GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION

 1930 – The word “Globalize” appeared in a

LESSON 1: GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM publication entitled “Towards New Education”
where it denoted a holistic view of human
Globalization experience in education.
 The intercommunication of people, states, or  Late 1970s – Globalization was coined.
countries.  Early 1981 – Globalization was used as economic
 Movement of Goods. sense.
 Social Interaction  Early 1980s – Globalization was popularized by
 Spread ideas, knowledge, business, trade, beliefs Theodore Levit.
or religion, culture, technology, services and many  Late 2000 – The IMF identified four aspect of
more. globalization.
 The process of globalism.  2013 – Globalization was used to define
“Borderless Society”.
Globalism  2017 – Globalization was often used in the
 Ideology – The act of idea to invent academe as subject/course.
something and make it globalize.  2018 – Globalization was used in all disciplines.
(Used as general or overall aspects)
Characteristics of Globalization:
 There is social mobility of movement of people Main Ingredient: COMMUNICATION
regardless of reasons.
 There is intensification (extreme) of interaction
(publicity).
 It’s an active process. (24/7)
 Borderless interaction. (No limit)
 Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, culture,
religion, services etc.

Historical Foundation of the Term Globalization

 1897 – Charles Taze Russel coined the term
“Corporate Gians” – refers to a large national trust
and other large enterprises of the time.
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
The Nation-State
LESSON 2: A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS:  Is composed of two non-interchangeable terms.
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER Not all states are nations and not all nations are
states.
Global History  Is a system of organization defines by geography,
 A historical events and trends from politics, and culture.
worldwide perspectives, emphasizing the
interconnectedness and interactions According to Layman’s term,
between different regions, cultures, and  State – Refers to a country and its government.
people across time. Ex. Philippines

