NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF Definition of Terms (Process of

COMMUNICATION Communication)
Communication - The act or process of using ● Speaker/Sender - source of info; encodes.
words, sounds, signs or behaviors to express or
● Message - info/thoughts conveyed by the
exchange information or to express your ideas,
source.
thoughts, feelings etc., to someone else.
● Encoding - converting a message into
Nature of Communication words/actions by the speaker.
1. Communication is related to human ● Channel - medium/means of
activity communication.
2. Communication involves two or more ● Decoding - interpreting the encoded
parties message by the receiver.
3. Communication could be one-way or ● Receiver - recipient; decodes.
two-way process
● Feedback - response.
4. Success of communication depends on a
proper understanding of the parties ● Context - environment/topic of the
involved communication.

5. Conversation in organization flows in a ● Barrier/Noise - factors that affect

variety of styles communication flow.

The Process of Communication

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Semantic Noise – This barrier may either be
denotative or connotative in meaning.
1. Context- This is also known as situation,
setting or environment. It may also be physical, Syntactic Noise- syntax refers to grammar,
social and chronological context. structure or set of rules that govern how words
combined in meaningful phrases and
1. External stimulus – from environment sentences.
2. Internal stimulus – from inner self Environmental Noise- This noise refers to the
types of barrier that physically disrupts
2. Sender- This is also known as speaker,
communications.
source or encoder.
Organizational Noise- Poorly structured or
3. Receiver -this is otherwise known as decoder
planned message can also be a barrier.
or listener
Psychological Noise- this refers to certain
4. Message- this is the key element that is
attitudes that can also make communication
transmitted in communication
difficult.
5. Channel- another term is medium.
Pysiological Noise – distractions originating in
6. Noise- This is also called interference. the bodies of communicators-headaches, cold,
hunger, fatigue.
7. Feedback- this is the return process of
communication which completes the loop of Cultural Noise- differences in culture may
communication. interfere with cross-cultural understanding.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION - According to Dance model, the process of
communication evolves from very birth of an
Models of Communication
individual and continues for as long as he lives.
Aristotle’s MoC - by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.);
Greek philosopher. In his model of
communication, he stressed the importance of VERBAL
the audience in the communication process. - is the spoken message used by a person to
express himself. The term verbal, which also
3 Elements of Good Communicator by
means oral.
Aristotle:
NON-VERBAL
● ETHOS - credibility; ethic/character.
- combined with gestures, facial expressions,
● PATHOS - emotional bond; emPATHy. body movements, eye contact

● LOGOS - logic; reasoning, facts. Important components need in speaking:

VOICE
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication a. Respiration -compression is simple breathing
b. Vibration -phonation is the production of
- Claude Shannon was an American voice sounds.
mathematician and an electronic engineer. c. Resonation- is the process of enriching or
-Warren Weaver was an American scientist amplifying of sounds.
who wrote an article in “Bell System Technical d. Pronunciation - is the process of articulation
Journal” called “A Mathematician Theory of of the sound or the shaping of the sound into
Communication” or otherwise known as intelligible speech.
“Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication”.
KINESICS
Schramm’s Model of Communication * comes from the root word kinesis, which
- Wilbur Schramm emphasized in 1954 that means “movement” and refers to the study of
both the sender and the receiver take turns in hand, arm, body and face.
playing the role of the encoder and the decoder - Gestures - are movements with some parts of
when it comes to communication. the body such as the head, shoulder and arms to
Berlo’s Model of Communication convey meaning and emphasis. There are three
- David Berlo pioneered this model of types of gestures: adaptors, emblems and
communication in 1960. illustrators. (Andersen, 1999)
- He emphasized the relationship between the Adaptors- touching movements and behaviors
sender and the receiver of the message. that indicate internal states typically related to
- According to this model, for the message to be arousal or anxiety.
accurately encoded and decoder, the Emblems- gestures that are conventional and
communication skills of both the sender and the have meanings on their own.
receiver must be at their best. Illustrators- the most common type of gestures.

Helical Model of Communication OCULESICS

- In 1967, The Helical Model of Communication * Oculesics, a term derived from the Latin word
proposed by Frank Dance. “oculus” meaning “eye”.
- The name helical comes from “helix” which * eye contact is another non-verbal way of
means an object having a three dimensional communicating.
shape like that of a wire wound uniformly
around a cylinder or cone.
PROXEMICS Example: White race is more superior to black
* refers to the space one uses when or brown race
communicating.
1. Intimate distance- for embracing, touching ✔ Intercultural Communication
or whispering (1.5 ft, 45cm) Apprehension/Anxiety

