1) Draw the electronic balance.

Label the important parts of the electronic

balance. List down the correct way of using the electronic balance.

Electronic Balance:
[Insert drawing of an electronic balance]

The electronic balance is a precision weighing instrument that measures the mass of an
object with high accuracy. It has a flat surface, a display screen, and a calibration
button. The crucial parts of the electronic balance include:

Flat surface: This is where you place the object to weigh. It needs to be cleaned before
each use to ensure accurate measurements.
Display screen: This shows the object's weight in grams or kilograms.
Calibration button: It calibrates the balance before use.
The correct way of using the electronic balance:

Turn on the balance and allow it to stabilize before placing the object on a flat surface.
Place the object on a flat surface gently, ensuring not to touch the sides or disturb the
balance.
Wait until the reading stabilizes before recording the weight.
Calibrate the balance regularly according to the manufacturer's instructions.

2) Draw the pipette (illustrate how the pipette is correctly held with the
pointing finger closing the mouth of the pipette). List down the correct way
of using the pipette.

Pipette:
[Insert drawing of a pipette]

A pipette is a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquids. The
important parts of the pipette include:

Tapered end: This is the narrow end of the pipette inserted into the liquid.
Bulb: This is the pipette's rounded part containing the liquid.
Mouthpiece: This is the top part of the pipette that is closed by the user's fingers to
create suction.
The correct way of using the pipette:
Hold the pipette vertically over the container containing the liquid.
Close the mouthpiece with your fingers, creating suction.
Insert the tapered end into the liquid, taking care not to touch the sides of the container.
Release the mouthpiece slowly, allowing the liquid to flow up the pipette.
Remove the pipette from the liquid and close the mouthpiece again to retain the liquid
inside.

3) Draw the set-up for titration. Discuss what is the purpose of a titration
procedure.

Titration Set-Up:
[Insert drawing of a titration set-up]

Titration is a laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a substance

(the analyte) in a solution. The setup includes:

Burette: A tall, thin glass tube with a stopcock at the bottom. It contains the titrant (a
known solution of a strong acid or base).
Pipette: Used to add the analyte solution to the burette.
Beaker: Holds the analyte solution.
Indicator: Added to the analyte solution to indicate when the reaction is complete.
Purpose of titration procedure: To determine the concentration of an unknown
substance (analyte) in a solution by reacting it with a known quantity of another
substance (titrant).

Steps in a titration procedure:

Add a few drops of indicator to the analyte solution in the beaker.

Fill the burette with the titrant solution.
Open the stopcock and carefully add the titrant solution to the analyte solution while
stirring.
Continue adding the titrant solution until the indicator changes color, indicating the
completion of the reaction.
Record the volume of titrant added as the titer.
4) Draw the graduated cylinder, which is used for volume determination.
Illustrate and explain how to read the volume in the graduated cylinder.

Graduated Cylinder:
[Insert drawing of a graduated cylinder]

A graduated cylinder is a measuring device used to measure the volume of liquids

accurately. The important parts include:

Measuring scale: Markings on the side of the cylinder showing the volume of liquid
contained within.
Meniscus: The curved line formed by the liquid's surface.
How to read the volume in a graduated cylinder:

Place the cylinder on a level surface.

Look directly down the side of the cylinder to see the meniscus.
Read the volume at eye level, taking care not to parallax error.

5) Draw the volumetric flask, which is used to prepare solutions of accurate

concentration. List down the steps in preparing 250 mL of 1 molar
concentration of copper (II) sulfate in water.

Volumetric Flask:
[Insert drawing of a volumetric flask]

To prepare 250 mL of 1 molar concentration of copper (II) sulfate in water using a

volumetric flask:

Step 1: Rinse the volumetric flask with distilled water and dry it with a soft cloth.

Step 2: Weigh 25 grams of copper (II) sulfate and transfer it to the volumetric flask.

Step 3: Add approximately 100 mL of distilled water to the flask and stir until the solid is
completely dissolved.

Step 4: Add more distilled water to the flask, up to the 250 mL mark, and stir again to
ensure complete dissolution.

Step 5: Replace the stopper and shake the flask gently to mix the solution.
Step 6: Label the flask with the name of the solution, the date, and the concentration.

6) Draw the glass wares: the Erlenmeyer flask and the beaker. These glasswares only
give approximate (not accurate) volume determinations. What
are other uses of these glass wares?

Glass Wares:
Erlenmeyer Flask:
[Insert drawing of an Erlenmeyer flask]

Beaker:
[Insert drawing of a beaker]

These glasswares are used for various purposes in a laboratory, including:

Mixing and stirring chemicals

Heating and cooling chemical reactions
Measuring volumes of liquids (approximately)
Holding and storing chemicals

7) Draw the set-up for directly heating liquids in a test tube. List down the
correct steps in doing this procedure.

Direct Heating of Liquids in a Test Tube:

[Insert drawing of a test tube being heated directly]

Steps for direct heating of liquids in a test tube:

Step 1: Clamp the test tube holder onto a ring stand.

Step 2: Place a small amount of substance (solid or liquid) into the test tube.

Step 3: Hold the test tube over a flame, rotating it slowly to heat the contents evenly.

Step 4: Observe the substance carefully and record any observations.

Step 5: Remove the test tube from the flame when the desired temperature has been
reached, or the substance has undergone the desired change.
8) Draw the set-up for igniting the precipitate in a crucible using the Bunsen
burner.