International Order 4 Attributes of State

 These are set of norms, rules, and 1. It exercises authority over a specific territory,
institutions that govern relations between called citizens.
nations aiming to maintain stability, peace 2. It governs a specific territory.
and cooperation on a global scale. 3. State has a structure of government that crafts
various rules that people/society follow.
International Relations 4. State has sovereignty over its territory.
 As a facet of globalization, because
states/governments are key drivers of Sovereignty has 2 types:
global process.  Internal Authority – No individuals or groups
 The study of the relations of states with can operate in a given national territory by
each other and with international ignoring the state and must follow the rules and
organizations and certain subnational law of state.
entities. o Ex. Church, Civil Society Organizations,
Corporations and other entities.
Internationalization  External Authority – A state’s policies and
 Is the process by which business, procedures are independent of the interventions
institutions or other entities expand their of others states.
operations, influence or presence across o Ex. Russia and China cannot pass laws
national borders, fostering greater global for the Philippines, vice versa.
interconnectedness.
 Does not equal to globalization. According to Benedict Anderson,
 Nation – Is an “Imagined Community”. It is
The 4 Key Attributes of Today’s Global System: limited because it does not go beyond a given
1. These are countries or states that are “official boundary”, and because rights and
independent and govern themselves. responsibilities are mainly privilege and concern
2. These countries interact with each other through of the citizens of that nation. Being limited means
diplomacy. the nation has boundaries.
Diplomacy – Formal process of communication – Is a community that shares same
and cooperation between countries. languages, cultures, beliefs, and history.
3. There are international organizations, like the
United Nations (UN), that facilitates these  Imagined Community – It is not the
interactions. government who created the community, but the
International Organizations: people inside the state created the imagined
 WHO (World Health Organization) community. A people who feel belongingness
 A specialized agency of United Nations and connectedness.
responsible for international public health,
coordinating global responses to health
emergencies.
 ILO (International Labour Organization)
 It sets international labour standards, The Interstate System
promotes rights at work, encourages  The Westphalian System (1648)
decent employment opportunities and  Established the principle of state
enhances social protection for workers sovereignty in Europe, where each country
globally. controlled its own affairs without outside
4. Beyond simple facilitating meetings between interference. This order was challenged by
states. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, who spread
French revolutionary ideas like liberty,
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
equality and fraternity, threatening the  Who coined the word “International” in 1780.
aristocratic and monarchical privileges. The  Advocated the created of “International Law”
Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803 – 1815 that would govern the inter-state relations.
with Napoleon and his armies marching all  He believed that objective global legislators
over the Europe. They Failed. should aim to propose legislation that would
 Napoleonic Code create “the greatest happiness of all nations
 Implemented by French that forbade taken together.”
birth privileges, encourages freedom  Giuseppe Mazzini (19th Century)
or religion, and promoted  The first thinker to reconcile nationalism
meritocracy in government service with liberal internationalism.
and pushed back against the French  A Italian Patriot and was both an advocate of
Emperor. the unification of the various Italian-speaking
 Battle of Waterloo (1815) mini-states and a major critic of the
 Anglo and Prussian armies finally Metternich System.
defeated Napoleon.  He proposed a free nations that cooperates
 Concert of Europe with each other to create an international
 After the defeat of Napoleon, the system.
royal powers created the “ Concert of  He believed that free, unified nation-states
Europe” – an alliance of great should be the basis for global cooperation.
powers (the United Kingdom,
Austria, Russia and Prussia) that  Woodrow Wilson (20th Century)
sought to restore the sovereignty  United States President (1913 – 1921) was
states that maintain peace and influenced by Mazzini and became the most
prevent any single country from prominent internationalist in 20th century.
dominating. This alliance maintained  He saw that nationalism is pre-requisite for
stability until World War 1 from 1815 internationalism.
to 1914.  He forwarded the “Principle of Self-
Determination” – the belief that world’s
Internationalism nations had a right to a free, a sovereign
 The desire for greater cooperation and unity government.
among states and people.  Advocate the creation of the League of
Nations and was awarded the Nobel Peace
2 Principle of Internationalism Prize in 1919.
 Liberal Internationalism – a form of
internationalism that emphasizes individual
rights, free trade, and democratic values.
 Socialist Internationalism – a form of
internationalism that emphasizes social
justice, equality, and the need for global
cooperation to address issues like poverty
and inequality.
 The League of Nations – was founded after the
World War 1 in 1918, based on the Liberal
Internationalism. It aimed to prevent future wars
through diplomacy, arbitration and collective security.
 Although the League of Nations failed, it gave birth to
 Immanual Kant (Late 18th Century) international organization such as WHO and ILO,
 The first major thinkers of Liberal also its principles survived World War II.
Internationalism.  The League of Nations was concretization of the
 A German Philosopher that likened the states in concepts of Liberal Internationalism.
global system to people living in given territory.  Immanuel Kant – Emphasized the need to form
 He said that States like citizens of countries common international principles.
must give up some freedoms and establish a  Giuseppe Mazzini – Enshrined the principles
continuously growing state consisting of various of cooperation and respect among nation-
nations which ultimately include the nations of states.
the world.  Woodrow Wilson – Called for democracy and
 He imagined a form of global government. self-determination.

