Communicalion Nam

cSM
t- 1 RollN : 21JGIA4a19
belly about osI and Teplip protocols
Eaplan
Jetaveen TCpl1p ond osT models.
tulnuti the 'dileurKts Jetuen
Ssystims Intonconrsclion) modil it a
Tht 0SI (opn nstrh sytoms
for standandiyng commurication ird
fwk nto suen layes
duides nutuek functions
t
) physicnl layen
) fata dnk Jayes
3) Nidturk nyer
) pusntain loyer
5) Sssion dnyen
handling the sw u
spucifc uole, fom and plicatins
tach dayer BUES. a intiraces
data to maragig Lsn
tansmissinn of havd, is a practical
model, on the othr
Tht Tcpl1p communication. t t tas 4 ayes
Usd fos gntrat
framuk
Netierk, rlinfaca
) gritnt

9 stpplication bianser
aicitunt data
oubialtt and moden nioethng
TCPIP focus on it te baeklere uch
the intondt, making sual.- usrld
uld yutiokig
vidoly sLd in
sidisly inphmudid
HTTP, FTP and 8MIP
frms the basic proteols dike
 sye sTallst Thu
the o
qyulty provid1s t
3t *
Jhis mall this tt6d Thu
diguigatin). Ntürtk)
ard(ntnatioral
tpud
TSISoO by gypruact Resmch (Alinotd
ARNEV,h,1*sI
ken has Medl duvelepd
by uns 44
,
ik Aata 5
pheuieal
dqudunt prsteol.
ngpench hoigortal folleaus t
ion Systrns open puctreol ]Tntonnet potocrl Contael
Tbiondiskon
ht is/1p Tcp fon full The
O9I noel I1p TCp
"
modl. 0SI ond Tcpl1p belun feunct
 0SI modb
TCp/1p mael
Aplicnlion kayr
puurtain loyer

Janipot ayes hanprt dypr

rtnet doyen
Ntaetk toss dayes ata ink tayer
J. phyyial dayor
and ditiction tohrigus, classihy
Dehiu trowt covuctim couctien tchniquus . tapain.
dikenc vvio ditution and
ench tohrique uth one
wmodtctien & covuotion tchriqueb
Jhe oveN urvuliable conmuniation
deleud uliably
that hotil data i
chanals.
tchriqus "idtiy an we has
ghu voot ditstim They donst, covupt the
data
CCCUMud in the'tuaninitid promting utsiansnission.I
ditoct thin ptus
chck
purity
Chck Sum !
chick (cRc)
Rudindan
 covudon is
tchniue Wsd in dgital Comaunication
oto dtct ond fia QVLOUS in tinsmitle dit
usec to ditct and coest vws stthot thu
or oetansissin'
Types Hamming code
Bockuund e coection
Jouunnd s cyvuctior
&uw detcion:
ut dtsclion inuoles chcking Lchithe any evs has ccouud
a, not. zhe umbea ol ot bts and the hot ol bod dosnst mattea
Eoe dotition

simylt pardy chuck chek Bunin,cyelic zudundaney chuck

Smpl ponity chuck s
&inple datzstinn inilues adong
data tionsmissini
it cortains ana odd no- of 1s.
tck i
.41 is added to te t cortains en o. o 's
added to the oleck i
ro. o is u
Ahauld e eien
&uen parity: Jotal o. sting as uon thn Li
Jotad nd- o i's in a giuen
odd porüy: th tstol Cout q 's as
in a qienappnd b.
odd else, o is, apponded RECENER
No Yes
SENDER Rret Acept
t
Computt paity bit
JoransSLor I00011
ooo1i mudia.
 3

Cyelie Grdundancy chuck (CRc):

, CRC is based on division
callld as cRc bis
b gn cRt t have squrce of sedundart bits
appthdad to the nd the dota unit so that usatting
cansty divisible by a scond binany ynbes
data unit dividid oy thu kamu
data untt is
the destinaton i< thi thh data nit is coft.
t has no nernainden then
nunbes
it acoptid ReceiveA
dender
Aata DataCRC
(n+1)bits
Dwisst Dwisoy