2. Personal distance- for interactions among - Neuliep and Mccroskey (1997) defined
good friends or family. (4 ft, 1.2 cm) intercultural communication apprehension as
“the fear or anxiety associated with either real or
3. Social distance- for interactions among anticipated communication with people from
acquaintances. (12 ft, 3.7 cm) different groups, especially cultural and/or
ethnic groups.
4. Public distance – used for public speaking.
(25ft, 7.6 cm) Example:
HAPTICS Filipinos are afraid of talking to
* refers to non-verbal signal transmitted foreigners because they think that foreigners will
through touch, which is an important part of not understand them.
communicating.
✔ Stereotyping- refers to the
CHRONEMICS generalization or assumptions that make
* refers to time. It is non-verbal signal, which is a people about a group.
not directly stated, but communicates a
characteristic of a person. ✔ Prejudice- is a preconceived dislike
feeling for a person or group because of
OLFACTICS the difference in cultural background.
* also known as olfactorics refers to the
transmission of message through smell even
without verbally told. A smell can make you
AVOIDING INTERCULTURAL BARRIERS
remember memories you had when you were
child or with somebody special. 1. Remember that difference exist between or
among cultures.
CHROMATICS
2. Be aware of language differences
* refers to the communication of messages
3. Improve listening and observation skills
through colors. In interpreting messages using
4. Respect and do not judge other cultures.
this non-verbal method, it is important to
5. Build relationships with people or different
consider culture because one color may mean
cultures.
different in one country compared to another.
6. Emphathize with them
GUSTORICS 7. Be resourceful
* a non-verbal symbol that refers to taste. It can 8. Adapt and enjoy the cultural difference.
communicate pleasure, displeasure or warning.
Intercultural Barriers FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

The following intercultural barriers impede 1) Regulation/Control - to regulate/control

effective interpersonal communication. behavior.

✔ Ethnocentrism 2) Social Interaction - to interact w/ others.

- the belief that one’s own culture is 3) Motivation - to motivate.