 Jeremy Bentham (Late 18th Century)  Karl Marx

 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
 German Socialist Philosopher who was also did not trust Soviet Union that is why Joseph
an Internationalist, but did not believe in Stalin, Lenin’s successor dissolved the
nationalism. Comintern in 1943.
 Believed that any true form of
internationalism should deliberately reject  Joseph Stalin
nationalism, which rooted people in domestic  Lenin’s Successor’s dissolved the Comintern
concerns instead of Global ones. in 1943 and re-established the Comintern as
 He placed a premium on economic quality the “Communist Information Bureau
and not divided the world by countries but (Cominform) and taken power over Europe.
into 2 classes.  Soviet Union Collapsed in 1991 and SI re-
 Capitalist Class – refers to the established in 1951 but remained only in
owners of factories, companies, and Europe.
other means of production.
(Employer) Conclusion:
 Proletariat Class – refers to those  Internationalism is but one window into the
who did not own the means of broader phenomenon of globalization.
production, but instead, worked for Nevertheless, it is very important aspect of
the capitalist. (Employee) globalization as the global interactions are
 Marx and his co-author Friedrich Engels, heightened by the increased interdependence of
believed that in a socialist revolution seeking states. It is not just state-to-state relations but
to overthrow the slate and alter the economy, also it increased the international relations that
the proletariat had no nation. Hence, their also facilitated by international organizations that
famous battle cry, “Workers of the World, promotes global norms and polices. The best
Unite! You have nothing to lose but your evidence to this is the United Nations as the
chains.” center of Global Governance.
 Died in 1883, his followers sought to make
his vision concrete by establishing
organization called “Socialist International”
– was a union of European Socialist and
Labor Parties established in Paris (1889).
 SI Achievements:
 May 1 as Labor Day LESSON 3: THE UNITED NATIONS AND
 International Women’s Day CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 8-hours working
 Global Governance
 Refers to the various intersecting processes that
 SI collapsed during World War II as the create this order.
member refused to unite and join the SI Org  There is no militarily organization can compel a
chose their country and betrayed SI. state to obey predetermined global rules,
however there is regularity in general behavior
 Vladimir Lenin state such as more or less follow the global
 Lead the Russian Revolution in 1917 and navigation routes and respect each other’s
overthrown and replaced Czar Nicholas. territorial boundaries but if they do not, it
 New State was called “The Union of Soviet becomes a cause for global concern and debate.
Socialist Republics or USSR.  It is a process of cooperative leadership. Every
 Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining country should participate for the common good.
working class through elections but rather For example is Peace, Good health (WHO) and
they exhorted the revolution vanguard certain issues around the world
parties lead the revolutions across the world.
Using methods of terror, if necessary. In Sources of Global Governance
today’s parties like this is called as  There are so many but here are some sources of
Communist parties. GC.
 Established the “Communist International”  States sign treaties and form
(Comintern) to encourage the Socialist organization, in the process legislating
Revolutions, it served as central body for public international law – international rules
directing communist parties all over the that govern interactions between states as
world. opposed to say, private companies.
 Soviet Union joined Allied Powers in 1941  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s)
and the United States and United Kingdom - though not having a formal state power but
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
can lobby individual states to behave in a 3. IOs have the power to diffuse norms. Norms
certain way, for example, an international are accepted codes of conduct that may not be
animal protection NGO can pressure strict law, but nevertheless produce regularity in
governments to pass animal cruelty laws. behavior. IOs do not only classify and fix
 Powerful transactional corporations can meanings but they also spread their ideas across
likewise have tremendous effects on global the world, thereby establishing global standards.
labor laws, environmental legislations, trade o Ex. World Bank economists come to be
policy etc. regarded as experts in development and thus
carry some form of authority.
International Organization
 Refers to groups like the UN or institution like Because of immense power, IOs can be sources of
IMF and the World Bank, they usually call them great good and great harm. They can promote relevant
International Organizations (IOs). norms like environmental norms and human rights,
 The power to diffuse norms and make the world but also they can become sealed-off communities to fail
less harmful and less hassle with the help of to challenge their beliefs.
organizations such as the UN, IMF (Global  Ex. Nobel Prize-winning economist, Joseph
Lender), World Bank. Stiglitz criticized the IMF for using a “one-size-
fits-all” approach when its economists made
International Non-Governmental Organization recommendations to developing countries.
 Commonly used to refer international
intergovernmental organization or groups that are
primarily made up for member-states. United Nations (UN)
 The United Nations is an international
organization founded in 1945 after the Second
World War by 51 countries committed to
maintaining international peace and security,
Member-State developing friendly relations among nations and
 Is a state that is a member of an international promoting social progress, better living standards
organization or of a federation or confederation. and human rights.