CRC
Rimaind

OACcept
onta|cRC
Rciwes
&rdens

o1000
 chek um:
Nndex Sile, thu data is duvidad into auo unels n t
he
qnnota Th8 bubunts o thon adAd
Ingth by the chksum
thn complmld, Jhis tormplnnt1d im tik
Iktart'tis oiginal data unt &is
ngpencbd lo thu snd
I8 omled checksum isthi tewes.
then tiansmiltid te data + cheksun passes it to the chichsn
Jhe ucriùes
chtckes into vious subunits o i9ual
dala
chucksun chucker diides thesulb units.
these
Jength and adds all RECEIVER
SENDER
&ulunit s nbits
sulbunit 2 nbts Subunit 2 nbits
Shecksum dbits
chucksum nbits
Sulunit k [nbt]
Subunitk Inbit ]
check&un nbts
Sum nbits JComplumantd
Conglarirtd n bits
nbits 0,noeuo

tzangl
Sendr side o o o1 subuniti
ubunt i
ubuit e

(sun) Aum
chechsum
it
(complurnt) Rsutt is Zero,
be tonsmittd oy rucie
ata to
oio1001 oo111001 oo0r10I
 Evor covuti :

inusles aseutainng the 'exot numbes of

Boa covuelin
couuglid and he catibr o thu
Gts that has beun
tovuptid
lamming cods
ansuu
covucng code ausd to
tiansmision
data accUey duing that can cccus
and covots the
gt dtots
smoued e, stoud.
whn the data
Rrdundart bits:yJodt
ssts that ae
any, eata binay
Rudundart'bits coyig
to hu ingematn
qunuatid and addid
" that no ts uwu lot dvig
thu data tanset "can be calaulatd
sudurdantbits
Jhe numbey c
the fomula

nedurdant bils
: no-
 atoe
thepoitims
t positineuen. ito
Similany1 2
is
2.,
b a,
in ofno-to psition
Cord
ththat
fiquu s, YT
1o1o Total
incudes
poSrtion
katiikis z', 3457. fostipn
is d'4 u">
i,
data ane that bits Aelow:
bits hat posrtiond
ouginal lit
3 qien
jis
dat sudundart
coesnonding
the o
bit
the
n0. sit:
Auppos
3
is
otal o
to.
Jhe
vaue
Dtomining tianstevud
Exampl: he
==
1 1
ta
 taplain about aonting algutn ichuquts in a adtk hyn S
taplain aach with an Jauyor.
touting algoithin.i dtkeunt
sastint poagtems dhat inplmnt
Rondong algnithms au asigring a cnt runler to link ;
each irk
HNUing putoclb Thuy rk by
using açous tik mitics. &touy
tu cost numben is caleulatd
louhvd the data poeket to the tut lest ink
suouton tés to
wth th ouest Cost. ypes o Roting
clasfientim ' Roing lgeuitn
5Static (Non. Ataptue) Rräing iating Routing
Stntic (Non- Alaptue) Rning:

administiato & dovist chang uns manually pdatrd

ctiptk ntueks.
suitabl fo ' omal! and Stabe Adaptive Rotirg
t is as Non
Routing ris alse Knoun adinistate
Static deisiors) in wtich thu
ticrigu, ( outing
is a Joites outingtaltle
manually adds the ducisins au not ad
bmsd on
irhigu. atashs
tu conditon o

Adanlna:
) NO OUÝhod
2) Band oidth
 Duautt kouing:l ,
afout koiung is a tichnigut in ohich'a staitn is tonkiguud
to Serd all the pnchito Jo the Bame hop devic, and, it doesrot
mattr whithes it klongs do a paticla nituok ot, not.
tath uice, fo otich isd
4A acht is tiansmitthd oth
configuudin dyjaut
Defautt Routing is usd ohn ntits dal wtth the kinglu
5
Lxit peint. tiansmission, nturtks
gt is also ushul whan tte bulk
tte data the Bamie kp davice
hae to bansmit
ymomic knting
kroen ay Adaptie Rotting.
1 t is also adds a rtat ests
in ohich"a vota
9 st is a tohrigu toch packit
then
p
notuwk
thu condilior , ., tqology o
changes in te soztes to
discovei the' nuo
Ayramic putoceli atesd to
bJuoch the destination"
oe petocolý 'usd to
the uw Jots
discover