using electrical equipment such as drills, saws, sanders, etc. on site or in a workshop,
great care must be taken to ensure that the tools are in good condition and that the cables supplying
them are not damaged in any way and are adequate for the job they have to do.

Any connections of cables must be carried out by a competent person using approved tools and
equipment. For work on building sites, tools using a voltage lower than usual (110 V instead of
230 V) are recommended.

186
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 11. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has the knowledge and skills about
the technology.

2.2.5.4 Learning activities

Learning Activity1

Let us determine how much you already know about checking conditions of tools and equipment.
Take this test.

Instruction: Read each statement and identify what is being described. Choose your answer inside
the circle and write them in the space provided before each number.

Hand tools

Pneumatic floor jack screwdrivers

om
t .c

Wrenches
ve
t
sy
ea

Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

Pullers

Vacuum cleaner

Air drill

Pneumatic torque wrench

Machine /power tools

188
___________1. Uses compressed air to flow into the jack cylinder and causes the ram to extend
and raise the vehicle.

___________2. These are tools manipulated by our hands without using electrical energy.

__________3. Are used to drive, or turn screws. The common type has a single flat blade for
om
.c

driving screws with slotted heads. The other type has the cross slotted head.
t
tve
sy
ea

___________4. A tool used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with hexagonal heads. ―Hexagonalǁ
means six-sided. A variety of wrenches are used in the shop.

___________5. A tool used to remove gears and hubs from shafts, bushings from blind holes, and
cylinders’ liners from the engine blocks.

____________6. This is used for cleaning the floor and car interiors after service.

____________7. This is lighter than a comparable electric drill. Repeatedly stalling or

overloading does not damage or overheat the air drill.

____________8. A gadget that protects workers from injury or illness caused by having contact
with the dangers/hazards in the workplace, Used by linemen to remove insulation of wire and
cables in low and high voltage transmission lines.

189
____________9. This wrench uses compressed air to quickly and powerfully turn nuts, bolts, and
other objects.

___________10. These are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use of electrical energy

Learning Activity 2

Let us determine how much you already know about selecting measuring tools and
instruments. Take this test.

Instruction: Match the electrical measuring tools and instruments in Column A to their descriptions
in Column B. Write the letter of your answer in the space provided before each number.

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

190
 om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

2.2.5.5 Self-Assessment

1. What is troubleshooting?

2. Explain the following two hazards that can arise in faulty equipment
i. Shock Hazard.
ii. Flash Hazard.
3. List the three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:

4. Explain the following Methods of identifying non-functional/faulty tools and equipment

191
2.2.5.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools

Phase tester

Screw drivers

Equipment

● PPE
● Oscilloscope
● Multimeter

Supplies and Materials

Insulation tape
om
.c

2.2.5.7 References
t
ve
t
sy

1. IEE regulations
ea

2. Organizational procedures manual

3. Electrical Installation Maintenance K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
4. Ray C. Mullin, Phil_Simmons Electrical Wiring Re(z-lib.org)
5. Brian Scaddan IEng; MII (elec) Electrical insta(z-lib.org)
6. https://www.mgnewell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Purpose-of-Calibration.pdf

192
2.2.5.6 Responses on Self-Assessment

2.2.5.6.1 Responses on Self-Assessment: Learning outcome 1

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. Remove heat from the burn to relieve the pain by placing the injured part under clean
cold water. Do not remove burnt clothing sticking to the skin.
Do not apply lotions or ointments.
Do not break blisters or attempt to remove loose skin. Cover the injured area with a
clean dry dressing.
5.

Class of fire Type of fire extinguisher

Water Foam Co2 Dry

om
.c

powder
t
t ve
sy
ea

A Ordinary fires: wood , paper ,cloth Yes Yes No No

B Flammable liquids: petrol ,paraffin No Yes Yes Yes

C Electrical equipment No No Yes Yes

6. One should not leave the machine ON even after the power is OFF and until it has stopped
running completely. Someone else may not notice that the machine is still in motion and be
injured.
● Operator should not talk to other industrial persons when he is operating a machine.
● One should not oil, clean, adjust or repair any machine while it is running. Stop the
machine and lock the power switch in the OFF position.
● One should not operate any machine unless authorized to do so by the authorize person in
the shop.

193
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
 ● Remove burrs, chips and other unwanted materials as soon as possible. They can cause
serious cuts.
● Do not leave loose rags on machines.
● Wash your hands thoroughly after working to remove oils, abrasive particles, cutting fluid,
etc.
● Report all injuries to the foreman, howsoever small. Cuts and burns should be treated
immediately.
● Keep the work area clean.
● Keep your mind on the job, be alert, and be ready for any emergency.
● Always work in proper lighting.
● On should not lean against the machines.

7. Personal protective equipment:

∙ Safety goggles
om
t.c
ve

∙ Safety shoes
t
sy
ea

∙ Safety helmet

∙ Safety gloves

∙ Safety shoes

∙ Safety belt

Learning Activity 1

Hand tools Powers Pneumatic tools

Screw drivers Grinding wheels Air racket

195
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om
2.2.5.6.3 Responses on Self-Assessment: Learning Outcome 3

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A

om
t.c
ve
t
sy
ea

197
2.2.5.6.4 Responses on Self-assessment: learning outcome 4

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. Put a ( ✓ ) after each word if the solvent is polar and (X) if it is nonpolar.

1. water ( ✓ )
2. kerosene (X )
3. detergent soap ( ✓ )
4. gasoline (X )
5. thinner (X )

5. The table below show cleaning solvents for tools and equipment. Complete the table .

Cleaning solvents Uses

om
.c

Gasoline Wash greasy tools/equipment

t
ve
t
sy
ea

Kerosene Remove dust, grease oil paint, etc

Thinner Remove spilled paint on floor, walls and

tools

Water Wash dust in the floor, walls, etc

Detergent Soap and Water Wash/ clean benches, tables, cabinets,etc

Learning activity 1: learning outcome 5

1. Pneumatic floor jack

2. Hand tools
3. Screw drivers
4. Wrench
5. Puller

198
 6. Vacuum cleaner
7. Air drill
8. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
9. Pneumatic Torque Wrench
10. Machine/Power tools

Learning activity 2: Learning outcome 5

Answer

1. C
2. E
3. A
4. B
5. D .c
om

2.2.5.6.5 Responses on Self-assessment: Learning outcome 5

t
ve
t
sy
ea

1. Troubleshooting is the first step in the heavy equipment repair process in making a repair
action and returning the equipment into service.

2.
i. Shock Hazard. If you were to contact live equipment with your body or a tool you are
holding the current flowing through your body could cause severe injury, burns, and
even death.
ii. Flash Hazard. If you are in the vicinity of equipment that fails and causes an electric
arc, the flash, heat and shrapnel caused by the arc can also be life threatening.
3.

i. To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other

measurements.

199
ea
sy
tve
t.c
om