1. DEFINE REAL TIME SYSTEM?

Ans-A system is called real time system when we need

quantitative expression of time i.e (real time to describe the
behaviour of the system).
ii)Real time system is a quantitative notation of time and it
is measured using physical clock where the quantity the
time using a physical clock we deal with the real time.
2. DEFINE SENSOR AND ACTUATOR?
Ans-SENSOR:-i)A sensor are interface with the operator i/p
conditioning block which in term is connected to the i/p
interface.
ii) A sensor convert some physical characteristics of its
environment into electrical signal.
ACTUATOR:-i)An actuator in any device that takes in i/p
from the o/p interface of a computer and convert these
electrical signal into some physical action on it environment.
3. DEFINE FAIL SAFE STATE AND SAFETY CRITICAL SYSTEM WITH
EXAMPLE?
Ans-A fail safe state is condition in which a system default
when it encounter a fault or failure.
ii)Fail safe state in real time systems is a predefined
condition that the system defaults to in the event of a
failure to prevent harm.
Ex:-Automotive airbag system. Safety critical system:- ii)
An safety critical system are required to be higher
 realiable since any realiable system can cause extensive
damage.
Ex- Medical Ventilators
4. DEFINE DELAY,DURATION AND DEADLINE CONSTRAINTS WITH
EXAMPLE?
Ans-Delay Constraints:-i) In this telephone system only one
delay constraints is possible i.e stimulus-stimulus type and
this is behavioural constant.
Ex-Once a digit is dial the next digit should be dial after at
least is otherwise a bipping sound is produced until the call
in seator replace the handset.
Deadline Constraints:-A deadline constraint describes the
maximum time interval between occurance of two
consecutive events in the RTS.
Duration Constraints:-Duration constraint describes the
duration of an event in RTS.It describes the minimum and
maximum time period.
5. DEFINE RELATIVE DEADLINE AND ABSOULTE DEADLINE?
Ans-Relative deadline:-A realative deadline is the time interval
between the start of the task and the instance of which deadline
occurs.In other word the relative deadline the time interval
between the arrival of the task of corresponding deadline. Absolute
deadline:-The absolute deadline of a task is the absolute time value
counted from time zero by which the result form the task are
excepted
6. DEFINE PERFORMANCE CONSTRAINTS AND BEHAVIOUR
CONSTRAINT WITH EXAMPLE?
Ans- Performance Constraints:-Performance Constraints are the
constraints that are impost on the response of the system.
ii)It ensures that the real time system performs satisfactorily.
Behaviour Constraints:-Behaviour Constraints are the constraints
that are impost on the stimuli generated by the environment.
7. EXPLAIN WHY SAFETY AND REALIABILITY AREN’T INDEPENDENT
ISSUES IN SAFETY CRITICAL HARD RTS?
Ans-In safety-critical hard real time systems, safety and reliability
are closely interconnected and cannot be considered
independent for several reasons:-
1.Safety depends on reliability:-Reliability refers to the systems
ability to perform its intended function without failure for a
specific period. Safety in a safety critical systems to avoid causing
harm risks to people, equipment the environment.
2.Unreliable systems lead to unsafe conditions:-An unreliable
system may fail unpredictably ,which can cause it to miss critical
real time deadlines in hard real time systems.
3.Faults impact both safety and reliability:-Any fault in a real
time system impacts both reliability and safety. If the systems
becomes unreliable due to frequent faults, it directly impacts its
ability to function safely.
4.Common failures affect both:-Common causes of system
failures affect both the reliability of the system and its safety.
Ex-In a nuclear power plant control system , the failure of a
cooling system controller would impact reliability and safety.
ii)In safety critical hard real time systems ,safety and reliability
are interdependent because ensuring the systems safe operation
over time depends on its reliability.
8. DEFINE PROFICIENT SCHEDULER AND OPTIMAL AND PRIMITIVE?
 Ans-Proficient scheduler:-A proficient scheduler is a scheduler
that, while not optimal, performs well in most scenarios,
managing to schedule tasks in a way that most deadlines are
met.
ii)It may not always find the best possible scheduler for all task
sets, especially in edge cases, but it generally produces good
enough results for practical purposes.
Optimal Scheduler:-An optimal scheduler is one that guarantees
to find a feasible schedule for a set of tasks in a real time system.
ii)If the tasks are schedulable, the optimal scheduler will ensure
all deadlines are met.
Primitive scheduler:- A primitive scheduler that uses a simple
scheduling algorithm ,typically with , minimal functionality .
ii)A primitive scheduler , which refer to a scheduler that can
interrupt a currently executing task to start another task with
higher priority.
9. EXPLAIN WHY H/W FAULT TOLERANCE IS EASIER TO ACHIEVE AS
COMPARE TO S/W FAULT TOLERANCE?
Ans- Hardware fault tolerance is generally easier to achieve
compared to software fault tolerance in real time systems for
several reasons:-
1.Predictability and Redundancy:- Hardware:- In hardware , fault
tolerance is often achieved through redundancy. Software:-
Software fault tolerance, on the other hand, is more complex
because software errors are not always as easily isolated.
2.Physical Constraints:-Hardware:-Hardware components
operate within defined physical limits, and their failure modes
are well understood. Software:-Software operates on abstract
logic , making it more prone to subtle and hard to predict errors
like race conditioning, memory leaks, or algorithmic failures,
especially under varying real time conditions.
3.Real time constraints:- Hardware:-In real time systems,
hardware fault tolerance can often be achieved without
significant time penalties. Software:- In software , achieving fault
tolerance typically requires additional logic for error checking,
recovery, and possibly rolling back operations.
4.Verification and Validation:-Hardware:-It is generally easier to
verify and validate hardware components for fault tolerance
because their behaviour under stress or failure is more
deterministic and testable. Software:-Software behaviour is more
difficult to test comprehensively, especially in real time systems,
where timing issues, concurrency and interaction between
different software modules can lead to unpredictable
behaviours.
10.WHAT IS SIGNAL CONDITIONING UNIT ?STATE THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CONDITIONING CARRIED OUT IN RAW SIGNAL?
Ans- A signal conditioning unit is a crucial part of data
acquisition systems, including real time systems . It is responsible
for preparing and converting raw signals from sensors into a
format suitable for further processing, such as by an analog to
digital converter .
Types of signal conditioning performed on Raw signals:-
1.Amplification:-Raw signals from sensors are often weak and
need to be amplified to fall within a usable voltage range for
processing.
2.Filtering:-To remove unwanted noise that could interfere with
the accuracy of the signal.
 3.Isolation:- Electrical isolation is used to protect sensitive
components from high voltage to prevent ground loops, which
can introduce error in signal processing.
4.Linearization:- Linearization adjusts the signal so that the
output is directly proportional to the input physical quantity.
11.BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE BASIC MODEL OF RTS WITH BLOCK
DIAGRAM?
Ans- The sensor are interface with the input conditioning block
which in term is connected to the input interface.
ii) The output interface and output conditioning and the actuator
are interface in a complimentary manner.
iii)A sensor convert some physical characteristics of its environment
into electrical signal.
iv)An actuator in any device that takes in i/p from the output
interface of a computer and convert these electrical signal into
some physical action environment.
Block Diagram:-
12.DIFFERENTITATE BETWEEN HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM AND SOFT
REAL TIME SYSTEM?