Igniting Precipitate in a Crucible Using the Bunsen Burner:

[Insert drawing of a crucible being heated by a Bunsen burner]

Steps for igniting a precipitate in a crucible using the Bunsen burner:

Step 1: Transfer the precipitate from a filter paper or Buchner funnel into a clean, dry
crucible.

Step 2: Place the crucible on a tripod or clay triangle over a low heat source (Bunsen
burner).

Step 3: Gradually increase the heat, stirring the precipitate occasionally until it ignites.

Step 4: Allow the precipitate to burn for a few minutes, then turn off the heat source.

Step 5: Allow the residue to cool before handling.

9) Draw the distillation set-up. Label the parts of a typical distillation set-up.

Distillation Set-Up:
[Insert drawing of a distillation set-up]

Parts of a typical distillation set-up:

Round-bottomed flask (containing the sample)

Vigreux column
Condenser
Collecting vessel (receiving flask)
Thermometer
10) What is the purpose of the filtration procedure? Draw the setup for the filtration
procedure.

Purpose of Filtration Procedure:

Filtration aims to separate a solid from a liquid or purify a substance by removing
impurities.
Set-Up for Filtration Procedure:

[Insert drawing of a filter paper in a funnel]

Steps for filtration procedure:

Step 1: Place filter paper in a funnel and fold the edges to form a cone shape.

Step 2: Pour the liquid containing the solid into the funnel slowly, allowing the liquid to
pass through the filter paper.

Step 3: Collect the filtrate in a clean, dry container.

Step 4: Discard the solid residue remaining on the filter paper.

11) Draw the rest of the general-purpose apparatus (mortar and pestle, test
tube rack, test tube brush, Florence flask, wash bottle, and watch glass).
Discuss the function and correct usage of these apparatus.

Mortar and Pestle:

[Insert drawing of mortar and pestle]

Function: The mortar and pestle for grinding and mixing substances. The mortar is a
bowl made of ceramic or glass, while the pestle is a club-shaped tool used to crush and
mix the substances within the mortar.

Correct Usage: To use a mortar and pestle, first add the substance(s) to be ground or
mixed to the mortar. Then, hold the pestle at an angle and gently press it down onto the
substance, moving it around the interior of the mortar in a circular motion. Continue this
process until the desired consistency is achieved. Be careful not to apply too much
pressure, as this can cause the pestle to break or the mortar to crack.
Test Tube Rack:

[Insert drawing of test tube rack]

Function: The test tube rack holds test tubes upright and securely during experiments. It
typically consists of a metal or plastic frame with several slots for holding test tubes.

Correct Usage: Simply place the test tubes into the slots on the test tube rack, making
sure they are seated securely. This will prevent the test tubes from falling over or
dislodging during experiments.

Test Tube Brush:

[Insert drawing of test tube brush]

Function: The test tube brush cleans test tubes after experiments. It typically has a long
handle with soft bristles attached to one end.

Correct Usage: Dip the brush into a solvent (such as ethanol or acetone) and then insert
it into the test tube, rubbing the bristles against the inside walls of the tube to remove
any residue. Repeat this process as needed until the test tube is clean. Rinse the brush
thoroughly between uses to avoid contaminating subsequent samples.

Florence Flask:

[Insert drawing of Florence flask]

Function: The Florence flask is a type of flask used for measuring the volume of liquids.
It typically consists of a cylindrical body with graduations marked along its side.

Correct Usage: Fill the Florence flask with the liquid to be measured, making sure to
read the meniscus correctly. The meniscus is the curve of the liquid's surface, and it
should be parallel to the line of graduations on the flask. Record the volume reading
from the lowest point of the meniscus.

Wash Bottle:

[Insert drawing of wash bottle]

Function: The wash bottle rinses and cleans equipment during experiments. It typically
consists of a squeeze bottle filled with a solvent (such as distilled water or acetone).

Correct Usage: Squeeze the wash bottle to release the solvent to rinse equipment such
as test tubes, pipettes, and beakers. Be sure to label the wash bottle clearly with the
solvent's identity.

Watch Glass:

[Insert drawing of watch glass]

Function: The watch glass is a flat, circular piece used to cover vessels' openings during
experiments. It protects the vessel's contents from dust and other contaminants.

Correct Usage: Simply place the watch glass over the vessel's opening, ensuring it fits
snugly. Do not touch the underside of the watch glass, as oils from your skin can
contaminate the experiment. Use a clean, dry cloth to push the watch glass into position
gently.

12) Briefly explain the following terms:

a. Filtration: The process of separating a solid from a liquid by passing the mixture
through a porous material, such as filter paper, to obtain a clear liquid solution.

b. Decantation: The process of separating two immiscible liquids (i.e., liquids that don't
mix) by pouring them slowly into a new container, allowing gravity to separate them. The
lighter liquid will stay on top, while the heavier liquid will sink to the bottom.

c. Distillation: The process of vaporizing a liquid and then condensing it back into a
liquid, often to purify or separate it from impurities. This process takes advantage of
differences in boiling points between components of a mixture.

d. Supernatant liquid: The clear liquid that remains above a solid or liquid layer after
decantation or settling. In other words, the liquid hasn't reacted or precipitated out of
the solution.

e. Distillate: The liquid vaporized and then condensed back into a liquid during the
distillation process. It's usually free from impurities that have higher boiling points than
the distillate itself.
f. Residue: The solid material left behind after a liquid has evaporated or been filtered
off. Residues may contain impurities or unreacted starting materials.

g. Filtrate: The liquid that passes through a filter during filtration, leaving any insoluble
particles or impurities behind. It's often used interchangeably with "clarified liquid" or
"clear solution."