superior and better than the others.
4) Emotional Expression - to express/facilitate date and you reflected on why this was
emotions/feelings. so.
• Internal discourse-involves
5) Information - to inform. thinking, concentration and analysis.
• Example: Daydreaming
• Solo Vocal Communication- is
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE speaking aloud to oneself.
• Example: Rehearsing
• Is a term in linguistics coined by Dell • Solo Written Communication-
Hymes in 1966. writing one’s thought and
• which refers to a language user’s observations with no intention of
having somebody read what he was
grammatical knowledge of syntax,
written.
morphology, phonology and the like,
• Example- journal or diary.
as well as social knowledge about how
and when to use utterances
appropriately. Interpersonal Communication
• Oral communication is the process of - Interpersonal communication is the
verbally or nonverbally transmitting communication that takes place between
ideas or messages within and across two or among more people. This type
various contexts, cultures, channels and may be categorized as personal or
media. impersonal, formal or informal and
direct or indirect.
• In this lesson you will learn about the - =It is personal when the two people
forms that oral communication takes communicating know each other or are
place. interdependent on one another.
- =The impersonal type is where
• Intrapersonal Communication communicators do not really know each
other well.
- Have you ever caught yourself talking - =It is formal when the communication
alone or engaging in self talk? calls for a more formal way of talking.
Sometimes, you do it without really Informal for its opposite.
noticing. You ask yourself questions as
• Interpersonal communication has
if you do not know the answers. This
its share of characteristics as
talking to oneself is called intrapersonal
follows:
communication. Intrapersonal
- It involves two or more people.
communication is a form of “thinking
- It is continuous
out loud” or what we called “soliloquy”
- It needs not be face to face
in literature. This form of
- It is transactional (relating to exchange
communication is often done for the
or interaction between people.)
purpose of clarifying ideas or analysing
- It is irreversible (not able to be undone
situation.
or altered.)
- You spent the night thinking and
- It involves verbal or non-verbal cues
analyzing why a student from the other
- It is affected by noise
class talked to you on the way home and
- It involves feedback.
you decided it probably meant nothing.
- You felt happy while thinking about
how your teacher appreciated you for 1. Dyadic- is a process that generally
submitting your project before the due involves two participants. It is a person to
person transaction, and is the most common
form of speech communication. 4. Symposium- is a meeting or conference
Communication that occurs between two for a discussion of a topic, especially one in
people. which participants form an audience make
Example: presentations. It is a series of individual
-You offered feedback on the speech presentations which address different
performance of your classmate. aspects of a single topic, and which is
-You provided comfort to a friend who was usually followed by questions from the
feeling down. audience.
2. Small Group – communication involves 5. Debate- is an exchange of thoughts or
three or more persons. This refers to arguments by two opposing teams. It is a
communication that involves at least three means of encouraging people like students,
but not more than twelve people engaging in to think critically and to express your views
a face-to-face interaction to achieve a and opinions of a topic. Just like any other
desired goal. In this type of communication, small group discussion type, debate has an
all participants can freely share ideas in a objective or goal, and that is for the
loose and open discussion opposing teams to persuade or convince the
audience that their ideas are right or are
- Panel discussion- is the most popular
more acceptable than the other.
group discussion. It is an informal but
organized conversation in front of larger 6.Round Table- is a form of academic
audience. It is an exchange of thought discussion where participants agree on a
among several participants of usually about specific topic to discuss and debate.
three to four or more. A pane discussion can
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
be used to discuss topics which are too
complex to be taken by just one person, that - Public communication, also known as
several people are involved public speaking is a communication
between a speaker and a group of people
- Lecture- is a single discourse or speech called the audience in a structured,
given by an expert before an audience. It deliberate manner.
is an effective medium of public discussion - This type refers to communication that
meeting used in imparting information to the requires you to deliver or send the
audience. It is a fifty-to sixty minute message before or in front of a group.
presentation where the audience is given a - The message can be driven by
chance to participate after the lecture. It is a informational or persuasive purposes
discussion type because its purpose is to
instruct, to inform or to impart and to
1. It is audience-centered
provide the audience a clear idea about the
This means that as a speaker, you should focus
topic that
on your audience and analyze what they need.
3. Forum- like a debate is another type of The following information will help you in
public discussion meeting. It is a analyzing the type of audience you will have.
participation of the entire group after a
Know the social composition of the audience.
planned program of discussion or lecture
Know the audience’s attitude toward the
has been held and the balance of the time is
speech.
turned over to the group for comments,
Know the audience’s attitude toward the
questions, and exchange of ideas (Banzon,
speech purpose.
2003).
Know the audience’s attitude toward the TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
speaker.
Speech Styles - patterns of speaking
2. It invokes critical thinking characterized by distinct pronunciation, vocab,
Critical thinking is defined as the process of intent, etc.
quantitatively and qualitatively assessing the
1) Intimate Style - for very close relations; for
information people have accumulated, and how
self-talk.
they use that information to solve problems and
new patterns of understanding 2) Casual Style - informal; between
(lumen.instructure.com) peers/friends.
3. It requires ethics 3) Consultative Style - semi-formal; shorter &
spontaneous sentences; most operational.
Every speaker is expected behave ethically.
4) Formal Speeches/Style - straightforward;
4. It empowers speaker
prepared speech; no informal terms.
Public speaking is empowering because it puts
5) Frozen Style - most formal; very formal
the speaker in a position where he can control
setting; does not require feedback from
the situation.
audiences; used during
Lastly, the study of public speaking will not be
complete without studying its significance. respectful events (ex. wedding, court hearing).
(Adapted from Speak Right, Padilla, et.al.2011)
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
1. It helps us to be more comfortable around
other people. Speech Act - utterance of a speaker to achieve
2. It will help enhance our everyday verbal and intended effect.
non-verbal communication. 3 Types of Speech Act (Acc. to J.L. Austin,
3. At some point in life, we will be required to 1962)
speak in public.
4. To have proficiency in communication skills 1. Locutionary Act - what we say; actual
and to be able to speak in public with ease and utterance of sound/word/phrase.
confidence will give us a competitive edge in all - ex. Hello! / Get out!
fields of endeavor.
2. Illocutionary Act - utterance w/ intention;
5. Being a good public speaker will make us illocutionary force.
more appealing and convincing.
Searle’s Classification of Speech Act (John
Mass Communication Searle, 1976)

This refers to communication that takes place a. Assertive - expressing beliefs about the truth
through television, radio, newspapers, of a proposition; may be judged true or false
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other depending on listener’s beliefs; quality of tone is
types of media. important.
Example: - suggesting, putting forward, concluding, etc.
You are a student journalist articulating your (ex. Men are mortal. - concluding)
stand on current issues through the school’s b. Directive - making the addressee do an
newspaper. action.
- asking, ordering, requesting, etc. (ex. Please
forgive me. - begging)
c. Commissive - committing to doing something
IN THE FUTURE.
- promising, planning, vowing. (ex. From now
on, blahblah.)
d. Expressive - expressing feelings/emotional
reactions.
- thanking, apologizing, welcoming,
disapproving. (ex. Thank you for blahblah.)
e. Declaration - brings a change in the external
PRESENT situation (emotion/mood).
- firing, baptizing, blessing, etc. (ex. You are
fired!)
3. Perlocutionary Act - consequent effect of
what was said; action of the receiver of an
utterance.
- seen when a particular effect is sought from the
communicators.
- effect on feelings, thoughts, actions. (ex. Doing
dishes bcs you were told to do so.)