-
13.STATE THE CHARACTERSTICS OF REAL TIME SYSTEM?
Ans-1)Timelines:- The system must meet strict deadlines for task
execution. Responses must occur within a guaranteed time frame,
known as real time constraints.
2)Reliability:- High reliability is required since failure to meet
deadlines can lead to system failure .
3)Concurrency:- Real time systems often handle multiple tasks or
processes simultaneously. They must manage resources and
synchronize processes effectively .
4)Priority Scheduling:-Real time systems prioritize tasks based on
their urgency, using scheduling algorithms such as rate monotonic .
5)Fault Tolerance:- Real time systems must handle errors gracefully,
ensuring continued operation even in the presence of faults.
14) HOW TO ACHIEVE HIGH RELIABILITY?
Ans- High reliable software can be developed by adopting all the
following three important technique:-
1)Error Avoidance:- For achieving high reliability, every possibility of
occurrence of errors should be minimized during product
development as much as possible.
2)Error detection and removal:- Inspite of use the based available
error avoidance technique many error still managed to cripped into
the code. These error need to be detected and removal.
3)Fault Tolerance:-Even if the error avoidance the error detection
technique are used it is virtually impossible to make a pratical
virtual system entirely error free. Few errors still persist ever after
carrying out through reviews and testing.
15)EXPLAIN SOFT RT,HARD RT,NON RT,FIRM RT?
Ans-Hard Real Time Task:-A hard real time task that is constraints to
produce it result within certain predefined time bomb.
ii)The system is consider to have fail whenever any of its hard RTT
does not produce its recorded result before the specified time
bound.
Ex-Antimissile System .
Soft Real time Task:-Soft Real time system also have a time bound
associated with them but here the timing constraints are not
expressed as absolute value instead the constraints are expressed
there in terms of average response time required.
Ex-Web Browsing.
Firm Real time Task:- Every firm RTT is the associated with some pre
defined deadline before which it is required to produce it result.
The late result are nearly discarded i.e the utility of the results
computed by a firm real time task becomes zero after the deadline.
Ex-Video conferencing.
Non Real time task:-A non real time task is not associated if any
time bound.
Ex-E-mail, Batch processing job, Background Task