In 1960s and 1970s, many scholars believed that IOs The UN is divided into Five Active Organs
were just venues where the contradicting, but sometimes  General Assembly (GA)
intersecting, agendas of countries were discussed no  Is the main deliberative policymaking and
more than talk-shops. However, IOs can take on lives of representatives of all organs. Comprising all
their own and become the influential as Independent Member States, it provides a unique forum
Organization. for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum
of international issues covered by the Charter
International relations scholars, Michael N. Barnett and of the United Nations. Each of the 193
Martha Finnemore listed the following Powers of IOs: Member States of the United Nations has an
equal vote.
Powers of IOs  Security Council (SC)
1. IOs have the power of classification because  Takes the lead in determining the existence
IOs can invent and apply categories, they create of a threat to the peace or an act of
powerful standards. aggression. SC has primary responsibility for
o Ex. UN High Commissioner for Refugees the maintenance of international peace and
(UNHCR) that defines what a refugee is and security.
since states are required to accept refuges  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
entering their boundaries, this power to establish  Is the principal body for coordination and
has concrete effects. deals with economic, social, cultural and
2. IOs have the power to fix meanings. This health matters as well as human rights and
broader function is same with the first; various fundamental freedoms.
term like “Security” and “Development” needs to  International Court of Justice
be well-defined. States, organization, and  Has to 2 functions, first is to settle in
individuals views IOs as legitimate sources of accordance with International law, Legal
information. disputes submitted to its states and
o Ex. United Nations defines the security as not submitted to it by states, and second is to
just safety from military violence but, also to give advisory opinions referred to it by
safety from environmental harm. authorized UN organs and specialized
agencies.
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
 Ensuring accountability for some of the most
serious crimes: genocide, crimes against
humanity, war crimes, torture and enforced
disappearances.
 Secretariat
 Consist of Secretary-General and 10,000 of
International UN Staff members who carry
out the day-to-day work of the UN as
mandated by the GA and the organizations
other principal organs.
 It is the bureaucracy of the UN, serving as a
kind of international civil service.

LESSON 4: A WORLD OF RELIGIONS

Regional Organization and Networks

Challenges of the United Nations  Formed by the governments, associations,
 The UN is not a world government, and it societies and groups as a way of coping with the
functions primarily because of voluntarily challenges of Globalization.
cooperation from states. If states refuse to
cooperate, UN cannot implement task and will Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN)
not function.  An inter-governmental international organization,
 The UN Security Council is tasked with comprised of Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos,
authorizing international act of military Brunei, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines,
intervention. Cambodia, Singapore and Malaysia.
 VETO Power - Is a legal power to unilaterally  Played a crucial role in maintaining peace and
stop an official action. In the most typical case, a stability in the Southeast Asian region. ASEAN
president or monarch vetoes a bill to stop it from promotes dialogue, confidence-building, and
becoming law. The members of VETO power are conflict resolution among member countries.
China, France, Russia, The United Kingdom,
and United States. Regionalism
 Because of the P5s Veto, it is tough for council to  Seen as a political and economic phenomenon.
release a formal resolution, much more  Can be examined in relation to identities,
implement it. ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and
 Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was health.
committing acts of ethnic cleansing against  A process, and must be treated as “emergent,
ethnic muslim Albanians in the Province of socially constituted phenomenon – meaning
Kosoyo. regions are not natural or given; rather, they are
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), let constructed and defined by the policymakers,
by the United States, sough Security Council economic actors, and even social movements.
authorization to intervene in the Kosoyo war of
humanitarian grounds. Countries, Regions and Globalization
 China and Russia, threatened to veto any action,  Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
rendering the UN incapable addressing the crisis.  States that economic and political definition of
 If the UN cannot do it in terms of security, the regions vary, but there are certain features that
NATO will intervene the UN because they cannot everyone can agree on.
do the task properly. o First,
 Russia threatened to veto any Security council Regions are “a group of countries located in
resolution against Syria. the same geographically specified area” or
 When the US sough to invaded Iraq in 2001, it “an amalgamation of two regions or a
claimed that Iraq’s Saddam Hussien has combination of more than two regions”
weapons of mass destruction (WMP) that organized to regulate and “oversee flows and
threatened the world. policy choices”.
 However, UN members Russia, China, and o Second,
France were unconvinced and vetoed the United Regionalization and regionalism should not
Nations resolution for intervention, forcing the US be interchanged, as the former refers to the
to lead a small “Coalition of Willing” with its “regional concentration of economic flows”,
allies. while the latter is “a political process
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
characterized by economical policy
cooperation and coordination among
countries.’’

Countries respond economically and politically to  International Monetary Fund (IMF)

globalization in various ways. Some are large enough  Reverse the crises, after the ASEAN countries,
and have a lot of sources to dictate how they participate along with China, Japan and South Korea agreed
in processes of global integration. to established emergency fund to anticipate the a
o China – offers cheap and huge workforce to crises that the Asian economics stabilized.
attract foreign businesses and expand trade with  The crisis made the ASEAN “unified and
countries. Before considered as enemies, now coordinated”.
sees as markets for its goods. (e.g., US and
Japan) Non-State Regionalism
 Not a country.
o Singapore and Switzerland – Lack of  Not only states that agree to work together,
resources but turning themselves as financial communities also engage in regional organizing.
and banking hubs.
New Regionalism
Countries form Regional Association for reasons:  Can be a “tiny associations” that include no
1. For military defense (one of the reasons) more than a few actors and focus on a single
issue, or huge continental unions that address a
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) multitude of common problems from territorial
 Most widely known as defense grouping and was defense to food security.
formed during the Cold War  Organizations rely on the power of individuals,
non-governmental organizations (NGO), and
 Soviet Union associations to link up with other in pursuit of a
 Respond on NATO by creating its regional alliance, particular goal.
the Warsaw Pact – consisting of the Eastern  Identified with reformist who share the same
European countries under Soviet domination. values, norms, institutions, and system that exist
 Imploded in December 1991, NATO remains. outside of the traditional, established mainstream
institutions and systems.
Countries form Regional Organizations  Organization used this official declaration to
 To pool their resources, get better returns for pressure these governments to pass laws and
exports and expand their leverage against regulations that protect and promote human
trading partners. rights.
 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)  South America
 Established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi  Left-wing governments support the Hemispheric
Arabia, and Venezuela regulate the production Social Alliance in opposition to the North
and sale of oil. American Free Trade (NAFTA).

Countries form Regional Blocs  Latin America and Caribbean

 To protect their independence from pressures of  National Associations and Networks and
superpower politics. NGO’s participate in forums, summits and
dialogue with presidents and ministers.
 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
 Was created by the Presidents of Egypt,  Citizens Diplomacy Forum
Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia in  Tries to influence the policies and programs of
1961. the organization of an ASEAN Parliamentarians
 To pursue world peace and international for Human Rights.
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty,
racial and national equality, non-intervention, and  Central and South America
peaceful conflict resolution.  Established Rainforest Foundation – to protect
indigenous people and rainforest in Brazil,
Economic Crisis compels Countries to come together Guyana, Panama, and Peru.
 Thai economy collapsed in 1996, a rapid
withdrawal foreign investment bankrupted the
economy. Caused other Asian countries to
devalued their currencies.  Regional Interfaith Youth Network
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION
 Formed by those Young Christians across Asia,
Africa, Middle east, America, Caribbean.
 To promote conflict prevention, resolution, peace LESSON 5: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
education, and sustainable development.
Global Governance
 Migrant Forum Refe
 Another regional network of NGO’s and trade
unions “committed to protect and promote the
rights and welfare of migrant workers.

 Coordination of Action Research on AIDS

(CARAM)
 Ally of Migrant Forum

 Asia Pacific Economic Council (APEC)

 Comprised 37% of the world’s population in
2007.

 Smaller Organizations
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations
 Shanghai Cooperation Organization
 North American Free Trade Agreement
 Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
 Union of Sounth American Nations

 North Korea
 Isolationist, is part of the Regional Forum.
 GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION

LESSON 6: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION

Global Governance
Refe
GEC 003 – THE CONTEMPORY WORLD IWITH PEACE EDUCATION